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	Encyclopedia: Wolbachia
		Wolbachia is a type of bacteria that infects arthropod species, including a high proportion of all insects.
		Outside of Insecta, Wolbachia infects a variety of isopod species, spiders, mites, and many species of filarial nematodes (a type of parasitic worm), including those causing Ephantiasis and River Blindness in humans.
		Wolbachia are known to cause four different phenotypes: Male Killing (death of infected males), Feminization (infected males develop as females), Parthenogenesis (reproduction of infected females without males) and Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (the inability of Wolbachia infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females or females infected with another Wolbachia type).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Wolbachia (603 words)

	Wolbachia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Outside of Insecta, Wolbachia infects a variety of isopod species, spiders, mites, and many species of filarial nematodes (a type of parasitic worm), including those causing Onchocerciasis (i.e.
		Within arthropods, Wolbachia is notable for the fact that it significantly alters the reproductive capabilities of its hosts.
		These bacteria can infect many different types of organs, but are most notable for the infections of the testes and ovaries of their hosts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wolbachia (347 words)

	Wolbachia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The wasps are also able to mate if given an (A chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections) antibiotic to kill the bacteria.
		It is thought that this process is causing a (The evolution of a biological species) speciation event to occur in the wasps, and that the bacteria are the prime cause.
		In February 2005, researchers announced that they found three new species of Wolbachia by examining publicly available DNA sequences of seven (Small fruit fly used by Thomas Hunt Morgan in studying basic mechanisms of inheritance) Drosophila species.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/wo/wolbachia.htm (294 words)

	Genes for the Type IV Secretion System in an Intracellular Symbiont, Wolbachia, a Causative Agent of Various Sexual ...
		Wolbachia infection and cytoplasmic incompatibility in the cricket, Teleogryllus taiwanemma.
		GroE-Homologous operon of Wolbachia, an intracellular symbiont of arthropods.
		Wolbachia infections and cytoplasmic incompatibility in the almond moth and the Mediterranean flour moth.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/182/22/6529?view=full&pmid=11053403 (1665 words)

	07.03.2002 - Bizarre parasite that kills male insects and disrupts insect sex lives is not all bad: it can make sterile ...
		The parasite is one of a group of bacteria called Wolbachia that has been found to live inside a range of insects, from wasps to cockroaches, disrupting the insects' sex lives to increase the number of female offspring and suppress or eliminate males.
		Now, Thomas W. Cline, professor of molecular and cell biology at UC Berkeley, and graduate student Diana J. Starr, have discovered that the bacterium Wolbachia pipientis allows a sterile female fruit fly to lay eggs, circumventing a genetic mutation in a gene that is the key to determining the sex of offspring.
		Wolbachia, not the nematode itself, trigger the immune response that damages the eye.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2002/07/03_paras.html (1317 words)

	Science News Online - This Week - Feature Article - 11/16/96
		Wolbachia infections in these insects produce an odd variation on cytoplasmic incompatibility: Uninfected female wasps mating with infected males can produce offspring, but their progeny are all male.
		He argues that Wolbachia's influence during the maturation of sperm somehow disturbs the carefully choreographed maneuvering that later brings together the sperm's chromosomes with the egg's.
		The Wolbachia in the egg cells, along with the host proteins they are bound to, thus "rescues" the defective sperm from infected males, he says.
	sciencenews.org /sn_arch/11_16_96/bob1.htm (2062 words)

	CarlZimmer.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There are tantalizing hints that Wolbachia’s extraordinary ability to manipulate their hosts for their own evolutionary benefit can help turn a population of hosts into a new species.
		All told, Wolbachia may infect well over 1 million species of insects, and the bacteria are not limited to insect hosts: Researchers have been finding them in such disparate groups of invertebrates as millipedes, crustaceans, and mites.
		Although the paper is “interesting,” Wolbachia expert Hoffman says that “the research does not demonstrate that Wolbachia causes speciation.”; He points out that the two wasp species do not live side by side in nature; they might have acquired their incompatible Wolbachia strains after they were isolated.
	www.carlzimmer.com /articles/2001/articles_2001_6.html (2197 words)

	Florida Entomologist, v. 81, n. 3, p. 310
		Wolbachia are intracellular, transovarially-transmitted, rickettsial-like endosymbionts in the alpha-subdivision of the proteobacteria (purple bacteria).
		Wolbachia are transmitted through the egg cytoplasm, and therefore solely by females, except for one reported case of male transmission in laboratory populations of D. simulans (Hoffmann and Turelli 1988).
		Wolbachia infection may have implications for mass rearing projects, especially if the bacteria have an influence on the quality of the natural enemies (Steiner 1993) or affect the rate of population increase of the individuals being reared.
	www.fcla.edu /FlaEnt/fe81p310.html (3405 words)

