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Topic: Wiwaxia

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	CC200: Transitional fossils
		Wiwaxia and Halkiera have the same basic arrangement of hollow sclerites, an arrangement that is similar to the chaetae arrangement of polychaetes.
		The undersurface of Wiwaxia has a soft sole like a mollusk's foot, and its jaw looks like a mollusk's mouth.
		Aplacophorans, which are a group of primitive mollusks, have a soft body covered with spicules similar to the sclerites of Wiwaxia (Conway Morris 1998, 185-195).
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CC/CC200.html (1148 words)

	National Museum of Natural History - Paleobiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1899, Wiwaxia was first described on the basis of a single spine discovered in a Middle Cambrian bed on Mount Stephen, which lies across the valley from the Burgess Shale site.
		Since there are none on the bottom (ventral) surface, the animal partly resembles the slug, a member of the mollusk family.
		Wiwaxia corrugata (why-WAX-ee-yah CORE-you-GOT-tah.) After Wiwaxy (a local Indian word for "windy"), a small mountain peak north of Lake O'Hara, British Columbia + corrugatus (L.) = ridged, wrinkled.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /paleo/shale/pwiwax.htm (308 words)

	Wiwaxia
		The belly of Wiwaxia is broad and soft with bands of muscle that contract to move it forward along the sea floor.
		Wiwaxia probably grew by molting the sclerites regularly.
		Charles D. Walcott described the creature as polychaete annelid (a bristle worm), but Conway Morris argued that Wiwaxia’s sclerites are not like those of polychaetes and grouped Wiwaxia with other scleritome bearing animals of the Cambrian.
	www.as.wvu.edu /~kgarbutt/EvolutionPage/Studentsites/Burgesspages/Wiwaxiapage.html (254 words)

	Wiwaxia
		Wiwaxia was first described in 1899 from a single spine found across the valley from the Burgess Shale, where complete specimens were subsequently discovered.
		Because of the sclerites, some researchers have attempted to place Wiwaxia with the annelids, and indeed, it may be ancestrial or closely related to the segmented worms.
		The polychaete annelid worms are spiny with chaetae that are mineralized.
	www.fossilmuseum.net /Cambrian-Explosion/Wiwaxia/Wiwaxia.htm (293 words)

	Wiwaxia - Vükiped
		Elaf Wiwaxia corrugata binon nimabid edadeadöl (lunotü zimmets za luls), sevädik te medü fösils petuvöl in slet zänodakambriumik di Burgess se Kanadän.
		Hiel Charles Dolittle Walcott: balidan, kel äbepenom eli Wiwaxia ün 1911, äleigodom oni lä vums klada polychaetes.
		Bepenam brefik (e däsiots) ela Wiwaxia se resodatopäd Museda Smithsonian.
	vo.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wiwaxia (372 words)

	Wiwaxia at AllExperts
		Wiwaxia corrugata is an extinct species of animal known only from fossils found in Canada's Burgess Shale deposits.
		Although Wiwaxia resembles a mollusk in having a well developed radula, it does not really fit the conchifera because of its sclerites (armor of flattened, chitinous spines), but rather the class Aplacophora.
		Wiwaxia has recently been proposed as an annelid or at least a close relative of one.
	en.allexperts.com /e/w/wi/wiwaxia.htm (300 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Halkieria
		This led them to suggest that Halkieria is a stem group brachiopod which had evolved into the bivalved brachiopod by gradually getting enclosed within the two valves and starting a sessile lifemode.
		Wiwaxia should be the stem group of Annelids or Polychaetes according to Nicholas Butterfield (1990).
		Wiwaxia is now considered to be related to Halkieria due to the recently discovered Burgess shale organism, Orthrozanclus reburrus.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Halkeria (537 words)

	Hallucinogène
		Hallucigenia's journey down into the tropical geothermal vent is both dangerous and surreally beautiful, and the tone of this drawing was inspired by the song "Having A Moment" by Kinobe.
		Scouring the rocks below for food are two Wiwaxia, a strange creature (possibly a type of slug) with a round body covered entirely with scale-like armor, with a series of long scales jutting off the back for defense.
		Wiwaxia ranged in size from 1/8 of an inch to two inches long.
	www.azhdarcho.com /Art/Paleoart/cambrian.htm (1048 words)

	Rare Wiwaxia Soft Body Animal Fossil
		Wiwaxia was first described in 1899 from a single spine found across the valley from the Burgess Shale, where complete specimens were subsequently discovered.
		Since there are none on the bottom (ventral) surface, the animal partly resembles the slug, a member of the mollusk family.
		It is likely that trilobite collectors in Utah have discarded many Wiwaxia and other soft-bodied animals over the years.
	www.fossilmall.com /Fossil_Archive/Western_Fossils/Cambrian_Animals/SB004/SB004.htm (301 words)

