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Topic: Wojciech Jaruzelski

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	Jaruzelski, Wojciech Witold - MSN Encarta
		Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (pronounced: /'vɔjʨɛx jaru'zɛlskʲi/) (born July 6, 1923) is a former Polish Communist political and military leader.
		Wojciech Jaruzelski, born in 1923, head of state (1981-1989) of communist-led Poland and president (1989-1990) of post-communist Poland.
		Jaruzelski was educated at the Infantry Officer’s School and Karol Swierczewski General Staff Academy in Warsaw and joined the Polish United Workers’ Party, also known as the Communist Party, in 1947.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761585763 (453 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski
		Jaruzelski joined Poland's communist party, which later changed names to the Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP), after graduating from the Polish Higher Infantry School and the General Staff Academy.
		During this time, Jaruzelski was also elected as the first secretary of the party on October 18, 1981 while the Solidarity movement was becoming popular.
		Jaruzelski became President in July 1989 until 1990 when Lech Walesa was elected president.
	www.historyguide.org /europe/jaruzelski.html (196 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski Biography
		Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (born July 6, 1923) in the family of Polish gentry was a communist Polish political and military leader.
		Jaruzelski, whose name was the only one the Communist Party allowed on the ballot for the presidency, won by just one vote in the National Assembly.
		Jaruzelski resigned as general secretary of the Communist Party but found he was forced to come to terms with a government formed by Solidarity.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Jaruzelski_Wojciech.html (463 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jaruzelski, whose name was the only one the Communist Party allowed on the ballot for the presidency, won by just one vote in the National Assembly.
		Jaruzelski resigned as general secretary of the Communist Party but found he was forced to come to terms with a government formed by Solidarity.
		In 1990 Jaruzelski resigned as Poland's leader and was succeeded by Wałęsa in December.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski (1130 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski - FREE Wojciech Jaruzelski Biography \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, Information!
		Jaruzelski was succeeded as president by Wałęsa in Dec., 1990.
		Wojciech Jaruzelski, revisiting Polish history.(former president may be tried for his part in putting down the 1970 shipyard strikes)(Brief Article)
		Resistance to the implications of Jaruzelski's proposal and to the imminent...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Jaruzels.html (1073 words)

	Krakow \| News \| General Launches Surprise Project
		Jaruzelski says he was quoted out of context, his voice quivering with anger at accusations that his loyalties were and remain with Moscow rather than with his own people.
		Jaruzelski repeated his long-standing argument that martial law - which led to the roundup of opposition figures, curfews, and military control of society - was the lesser of two evils.
		Jaruzelski was cleared by a left-dominated parliament in the mid 1990s on charges he had violated the constitution by imposing martial law.
	www.cracow-life.com /news/news/558-General_Launches_Surprise_Project (755 words)

	:: Oficjalna strona gen. Wojciecha Jaruzelskiego
		General Wojciech Jaruzelski, who says he averted a Soviet invasion of Poland in 1981 by declaring martial law, told Reuters the West must show greater understanding of Russia's historic fear of encirclement by hostile powers.
		Jaruzelski said he did not see the relevance of the proposed missile shield for Poland's security needs but he did not expect it to lead to a serious breakdown of ties between Moscow and Warsaw if it were finally built.
		Wearing his trademark dark glasses, Jaruzelski repeated his view that martial law was "the lesser evil" that spared Poland from Soviet military intervention and the bloody fate that befell Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968.
	www.wojciech-jaruzelski.pl /show_akt.php?id=21 (731 words)

	Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Wojciech Jaruzelski was born in Kurów near Pulawy in the Lublin province on July 6, 1923.
		The disintegration of PUWP authority and Soviet pressure for a decisive resolution of the crisis propelled Jaruzelski and the military to the fore of Polish politics.
		Jaruzelski's answer to his political dilemmas was the declaration of martial law on December 13, 1981.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/wojciech-witold-jaruzelski (1400 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski, Dictator of the Month, June, 2004
		Jaruzelski rose in party ranks, becoming a candidate member of the Politburo in December 1970 and a full member in 1971.
		In addition to his position as minister of defense, Jaruzelski was appointed to the highest positions in both the party and the state as prime minister of Poland (February 1981) and first secretary of the Communist Party (October 1981).
		Jaruzelski, whose name was the only one the Communist Party allowed on the ballot for the presidency, won by just one vote.
	www.dictatorofthemonth.com /Jaruzelski/Jun2004JaruzelskiEN.htm (633 words)