	Wolbachia objectives
		Wolbachia occurs in up to 70% of insect species and its spread represents one of the great pandemics of life on this planet.
		These biodiversity investigations will be combined with studies of the mechanisms by which Wolbachia induce reproductive alterations in their hosts, and the genetic, molecular and population basis of host modifications of Wolbachia.
		Ecology: Our basic objectives are to investigate the patterns and mechanisms of movement of Wolbachia through arthropod communities, and to identify for further study Wolbachia strains that have undergone rapid host range expansion or changes in phenotypic effects on hosts.
	research.amnh.org /FIBR/objective.html (1224 words)

	'Male-targeting' bacterium's genome is deciphered
		Calling the Wolbachia genome "a genetic dumping ground," Eisen — an evolutionary biologist — compared it to the human Y chromosome and the knot-like centromeres in the middle of eukaryotic chromosomes.
		Scientists say the Wolbachia genome will be useful for researchers seeking to develop new approaches to help treat victims of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis, and other human diseases caused by small worms (such as Brugia malayi) that cannot survive/reproduce without Wolbachia inside their cells.
		Another possible future use of the Wolbachia genome data is related to the bacterium's ability to induce "cytoplasmic incompatibility" between the sperms and eggs of some invertebrate host animals.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-03/tifg-bg030904.php (932 words)

	Diversity of Wolbachia Endosymbionts in Heteropteran Bugs -- Kikuchi and Fukatsu 69 (10): 6082 -- Applied and ...
		of Wolbachia in the evolutionary course of the Heteroptera.
		The incidence and diversity of Wolbachia in gallwasps (Hymenoptera; Cynipidae) on oak.
		Widespread occurrence of the microorganism Wolbachia in ants.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/10/6082 (3521 words)

	High Levels of Multiple Wolbachia Infection and Recombination in the Ant Formica exsecta -- Reuter and Keller 20 (5): ...
		Wolbachia infection and expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility in Armigeres subalbatus (Diptera: Culicidae).
		Wolbachia superinfections and the expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility.
		Widespread occurrence of the micro-organism Wolbachia in ants.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/5/748 (2782 words)

	[No title]
		Wolbachia, although not well-known beyond the scientific community, is very common in insects, with between a 20 and 75 percent infection rate.
		Wolbachia's unique biology has raised any number of questions, including that of its role in evolution, and implications for pest and disease control.
		Feminization refers to one effect of Wolbachia, that is, the fact that the offspring of organisms is uncommonly more likely to be a female than a male.
	www.tjhsst.edu /~achin/techlab/latex1.txt (1467 words)

	Scrambled eggs: Sexual shenanigans of germline germs
		They cured the Wolbachia infection with antibiotics and showed that sterility always occurred when an infected male mated with an uninfected female - if both parties were infected with the same Wolbachia strain, the eggs were perfectly viable.
		Wolbachia also turned out to be responsible for the acute inflammatory responses some heavily infected patients suffer when given antifilarial drugs such as DEC or ivermectin.
		In a hunt for the genetic basis of Wolbachia's extraordinary effects on its hosts, both Dr Sinkins and Dr Taylor are collaborating with groups in the UK, Europe, Australia and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute to sequence the genomes of their Wolbachia strains.
	www.wellcome.ac.uk /doc_WTD004685.html (1452 words)

	Wolbachia Genome Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Wolbachia infections and the expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility in Drosophila sechellia and D.
		The role of Wolbachia bacteria in reproductive incompatibilities and hybrid zones of Diabrotica beetles and Gryllus crickets.
		Wolbachia pipientis: bacterial density and unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility between infected populations of Aedes albopictus.
	tools.neb.com /wolbachia/references.html (3570 words)

	Phylogenetic relationships of Wolbachia in a guild of wasps parasitic on filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Wolbachia are bacteria that occur in more than 20 percent of arthropod species.
		Hence, Wolbachia is of great interest as a method to reduce populations of pest insects or, conversely, to increase populations of beneficial insects.
		We used PCR analyses to determine the prevalence and type (A or B) of Wolbachia in a guild of beneficial wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitic on filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae).
	esa.confex.com /esa/2002/techprogram/paper_8330.htm (254 words)

	Catching evolution's henchmen in the act
		Wolbachia, a bacterial group related to the ancestor of mitochondria, infects a wide range of insects and manipulates host reproduction to promote its own survival.
		In the next few years, with a greater number of Wolbachia genes at our disposal, we'll be able to more accurately describe bacterial strains, especially now that we know strains can recombine when they share the same host.
		Wolbachia strains may soon be described by the mosaic of genes they carry rather than by a single gene sequence.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-10/si-ceh103103.php (603 words)

