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Topic: Wolf interval

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	Wolf interval: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		In music, a wolf interval is an interval between two notes of a scale which is so far from its ideal ratio that it can not be used.
		If the notes are tuned so that some intervals are equal to or very close to their ideal ratios, at least one interval will be far from its ideal ratio and so be a wolf interval.
		In Pythagorean tuning, the interval G#-Eb is such an interval, known as the wolf fifth.
	www.encyclopedian.com /wo/Wolf-interval.html (445 words)

	Wolf interval - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This interval is known as a diminished sixth, which is meant to be the enharmonic equivalent to a fifth; however, the interval did not sound the same as the other fifths: it was severely augmented and dissonant, and seemed to howl like a wolf.
		Major thirds must average 400 cents, and to each pair of meantone thirds of size 400-4ε cents we have a sharp third (or diminished fourth) of 400+8ε cents, leading to eight thirds of size 400-4ε cents and four of size 400+8ε cents.
		Three of these form major triads with meantone fifths, and one triad is the wolf major triad, with a wolf fifth and a sharp major third.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wolf_interval (582 words)

	Just intonation
		Intervals used are then capable of being more consonant, but consonance is not always emphasized or a goal in music written with just intonation, and a great deal of dissonance may be featured in compositions.
		This eliminates the wolf intervals from the diatonic scale without too much damage to the pure consonances; hence meantone tuning was the primary keyboard tuning used in Western music from about 1480 to 1780.
		If in addition the semitone is altered so that an interval of two semitones is equal to one tone, you get the 12 notes used in modern Western music (see equal temperament), which allows one to travel through twelve equally consonant keys with only 12 notes on an instrument.
	www.mp3.fm /Just_intonation.htm (1267 words)

	Wolf interval
		Major thirds must average 400 cents, and to each pair of meantone thirds of size 400-4e cents we have a sharp third (or diminished fourth) of 400+8e cents, leading to eight thirds of size 400-4e cents and four of size 400+8e cents.
		triads with meantone fifths, and one triad is the wolf major triad, with a wolf fifth and a sharp major third.
		The tonic chord is the wolf triad, the subdominant C# chord is a supermajor triad, the supertonic Bb chord is a subminor triad, and the dominant Eb chord is an ordinary major triad.
	www.mp3.fm /Wolf_interval.htm (738 words)

	Historical Temperament Tunings on the Modern Concert Piano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The progressively decreasing size of the intervals between partials insures that when two separate notes are played together, somewhere in their partials there will be a frequency that is common to both.
		Musical intervals corresponding to the ratios of 4:3 (fourth), 5:3 (sixth), and 6:5 (minor 3rd) were, in time, all found to be pleasing, and as progress was made in the control of pitch, useful for composition.
		The "wolf" is spread equally between all combinations, hence, all keys have the same amount of tempering, and there is no "tonal color" in one key that does not exist in the others.
	www.uk-piano.org /edfoote (4336 words)

	Appendix C
		Wolf packs occupy fairly discrete areas that are maintained as territories, and represents the breeding potential of a wolf population.
		In fall 1994 a wolf pack was verified in central Wisconsin, therefore GIS analysis was conducted for the remainder of Wisconsin in spring 1996.
		A small area of favorable wolf habitat was identified in central Wisconsin (207 square miles) and included the three wolf territories located in the region.
	www.timberwolfinformation.org /info/wolfmanplan/c.htm (1276 words)

	NPWRC :: The Usefulness of GPS Telemetry to Study Wolf Circadian and Social Activity
		This hypothesis was supported by the closeness of the inbound and outbound travel ways followed by the wolf (Figure 2), which also suggested the wolf might have had a complex memory of landscape features.
		The small number of wolf 850's locations away from the den during the 6 weeks after she produced pups is similar to reports in other studies (Harrington and Mech 1982, Ballard et al.
		When wolf 850 left her den, she still traveled substantial distances and apparently patrolled her territory boundary (compared with GPS locations near the perimeter of her boundary before denning; Figure 6).
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/mammals/gpswolf/discuss.htm (1450 words)

	Tuning Digest # 1597, edited by Joe Monzo
		Basically, I would say, a "Wolf" interval is an "unusual" interval in a given tuning system and style which is felt not to be freely substitutable for an "expected" variety of the same interval.
		Sometimes it is asserted that "Wolf" intervals are "unusable" or "unplayable," but this judgment is both contextual and often partial: there are often specific sonorities and usages where these intervals are musically useful even in styles where they are generally considered to be "too out-of-tune" for most purposes.
		Thus the 1/4-comma meantone Wolf major third of 427 cents is very close to the normal 6/17 octave interval of 17-tone equal temperament (17-tet), and possibly quite close also to the wide cadential major third favored by Marchettus of Padua (1318) before a fifth.
	sonic-arts.org /td/1597.htm (1364 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Wolf (in music).
		In almost all stringed instruments (as the violin, organ, piano, harp, etc.) there is one note that is not true, generally in the bass string.
		Ferne attributes the musical “wolf” to a wolf-gut string; but the real cause is a faulty interval.
		Thus, the interval between the fourth and fifth of the major scale contains nine commas, but that between the fifth and the sixth only eight.
	www.bartleby.com /81/17580.html (149 words)

