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Topic: Withdrawal reflex

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	Reflex action - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A reflex action or reflex is a biological control system linking stimulus to response and mediated by a reflex arc.
		For a reflex, reaction time is the time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds.
		A reflex mechanism involves a receptor organ, and effector organ, and some type of communication network.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reflex (173 words)

	BIOL 237 Class Notes - Reflexes
		The reflex shown in this figure is called a 3-neuron reflex because it requires three types of neurons: a sensory, an interneuron, and a motor neuron.
		The stretch reflex is important in helping to coordinate normal movements in which antagonistic muscles are contracted and relaxed in sequence, and in keeping the muscle from overstretching.
		The crossed extensor reflex is just a withdrawal reflex on one side with the addition of inhibitory pathways needed to maintain balance and coordination.
	www.unm.edu /~jimmy/reflexes_notes.htm (598 words)

	Assessing Anesthesia in Reptiles
		A toe pinch reflex is lost at a variable period during the anesthetic episode; however, at surgical planes of anesthesia the toe-pinch reflex should be abolished.
		The vent stimulation reflex (movement of the tail or leg in response to squeezing the vent) is lost at deeper planes of anesthesia and is often still present at light anesthesia.
		The tongue withdrawal reflex is useful in snakes and is often still present at a surgical plane of anesthesia.
	www.anapsid.org /herppain4.html (299 words)

	UMassMed MBBI - Spinal Level of Motor Integration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This is the only really powerful multisegmental spinal reflex in humans, and normally serves to flex all major joints of a limb, therefore withdrawing that whole limb from a painful stimulus.
		In patients with spinal cord transections, the withdrawal reflex becomes so hyperactive that it is produced in response to almost any stimulus, whether painful or not.
		CLINICAL COROLLARY: Because the withdrawal reflex becomes hyperactive in patients with spinal cord transections, the dominant posture of quadriplegic patients is flexion of all four limbs.
	courses.umassmed.edu /mbb1/2003/SC/SpinalLevel.htm (589 words)

	Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex (GSWR) is an involuntary, defensive reflex of the sea slug Aplysia that causes its delicate siphon and gill to be retracted when the animal is disturbed.
		The reflex is mediated by a siphon LE mechanosensory neuron and a gill or siphon motor neuron (L7 or LFS).
		It is valuable in neuroscience since it can undergo a variety of learning regimens, including habituation, sensitization, and conditioning, despite the simplicity of the underlying neural circuitry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aplysia_gill_and_siphon_withdrawal_reflex (117 words)

	Individual Primitive and Postural Reflexes
		The Withdrawal Reflex, which first appears at 5-7 weeks after conception and is inhibited or suppressed at about 9 weeks in utero (when the first primitive reflexes begin to develop), is initially a rapid amoebic like withdrawal movement of the whole organism as a response to touch in the oral region.
		Early "avoidance reflexes (and Gilfoyle, Grady and Moore state that there are many of them in the first few weeks of uterine life) form the basis of the developing reflex structure.
		It has been suggested (Goddard, 1989) that these early Withdrawal Reflexes may be the earliest manifestation of a Fear Paralysis Reflex, described in detail by Kaada (1986) as a major factor in SIDS.
	members.aol.com /aholdenndt/page11.html (3458 words)

	Reflexes
		The patellar or knee-jerk reflex is the most familiar example of a stretch reflex – the sudden jolt to the patellar tendon causes stretching of the quadriceps which in turn causes the stretch reflex reaction of contracting the quads.
		The reflex is also absent in those suffering from chronic diabetes mellitus, neurosyphilis and coma.
		A complex spinal reflex consisting of the withdrawal reflex with a contralateral extensor reflex
	www.xecu.net /kiirenza/anatomy/reflex.htm (506 words)