	Wolbachia pipientis Growth Kinetics and Susceptibilities to 13 Antibiotics Determined by Immunofluorescence Staining ...
		Wolbachia pipientis Growth Kinetics and Susceptibilities to 13 Antibiotics Determined by Immunofluorescence Staining and Real-Time PCR -- Fenollar et al.
		The role of endosymbiontic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness.
		Antibiotics and Wolbachia in filarial nematodes: antifilarial activity of rifampicin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol against Onchocerca gutturosa, Onchocerca lienalis and Brugia pahangi.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/47/5/1665 (3077 words)

	Wolbachia - About
		Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates.
		These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos.
		The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control.
	www.wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au /about.cfm (300 words)

	RESOURCES: The Wild World of Wolbachia -- 296 (5568): 623 -- Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Almost unknown a decade ago, Wolbachia bacteria are gathering fans among ecologists, microbiologists, and entomologists.
		Wolbachia fascinate evolutionary biologists because the microbes meddle in their host's reproduction and might drive speciation.
		The genomes of six Wolbachia strains are being sequenced, and O'Neill plans to incorporate the data.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/short/296/5568/623a (275 words)

	Science, medicine, and the future: Onchocerciasis -- Hoerauf et al. 326 (7382): 207 -- BMJ
		Wolbachia have been implicated in the induction of adverse effects of microfilaricidal drugs and may have a role in the development of pathology, including keratitis
		Lipopolysaccharide-like molecules from Wolbachia endobacteria seem to induce expression of chemotactic cytokines and vascular adhesion molecules that mediate neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma.
		Wolbachia in filarial nematodes: evolutionary aspects and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of filarial diseases.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/326/7382/207 (2660 words)

	Removing symbiotic Wolbachia bacteria specifically inhibits oogenesis in a parasitic wasp -- Dedeine et al. 98 (11): ...
		Wolbachia are bacteria that live in the cells of various invertebrate species to which they cause a wide range of effects
		Wolbachia infection in the parasitic wasp, Asobara tabida Nees
		Wolbachia are of special interest in the study of the evolution of symbiosis, because they would seem not to fit current theory.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/11/6247 (3803 words)

	NAI: Year 5 Annual Report: Marine Biological Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Objective 1 is to determine the direction of evolution of Wolbachia parasitism and mutualism, i.e., which arose first during the diversification of this prokaryotic-eukaryotic interaction.
		Objective 2 is to examine the evolution of a bacteriophage that infects the parasitic Wolbachia lineages.
		The mutualistic Wolbachia of nematodes are strictly confined to the filariid group of nematodes.
	nai.arc.nasa.gov /year5/year4.cfm?PageAction=5&Section=11&Page=20&Proj=601 (476 words)

	BioMatNet Item: QLK3-2000-01079 - The European Wolbachia project: towards novel biotechnological approaches for control ...
		Wolbachia may be the most abundant and widespread intracellular symbiont as yet described.
		To identify Wolbachia genes that are involved in cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis and feminisation, using an integrated genomics, proteomics and post-genomics approach.
		Candidate Wolbachia genes responsible for the induction of cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis and feminisation will be identified initially through comparative genomics and proteomics analysis.
	www.biomatnet.org /secure/FP5/S1415.htm (541 words)

	The Sanger Institute: Wolbachia pipientis
		Beowulf Genomics to sequence the genome of the Wolbachia pipientis endosymbiont of Culex quinquefasciatus, in collaboration with Dr. Steven Sinkins of the Department of Zoology, University of Oxford and Prof.
		The mosquito contains an endosymbiotic bacterium, Wolbachia pipientis, the genome of which is estimated to be 1.5 Mb, and will be sequenced with a whole-genome shotgun approach.
		Please note: Although the Wolbachia DNA used for sequencing was isolated from a C.
	www.sanger.ac.uk /Projects/W_pipientis (284 words)

	Wolbachia Transfer from Drosophila melanogaster into D. simulans: Host Effect and Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		infected by the non-CI expressor Wolbachia strains wKi, wMau,
		infected by the CI-expressor Wolbachia strains wHa or wNo.
		CI is caused by the presence of Wolbachia in male reproductive
	intl.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/150/1/227 (6115 words)

	Genome fragment of Wolbachia endosymbiont transferred to X chromosome of host insect -- Kondo et al. 99 (22): 14280 -- ...
		Structure of the genome fragments of wBruAus obtained by inverse PCR, aligned with genome sequences of wMel, a strain of Wolbachia from D.
		Non-LTR Retrotransposon-Like Sequence in the Wolbachia Genome Fragment.
		Wolbachia, (iii) a large fragment of bacterial genome is transferred,
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/22/14280 (3869 words)

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