	The design argument in Theistic Evolution. - TheologyWeb Campus
		His conclusion, published in 1990, was that Wiwaxia was not a mollusk at all but an annelid.
		To get from halkieriids, well represented as Lower Cambrian fossils, to Wiwaxia, which thrived in the Middle Cambrian, there is no need to postulate macroevolutionary jumps or some sort of genetic revolution.
		It is really amatter of definition, but in my opinion, Wiwaxia is a member of the annelid stem group—a creature still in the process of becoming an annelid.
	www.theologyweb.com /forum/showthread.php?t=34435 (2940 words)

	Palaeos Invertebrates: Procoelomates: Halkieriida
		Assuming the reconstruction (Bengston and Conway Morris 1984 based it on Wiwaxia) is accurate, the animal has a flattened body with a soft, rubbery underside, like a slug, which it used to crawl across the substrate.
		Dzik however retains Wiwaxia among the halkieriids and the latter among the mollusks, or proto-mollusks.
		The 7 regions bare of spicules are compared to shell fields in developing polyplacophorans, and spicule arrangement is compared to sclerite arrangement on the Cambrian fossils Wiwaxia corrugata and Halkieria evangelista and to the spines and shell plates of the Silurian Acaenoplax hayae.
	www.palaeos.com /Invertebrates/Procoelomates/Halkieriida.html (1233 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Wiwaxia somewhat resembles a very small porcupine (about 30 mm in diameter) with its quills pulled out.
		Wiwaxia probably grazed or scavenged by walking or crawling along the sediment.
		Similar scales and spines have turned up in similarly aged sediments from elsewhere around the world suggesting that Wiwaxia was widespread during the Cambrian.
	park.org /Canada/Museum/burgessshale/misc4-5.html (140 words)

	Conway-Morris and Gould, "Showdown on the Burgess Shale" 1998
		When Butterfield studied their microstructure, he noticed immediately that it was the same as that of the chitinous bristles (chaetae) that project from the bodies of such modern annelids as earthworms.
		His conclusion, published in 1990, was that Wiwaxia was not a mollusk at all but an annelid.
		It is really a matter of definition, but in my opinion, Wiwaxia is a member of the annelid stem group—a creature still in the process of becoming an annelid.
	www.stephenjaygould.org /library/naturalhistory_cambrian.html (3913 words)

	wiwaxia Profil sayfası, GittiGidiyor
		wiwaxia cevabı : rica ederim iyi günlerde kullanın gecikme için tekrar özür dilerim
		wiwaxia cevabı : beğenmediğiniz ürünü almak zorunda değilsiniz düşük puan yerine iade edebilirdiniz !!!
		wiwaxia cevabı : madem ürünü beğendiniz neden 4 yıldız veriorsunuz anlıyamadım
	www.gittigidiyor.com /php/kimlik.php?nick=wiwaxia (226 words)

	gould_feb_86
		Wiwaxia corrugata, the subject of my first Burgess column, lies among the oddballs.
		Simon Conway Morris, author of a new monograph on Wiwaxia (the initial inspiration for this trilogy of columns), places this animal among the Burgess enigmas but proposes a potential distant relationship with mollusks.
		For Conway Morris discovered two bars of teeth, inserted at the front end of the gut and similar in form and position to the distinctive radula of mollusks.
	ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu /wescourses/2004s/ees227/01/gould_feb_86.htm (3744 words)

	Burgess Shale Early Cambrian Explosion Wiwaxia Opabinia Pleurocystites Anomalocaris Laggania Hallucigenia Olenoides
		Originally the different parts were identified as 3 separate animals, trunk, jaws and front limbs were preserved separately.
		Each of these little scales was attached with a root-like base and we assume Wiwaxia grew by molting these plates from time to time.
		Since there are none on the bottom (ventral) surface, the animal partly resembles the slug, a member of the mollusk family.
	www.dinosaurcollector.150m.com /Burgess.html (827 words)

	Pharyngula: Orthozanclus
		Wiwaxia's sclerites are/were made out of chitin, and had lots of hollow spaces in them.
		Even though Conway Morris surely had his finger on the pulse when he came up with the idea that a fossil could link annelids and brachiopods, which seems more plausible today with the Lophotrochozoa, he was not really arguing his case to support that idea (again see Vinther and Nielsen 2005).
		Take this message home: Orthrozanclus, Wiwaxia and Halkieria are all good mollusks, but stemgroups to chitons and aplacophorans.
	scienceblogs.com /pharyngula/2007/03/orthozanclus.php (3099 words)