	TIS Chapter 9
		This chapter is devoted to the reflexes observed in infants and children that therapy interventions may be directed toward integration of at the appropriate stages.
		Reflexes may be one factor that is investigated by therapists in infants and children referred for treatment interventions.
		Reflex review will also assist in developing an individual treatment intervention designed to help the child integrate reflexes that appear to be delayed or missing.
	www.therapyedu.com /pedi/chapter9.htm (2312 words)

	Common principles of sensory encoding in spinal reflex modules and cerebellar climbing fibres -- Garwicz et al. 540 ...
		The withdrawal reflex system has a modular organization such that sensory input to a given muscle is provided specifically from the area of skin that is actually displaced upon contraction of the muscle itself, when the limb is in the standing position (Schouenborg and Weng, 1994).
		In a given reflex module, the sensitivity within the receptive field is finely graded, reflecting the spatial distribution of withdrawal efficacy of the muscle.
		Nevertheless, the parallels demonstrated between withdrawal reflex function and the patterns of input to cerebellar climbing fibres are worth exploring.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/540/3/1061 (6337 words)

	Nociceptive withdrawal reflexes — a simple model for studies of functional genomics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) system is a simple system useful for studies on spinal sensorimotor integration, nociceptive processing and plasticity.
		To be able to use this system for studies of functional genomics we have mapped the sensorimotor transformation in hindlimb reflex pathways in the awake mouse (n=7) and in the decerebrate spinalized mouse (n=5).
		By contrast, in the decerebrated spinalized mouse, aberrant receptive fields were found for reflexes to some of the hindlimb muscles, resulting in erroneous movements towards the stimulation.
	www.formonline.se /nd2001/abstracts/abstr168.html (261 words)

	APStracts 4:263N, 1997. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The objective of the present study was to examine the characteristics of dorsal horn neurons capable of initiating hindpaw withdrawal.
		To this end, neural and reflex activity were measured simultaneously in response to noxious radiant heat applied to the hindpaw in lightly anesthetized rats.
		Subsets of MR neurons were active prior to the reflex regardless of receptive field size or location in the dorsal horn.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1997/jn/October/263N.html (293 words)

	Developmental Learning in a Pain-Related System: Evidence for a Cross-Modality Mechanism -- Waldenström et al. 23 ...
		course of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex adaptation (Holmberg
		Holmberg H, Schouenborg J (1996b) Developmental adaptation of withdrawal reflexes to early alteration of peripheral innervation in the rat.
		Weng HR, Schouenborg J (1998) On the cutaneous receptors contributing to withdrawal reflex pathways in the decerebrate spinal rat.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/20/7719 (4649 words)

	We have briefly examined the role of learning and memory in behavior.
		Sherrington noted that this and other reflexes habituated with repeated stimulation and suggested a decrease in the effectiveness of synaptic transmission in the motor circuits involved.
		Defensive reflexes for withdrawal of its tail, siphon, and gill.
		Spencer, Thompson, Neilson, "Response decrement of the flexion reflex in the acute spinal cat and transient restoration by strong stimuli" J.Neurophys.
	hebb.mit.edu /courses/9.03/lecture2a.html (848 words)

	SMI Articles
		Andersen, O. K., Sonnenborg, F. A, and Arendt-Nielsen, L. (2001) Reflex receptive fields for human withdrawal reflexes elicited by non-painful and painful electrical stimulation of the foot sole.
		Andersen, O. K., Gracely, R. H., and Arendt-Nielsen, L. (1995) Facilitation of the human nociceptive reflex by stimulation of Aß-fibers in a secondary hyperalgesic area sustained by nociceptive input from the primary hyperalgesic area.
		Arendt-Nielsen, L., Sonnenborg, F. A, and Andersen, O. (2000) Facilitation of the withdrawal reflex by repeated transcutaneous electrical stimulation: an experimental study on central integration in humans.
	www.smi.auc.dk /publications/smiarticlespublishedtotal.htm (16067 words)

	reflex abnormality
		If the reflex was indeed positive and real, then it indicates that there has been damage to the nerves that control the muscles in your legs.
		I slowly lost my reflexes from lower to upper with 0 in arms and 0-trace in lower, including loss of gag reflex, which originally was 2++ in upper and 2++-1++ in lower.
		The reflex was found by a neurologist and he did repeat it several times.
	www.medhelp.org /forums/neuro/messages/30449.html (1656 words)