	OpinionJournal - THE WEEKEND INTERVIEW
		Jaruzelski's self-obsession has filled several memoirs, including his Polish best-seller, "Martial Law: Why?" A man so closely associated with the darkest episodes in his nation's recent past wants the future not so much to forgive him as to understand him--and even give him a little credit for a free, undivided Europe.
		Jaruzelski believes the ruling right-wing politicians want to put him on trial at year's end to mark the 25th anniversary of his imposition of martial law--the most recent of many national traumas.
		Jaruzelski has put forward two arguments about the past, the first particular and the second general, that are often deployed by left-wing politicians in Poland and elsewhere in Eastern Europe and fiercely resisted on the right, more so now than in the early postcommunist years.
	www.opinionjournal.com /forms/printThis.html?id=110008498 (2040 words)

	Poland - Jaruzelski
		In December 1981, Wojciech Jaruzelski suddenly declared martial law, ordering the army and special police units to seize control of the country, apprehend Solidarity's leaders, and prevent all further union activity.
		Jaruzelski presented himself as a realistic moderate, a proponent of reform who nevertheless insisted on the leading role of the party.
		In the next year, the Jaruzelski government suffered embarrassment when secret policemen were discovered to have abducted and murdered Father Jerzy Popieluszko, a priest who had gained recognition as the spiritual adviser of the repressed Solidarity.
	countrystudies.us /poland/20.htm (808 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Profile: Poland's last communist leader
		Poland's last communist leader, Wojciech Jaruzelski, who has gone on trial in Warsaw over the deaths of 44 strikers in 1970, is better known as the man who imposed martial law more than a decade later.
		Jaruzelski was already leader of the Polish Communist Party, prime minister and minister of defence.
		Jaruzelski became the chief "political officer" of the Polish armed forces in 1960, chief of staff in 1964; and defence minister in 1968.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/1332541.stm (485 words)

	Jaruzelski Charged With 'Communist Crimes' - CBS News
		Jaruzelski, 82, responded by repeating his insistence that he imposed martial law to prevent an invasion by the Soviet Union, which controlled Poland during the communist era.
		Jaruzelski also was charged with leading an "organized criminal group of a military nature having as its goal the carrying out of crimes that consisted of the deprivation of freedom through internment," the statement said.
		Jaruzelski still faces trial for the 1970 shooting deaths of striking shipyard workers when he was defense minister.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2006/03/31/ap/world/mainD8GMMKAOA.shtml (697 words)

	THE MARTIAL LAW (1981-1988)
		In February 1981 general Wojciech Jaruzelski was chosen for a post of prime minister.
		His position was taken over by general Wojciech Jaruzelski, who became the first secretary of KC PZPR.
		Wojciech Jaruzelski is announcing on TV the martial law.
	library.thinkquest.org /11369/martial.htm (854 words)

	Jaruzelski, Wojciech. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07
		In 1987, Jaruzelski found his attempts at economic reform thwarted by Solidarity.
		Jaruzelski was succeeded as president by Wa sa in Dec., 1990.
		In 1993, Jaruzelski was charged with criminal conduct in a 1970 incident in which demonstrating workers were killed after he allegedly ordered soldiers to fire on them, but court proceedings, which began in 1996, have progressed slowly because of delays and disputes.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ja/Jaruzels.html (332 words)

	Wojciech- FREE Wojciech Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, Information!
		Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski A career soldier, General Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (born 1923) became Poland's head of state in 1981.
		A man with a candle standing in front of General Wojciech Jaruzelski...
		Poland's attacker Wojciech Grzyb (L) spikes the ball against...
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Wojciech (1216 words)

	CNN.com - Polish leader faces massacre charges - May 15, 2001
		Jaruzelski is charged with ordering the military to shoot at workers protesting against price rises while he was defence minister.
		Jaruzelski has denied the charges repeatedly, saying that the Polish leader at the time, Wladyslaw Gomulka, disliked him and kept him out of key decisions.
		Jaruzelski escaped punishment for imposing martial law in 1981, when thousands of opposition activists were jailed and many killed, thanks to an act passed in 1996 by a parliament dominated by parties rooted in the communist system.
	edition.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/europe/05/15/poland.jaruzelski/index.html (575 words)