	Temperament: Comparative Examples
		For example, a musically usable minor seventh may be any of three intervals: two fourths (16:9), or a fifth plus a minor third (9:5), or the direct and rarely heard 7:4.
		Their rating scales are calculated as component intervals, but a pure or nearly pure direct interval may override this if present.
		The interval version with the lowest rating is chosen automatically, just as the ear organizes these to the nearest approximation of a pure interval.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~bpl/temper-examples.html (1510 words)

	NPWRC :: The Usefulness of GPS Telemetry to Study Wolf Circadian and Social Activity
		Although summation of distances between GPS obtained locations would appear to accurately represent each wolf's movement pattern, this is not necessarily the case.
		Each time the GPS attempt and both retries were missed, the distances between locations before and after the missed intervals) represents the minimum distance traveled in at least 2 intervals.
		For example, with one wolf, the location attempt and both retries failed in 107 of 812 intervals (13%) before an extraterritorial foray and in 88 of 308 intervals (29%) during the foray.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/mammals/gpswolf/methods.htm (422 words)

	International Wolf Center
		In early March, an adult male wolf in central Minnesota was captured and equipped with a new kind of radio collar.
		This wolf is one of about a dozen wolves that have worn these new collars, and as you can see on the cover graphic, these collars provide detailed information that definately changes the way biologists think about tracking wolves in the wild.
		Longer intervals are not likely to extend collar life because of the basic battery power drawn between intervals.
	www.wolf.org /wolf/learn/iwmag/1999/spr99/spr99a1.asp (1296 words)

	The Noise Floor: 1750 Meter Resource Page
		The WOLF software currently operates in an MS-DOS command window, though it is actually a 32 Bit Windows program.
		WOLF wants this value to be 8000.00hz, you need to measure your sound card output and then adjust.
		Tells WOLF to skip a number of samples from the input file before processing.
	www.highnoonfilm.com /xmgr/updates/wolfop.htm (411 words)

	The Krasnow Institute: Abstracts
		The model may be a first step towards the development of a quantum physical theory of subjective awareness and suggests that biological systems evolved and continue to function in accordance with TTO and consequently a causality-violating, two-valued, TI of quantum mechanics.
		Wolf, F. A (1989) On the quantum physical theory of subjective antedating, J. Theor.
		Wolf, F. (1986) The Quantum Physics of Consciousness: Towards a New Psychology, Integrative Psychiatry 3, 236-247.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/krasnow/abstracts_frames/abs97/wolf9711.html (634 words)

	Pythagorean tuning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Because of the wolf interval, this tuning is rarely used nowadays, although it is thought it was once widespread.
		In music which does not change key very often, or which is not very harmonically adventurous, the wolf interval is unlikely to be a problem, as not all the possible fifths will be heard in such pieces.
		From around the 18th century, the need grew for instruments to change key, and therefore to avoid a wolf interval, this led to the widespread use of well temperaments and eventually equal temperament.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pythagorean_tuning (948 words)

	ipedia.com: Musical tuning Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Just intonation, in which the ratios of the frequencies between all notes are based on relatively low whole numbers, such as 3:2, 5:4 or 7:4; or in which all pitches are based on the harmonic series, which are all whole number multiples of a single tone.
		To do this, eleven perfect fifths in each octave are flattened by a quarter of a syntonic comma, with the remaining fifth being left very sharp (such an unacceptably out-of-tune fifth is known as a wolf interval).
		The octave (or even other intervals, such as the so-called tritave, or twelfth) can advantageously be divided into a number of equal steps different than twelve.
	www.ipedia.com /musical_tuning.html (1032 words)

	International Wolf Center Beyond 2000 Symposium
		The food habits of different wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) packs were studied in the Bhal region of western India by analysing 730 confirmed wolf scats.
		Consumption was estimated from information on: a)the number of wolves that had potentially fed on the carcass, b) the proportion of carcass eaten, c) the age and sex of the prey species killed, d) the remains of the carcass after the wolves had finished eating, and e) the interval between consecutive feeding events.
		Average interval between feeding events on large prey was 3.64 (se 0.83) days and the average kill interval was 4.52 (se 1.08) days.
	www.wolf.org /wolves/learn/scientific/symposium/abstracts/027.asp (324 words)