	Jim Belanger's lab of neuroethology and adaptive behavior (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Belanger JH, KJ Bender, and BA Trimmer (2000) Context-dependency of a limb withdrawal reflex in the caterpillar Manduca sexta.
		In crawling animals, the reflex in a given proleg was suppressed during stance of that proleg.
		Within the biologically relevant parameter space, simple reflexive models are sometimes able to locate the odor source, but even the most successful models (comprising layered control systems and centrally generated behavior) fall far short of the performance of real moths.
	www.biology.lsu.edu /webfac/jbelange/abstracts.html (3736 words)

	Withdrawal
		Alcohol withdrawal syndrome Alcohol withdrawal syndrome can occur to an alchoholic (one who is addicted to alcohol) in r...
		Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex The Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex (GSWR) is an involuntary, defe...
		Withdrawal When an alcohol, or most behavioral addictions).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/withdrawal.html (64 words)

	Sites of Plasticity in the Neural Circuit Mediating Tentacle Withdrawal in the Snail Helix aspersa: Implications for ...
		Neuronal mechanisms of habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia.
		Habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia.
		Heterosynaptic facilitation of tail sensory neuron synaptic transmission during habituation in tail-induced tail and siphon withdrawal reflexes of Aplysia.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/6/4/363 (8485 words)

	Local anaesthetic effect of topical amethocaine gel in neonates: randomised controlled trial -- Jain and Rutter 82 (1): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The cutaneous withdrawal reflex is a convenient objective way of testing local anaesthetic action in neonates.
		Andrews K, Fitzgerald M. The cutaneous withdrawal reflex in human neonates: sensitization, receptive fields, and the effects of contralateral stimulation.
		The cutaneous contribution to the hamstring flexor reflex in the rat: an electrophysiological and anatomical study.
	fn.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/82/1/F42 (2396 words)

	What's Your Diagnosis? Eastern Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta
		Discussion This case emphasizes the importance of differentiating between the response to a painful stimulus and the withdrawal reflex, as well as the value of plain radiography in the assessment of spinal cord injuries.
		Therefore, the withdrawal reflex is merely a spinal reflex and does not require any input from the cerebrum.
		If the spinal cord is completely transected cranial to the segments that are responsible for the reflex, the reflex is present despite the lack of conscious perception of the painful stimulus.
	www.arav.org /Journals/JA018537.htm (533 words)

	Habituation and desensitization of the Hering-Breuer reflex in rat -- Siniaia et al. 523 (2): 479 -- The Journal of ...
		The transient effects of MK-801 on habituation- desensitization of the HB reflex are demonstrated in Fig.
		Thus, it may be concluded that the HB reflex and the associated habituation-desensitization of the reflex in central sites were induced primarily by activation of SAR fibres instead of RAR or C-fibres.
		A hypothetical model showing the adaptation of vagal HB reflex due to vagal habituation and pontine desensitization is depicted in Fig.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/523/2/479 (7122 words)

	TACTILE SENSORY INPUT SEEMS SUFFICIENT FOR THE POSTNATAL TUNING OF THE NOCICEPTIVE WITHDRAWAL REFLEX SYSTEM. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The nociceptive withdrawal reflex networks are tuned during the first postnatal weeks, whereby erroneous spinal connections are eliminated while adequate ones are strengthened.
		To assess the role of sensory input for the nociceptive tuning, we have tested the effects of long-term sensory deprivation using local anaesthesia during early postnatal development.
		Withdrawal reflexes, elicited by thermo nociceptive stimulation (CO laser pulses), were videotaped and analysed off line.
	www.formonline.se /nd2001/abstracts/abstr169.html (259 words)