	CNN Cold War - Historical Documents: Brezhnev-Jaruzelski correspondence
		Hard-line communist Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, Poland's prime minister, promised to stop protests as the Soviets prepared to intervene.
		Jaruzelski declared martial law on December 13, 1981, and arrested thousands of protesters.
		Wojciech Jeruzelski: This issue will be resolved in the outlying regions as well.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/19/documents/brez.jaru (2521 words)

	CNN.com - Ex-Polish PM seeks new lawyers - May 18, 2001
		The case over his alleged role in the 1970 massacre of striking shipyard workers, delayed for years due to politics and the ageing general's ill health, was further postponed on Friday by a Polish court.
		Jaruzelski, who was defence minister at the time, has been charged with ordering the military to fire -- a charge he denies.
		At the first hearing on Tuesday, Jaruzelski's lawyers complained that the 400-page indictment called for 1,200 witnesses to testify and statements of another 3,200 to be read in court.
	edition.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/europe/05/18/poland.general/index.html?related (342 words)

	President of The Republic of Poland - Wojciech Jaruzelski
		Jaruzelski did not find his way to the Polish Army in the USSR being formed by General Wladyslaw Anders; he enlisted with the forces being organised by the communist Union of Polish Patriots.
		In 1947 Jaruzelski joined the Polish Workers’ Party, which led to his rapid promotion in the ranks of the Polish Peoples’ Army.
		In 1968 Jaruzelski became Minister of National Defence; he was responsible for participation of the Polish Peoples’ Army in the invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968); accused of complicity in the bloody quashing of workers’ protests on the Coast (1970).
	www.president.pl /x.node?id=477 (404 words)

	Polish general charged over 1981 martial law - International Herald Tribune
		Jaruzelski, 82, could not be reached for comment, but the former leader has maintained that he imposed martial law to prevent an invasion by the Soviet Union, which controlled Poland during the Communist era.
		Jaruzelski, who lives in Warsaw, remains free, and it was not clear when a trial against him would begin, said an institute spokesman, Andrzej Arseniuk.Legal proceedings against Jaruzelski, including a trial on different charges related to the shootings of Communist-era strikers, stalled under the previous government, led by former Communists.
		Jaruzelski, the institute said, was also charged with leading an "organized criminal group of a military nature, having as its goal the carrying out of crimes that consisted of the deprivation of freedom through internment."
	www.iht.com /articles/2006/03/31/news/poland.php (462 words)

	Commentary: The Weekend Interview - WSJ.com
		Jaruzelski's self-obsession has filled several memoirs, including his Polish best-seller, "Martial Law: Why?" A man so closely associated with the darkest episodes in his nation's recent past wants the future not so much to forgive him as to understand him -- and even give him a little credit for a free, undivided Europe.
		Jaruzelski believes the ruling right-wing politicians want to put him on trial at year's end to mark the 25th anniversary of his imposition of martial law -- the most recent of many national traumas.
		Earlier in that watershed year, Gen. Jaruzelski sat down with Lech Walesa and Solidarity for "Round Table" talks -- over the objections of Party conservatives -- that paved the way for partially free elections in June that the opposition won in a landslide.
	online.wsj.com /article/SB114990235029276859.html?mod=googlenews_wsj (2108 words)

	Courrier international, eurotopics : the european press in 3 languages
		Jaruzelski still claims he saved Poland from a Soviet invasion by imposing martial law, writes Thomas Urban.
		According to this view, Jaruzelski acted very responsibly and is something of a 'tragic hero'.
		Jaruzelski was informed immediately but reacted very strangely: he asked Moscow to continue threatening the country with an invasion."
	europe.courrierinternational.com /eurotopics/article.asp?langue=uk&publication=13/12/2006&cat=DOSSIER&pi=0 (498 words)

	now@ on-line marzec 2008
		General Jaruzelski is to stand trial for “communist crimes”; 27 years after he tried to crush the Solidarity trade union, declared a “state of war” in Poland and jailed tens of thousands of people.
		Jaruzelski confessed: “I have felt bad, I have been tormented by that” and I could feel “guilty in the moral sense” - because he could not prevent the use of the Army against the workers, protesting in December 1970.
		The Parliament discontinued the inquiry in October 1996, by ruling that General Wojciech Jaruzelski and other decision-makers introduced the martial law (called “a state of war”) under the conditions of “higher necessity.” The criminal indictment against them, prepared by the IPN, opposes the decision approved by the Parliament in 1996.
	nowaonline.strefa.pl /66_Dastych_D.htm (2278 words)

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