	Chapter Wolf <i>to</i> Wood of W by Brewer's Phrase & Fable
		The wolf that scatters venom through air and water, and will swallow Odin when time shall be no more.
		The allusion is to the well-known fable of the shepherd lad who used to cry “Wolf!” merely to make fun of the neighbours, but when at last the wolf came no one would believe him.
		“It was Wolf, Duke of Gascony, who was the originator of the plan of tying wetted ropes round the temples of his prisoners, to make their eye-balls start from their sockets.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/255/1188/24562/1.html (714 words)

	[No title]
		This allows us to add and subtract intervals, rather than multiplying and dividing ratios of frequencies, and has the advantage that musical intervals like octaves have the same size in pitch units, no matter where they are on the keyboard (how high or low the pitch, that is).
		This interval is called the Pythagorean comma, and the amount by which equal- tempered fifths are flattened is one-twelfth of it.
		The so-called "wolf" interval is found between G# and Eb in the tunings described below, though another place around the circle of fifths could equally well be chosen.
	www.rreid.net /tuning/Midkiff.info (2080 words)

	Understanding Temperaments
		This wolf fifth is conventionally placed between G# and Eb, but is frequently placed elsewhere, depending on the music to be played (on the harpsichord, a few notes can easily be retuned between pieces).
		They are characterized by having more than one size of good fifths (and thus thirds), by having no wolf intervals to limit modulation (as in the previous temperaments except equal), and by having a more or less orderly progression in the acoustic quality of the triads from near to remote keys, i.e.
		The size of an interval is 1200 × log2 (f2/f1) where f1 and f2 are the frequencies of the two notes forming the interval, and log2 is the log base 2.
	pages.globetrotter.net /roule/temper.htm (4098 words)

	Wisconsin-Timber-Wolve
		However, thanks to the protection afforded by the federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, the Minnesota wolf population was allowed to expand and in 1975 a wolf pack was discovered in northern Wisconsin.
		In 1989 the Wisconsin Wolf Recovery Plan was approved by the Department of Natural Resources to monitor and protect the state’s wolf population.
		Or statisticians may say, "a 95% confidence interval for the mean area of all U.S. cities is (35,45)." This means that it is very likely that the mean area of all U.S. cities is between 35 and 45 square miles.
	www.uwlax.edu /faculty/skala/Wisconsin-Timber-Wolve.htm (3206 words)

	Pythagorean Tuning - Basic concepts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Since all intervals have integer (whole number) ratios based on the powers of two and three, Pythagorean tuning is a form of just intonation (see Section 5).
		Other intervals can be derived from these, and the result in a medieval context is, by the 13th century, a subtle spectrum of interval tensions in practice and theory.
		The following table shows how the standard intervals of Pythagorean tuning except the pure unison (1:1) and octave (2:1) are derived primarily from superimposed fifths (3:2), thus having ratios which are powers of 3:2, or secondarily from the differences between these primary intervals and the octave.
	www.medieval.org /emfaq/harmony/pyth2.html (422 words)

	A Brief History of Tunings and Temperaments
		And the beauty of those perfect 3rds and near perfect 6ths are heightened in all that Renaissance choral polyphony, and in the subsequent rise in the use of keyboard instruments in the early Baroque.
		Each fifth in the white-key intervals would then be narrowed by 1/6th of a comma, and all the associated 3rds would be squeezed closer to their perfect 5/4 (1.25) state.
		So, testing the 3rd interval C - E: The 5th partial of C is 261.626 x 5 = 1308.13, and the 4th partial of E is 329.626 x 4 = 1318.5.
	members.iquest.net /~taldr/temperaments1.htm (4083 words)

	ON A CAUSALITY-VIOLATING, TWO-VALUED, TRANSACTIONAL INTERPRETATION OF SUBJECTIVE ANTEDATING AND CONSCIOUSNESS
		The apparent difference between the relative time intervals as observed in these reference frames was postulated to account for the discrepancy.
		Even though the interval between events (2) occurs later than the corresponding interval between events (1), (2) is the causal confirmation factor for the perception (1) to occur.
		While this is certainly true in physics it may be a surprise that a similar referral structure involving pairs of events occurs in the conscious operation of the brain.
	www.qedcorp.com /pcr/wolf/libet.html (13582 words)

	Wolf (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The River Wolf is in Devonshire in England.
		Wolf Larsen is a fictional character in Jack London's The Sea-Wolf
		Wolf (Boy Scouts of America), a rank in the Cub Scout division of the Boy Scouts of America
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wolf_(disambiguation) (611 words)

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