	Central Nervous System
		A spinal reflex is made up of a reflex arc, including somatic receptors, afferent nerve fibers, interneurons, efferent nerve fibers, and skeletal muscles.
		The flexor withdrawal reflex causes a limb to withdraw from a noxious stimulus.
		An intersegmental reflex arc occurs when the nerve signal produces an output from a different segment than the one that received the input.
	www2.sunysuffolk.edu /stoner/CNS.htm (3257 words)

	A Simplified Preparation for Relating Cellular Events to Behavior: Contribution of LE and Unidentified Siphon Sensory ...
		Castellucci VF, Pinsker H, Kupfermann I, Kandel ER (1970) Neuronal mechanisms of habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia.
		Dubuc B, Castellucci VF (1991) Receptive fields and properties of a new cluster of mechanoreceptor neurons innervating the mantle region and the branchial cavity of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica.
		Trudeau L-E, Castellucci VF (1992) Contribution of polysynaptic pathways in the mediation and plasticity of the Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex: evidence for differential modulation.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/17/8/2900 (7564 words)

	[No title]
		The nociceptive withdrawal reflex (a spinal reflex) may be used to study the excitability state of spinal cord neurons.
		The main outcome measurement was the minimum current intensity eliciting a spinal reflex (reflex threshold).
		Reflex thresholds were significantly lower in the whiplash compared with the control group, after both single (P=0.024) and repeated (P=0.035) stimulation.
	www.chronicfatiguesupport.com /library/print.cfm?ID=5295 (317 words)

	Tramadol, buy tramadol, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, weight loss, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The proleg withdrawal reflex in the caterpillar Manduca sexta is a robust, well-characterized system for investigating the integration of sensory information with centrally patterned behavior.
		Animals which were hanging upside down from a wooden dowel exhibited a much faster reflex, with retraction of the proleg occurring slightly faster than in standing animals, but re-extension of the proleg to the substrate being considerably faster.
		The reflex in a given proleg was suppressed during stance phase of that proleg.
	auramon.com /ref-hair/hair-research-abs4.390.html (1146 words)

	Theme 4: Movement and Its Central Control- Emily and Azadeh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The stretch reflex operates as a negative feedback loop to maintain muscle length at a desired value, which is specified by the activity of descending pathways that influence the motor neuron pool.
		The flexor-withdrawal reflex (flexion reflex and crossed extension reflex) is a polysynaptic reflex in which a pain sensory fiber enters the spinal cord and innervates more than one type of motor neuron via two or more interneurons.
		This reflex is useful in mediating the withdrawal of a limb from a painful stimulus (i.e.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~jmp/neurocc/theme4.html (6273 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Abstract of article: Effects of a selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist on spinal and ...
		The effects of the 5-HT receptor agonist L-741,604 on a trigeminally-mediated (jaw depressor) reflex and a spinally-mediated (flexion withdrawal) reflex have been compared between spinalized and intact, anaesthetized rabbits.
		The flexion withdrawal reflex was depressed by L-741,604 in non-spinalized animals, to a median of 22% (IQR 10−36%, n =10) of pre-drug levels after the highest dose, an action that was reversed by GR 127,935.
		Although spinalization enabled a non-5-HT -mediated excitatory effect of L-741,604 on spinal reflexes, there was a clear inhibitory effect of the drug at high doses.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v131/n5/abs/0703649a.html (407 words)

	The RedShirtDiaries: Action Potential Signals
		An array of 464 detectors is nearly optimal for detecting the individual action potentials in a preparations like the Aplysia abdominal ganglion which has about 1000 cell bodies.
		The figure shows only half of the activity; thus the total number of abdominal ganglion neurons that respond to the light touch is about 250; the total number of neurons in all of Aplysia's central ganglia that respond is about 1,500.
		It had been claimed that the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex is both simple and well understood; our result makes that claim seem premature and causes one to consider the possibility that Aplysia's nervous system may function as a distributed system.
	info.med.yale.edu /cmphysiol/cohen/redshirtdiaries2.html (646 words)

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