	[No title]
		The Cambrian fossils Halkiera and Wiwaxia have features that connect them with each other and with the modern phyla of Mollusca, Brachiopoda, and Annelida.
		Wiwaxia and Halkiera have the same basic arrangement of hollow sclerites, an arrangement that is similar to the chaetae arrangement of polychaetes.
		The fossils, attributed to the new species Eurotrochilus inexpectus, suggest that hummingbirds once colonized the Old World, but it’s unclear what caused their demise.
	www.lycos.com /info/fossils--species.html (539 words)

	homologous, arthropod, armored, various, portions, armor, Wiwaxia, Early - Sclerite
		Sclerites are found on a curious collection of early animals including a common spongelike animal called Chancelloria; an armored slug-like form Wiwaxia; an armored worm with a pair of brachiopod-like shells Halkieria; and another armored worm Microdictyon that is generally considered to be a lobopod/onychophore.
		It has been suggested that the sclerites of the Cambrian Wiwaxia are homologous with the bristles of annelid worms (Butterfield 1990).
		At least one modern gastropod mollusc living near deep sea hydrothermal vents has structures made of iron sulfides (Bengtson and WarÃ©n, 2003) similar to some Cambrian sclerites, although presumably not homologous in structure.
	www.alphasearch.org /Sclerite.html (316 words)

	Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Later, he noticed lines similar to those on ostracodes on reconstructions of Burgess Shale organisms.
		Although these were too coarse to be diffraction gratings, inspection of actual fossils with an electron microscope revealed traces of the gratings on the spines, scales, and hairs of several creatures: the armored Wiwaxia, the worm-like Canadia, and the swimmer Marrella.
		Because all gratings split incoming light into its component wavelengths, Parker was able to use optical equations to calculate that the creatures could flash a wide range of colors--perhaps to warn off predators.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/images/LifesEarlyGlimmers.htm (241 words)

	Burgess Shale Early Cambrian Explosion Wiwaxia Opabinia Pleurocystites Anomalocaris Laggania Hallucigenia Olenoides
		The figures above are multi colored Wiwaxia and orange Amomalocaris from the Cadbury Yowies series.
		Olenoides is decribed by Stephen Gould in his book 'Its a Wonderful Life' as a standard trilobite The long, curved antennae were well preserved in the Burgess Shale.
		Click on the Site A icon left for more diorama listed by location Click on the Site B icon to the right for Dioramas organized by period or by manufacturer.
	www.dinosaurcollector.150m.com /PaleoSea2.html (748 words)

	IngentaConnect A reevaluation of Wiwaxia and the polychaetes of the Burgess Shal... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Wiwaxia corrugata and the indisputable polychaetes of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, particularly Canadia spinosa, have figured prominently in recent hypotheses about the early evolution of polychaete annelids.
		The best preserved or otherwise appropriate fossils of Wiwaxia corrugata, Canadia spinosa and the other polychaetes of the Burgess Shale have been studied in detail in order to determine whether they possess any characters that could support the homology of wiwaxiid sclerites, canadiid notochaetae and chrysopetalid paleae.
		Furthermore, Canadia and the other polychaetes of the Burgess Shale cannot be referred to any extant subgroup within the Polychaeta and cannot be used to polarize character evolution within the annelid crown group.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/tandf/slet/2004/00000037/00000003/art00011 (295 words)

	phylum level evolution
		The connection between the two was that both had the muscular snail-like foot, they shared the same microscopic structure in their scales which were hollow in both species.
		Wiwaxia possessed something amazing, the characteristic mouth and feeding mechanism of a mollusc which is called a radula.
		Given the way Wiwaxia and a polychaete look, it might be difficult to make such a claim.
	home.entouch.net /dmd/cambevol.htm (5386 words)

	Natuurinformatie - Wiwaxia
		Wiwaxia is een uitgestorven zeedier, dat leefde gedurende het Cambrium (ca.
		Zijn platte, ovale lichaam was bedekt met schubvormige platen en twee uitstekende rijen stekels.
		Omstreeks 1990 is ontdekt dat de microstructuur van de schubvormige platen gelijk is aan die van de chitineuze borstels van bepaalde ringwormen zoals de regenworm.
	www.natuurinformatie.nl /nnm.dossiers/natuurdatabase.nl/i000610.html (58 words)

	American Scientific Affiliation
		Besides giving rise to the phylum of the brachiopods, Halkieria appears to be close to the lineage leading to two other phyla, the molluscs and polychaete worms through a related animal similar to Wiwaxia (although Wiwaxia itself lived too late to be the actual ancestor).
		Like the halkieriids, it had a soft slug-like sole upon which it moved, and sclerites that possessed identical microscopic structure and were arranged in the same three zones as seen on the halkieriids.
		It is the earliest known animal to possess the radula, the characteristic feeding mechanism of the molluscs.
	www.asa3.org /ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF3-01Morton.html (5942 words)

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