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Topic: Wolffian ducts

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	Human sexual differentiation
		Wolffian ducts are present in the embryo at a crown-rump length of 4-5 mm, and serve as the excreting duct to the mesonephros.
		In the male fetus, the anterior part of the wolffian ducts communicate with the seminiferous tubules, the posterior part forms the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle.
		Gonadectomy performed in male rabbit fetuses before the age of differentiation induces the degeneration of the wolffian ducts and the development of the müllerian ducts into fallopian tubes, uterus and the upper part of the vagina (24).
	www.gfmer.ch /Books/Reproductive_health/Human_sexual_differentiation.html (3765 words)

	Wolffian duct - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Wolffian duct (also known as archinephric duct, Leydig's duct, and the mesonephric duct) is a paired organ found in mammals including humans during embryogenesis.
		It connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs.
		For this it is critical that the ducts are exposed to testosterone during embryogenesis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wolffian_duct (212 words)

	XI. Splanchnology. 3. The Urogenital Apparatus. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		In the male the Wolffian duct persists, and forms the tube of the epididymis, the ductus deferens and the ejaculatory duct, while the seminal vesicle arises during the third month as a lateral diverticulum from its hinder end.
		The ducts pass backward lateral to the Wolffian ducts, but toward the posterior end of the embryo they cross to the medial side of these ducts, and thus come to lie side by side between and behind the latter—the four ducts forming what is termed the genital cord (Fig.
		The diverticulum from the Wolffian duct grows dorsalward and forward along the posterior abdominal wall, where its blind extremity expands and subsequently divides into several buds, which form the rudiments of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney; by continued growth and subdivision it gives rise to the collecting tubules of the kidney.
	www.bartleby.com /107/252.html (3757 words)

	Pharyngula::Testicle development
		The first kidney is called the pronephros, and is illustrated in A. These are simple ciliated ducts that open into the coelom, and sweep fluids into a primary nephric or pronephric duct that extends down towards the cloaca.
		The mesonephric ducts drain into the old pronephric duct, which is given a new name: the mesonephric, or Wolffian duct.
		The trusty Wolffian duct is discarded and allowed to wither away.
	pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/testicle_development (499 words)

	Wolffian duct -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the (A waste pipe that carries away sewage or surface water) cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male (Any organ involved in sexual reproduction) reproductive organs.
		For this it is critical that the ducts are exposed to (A potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes; responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics) testosterone during (Click link for more info and facts about embryogenesis) embryogenesis.
		In the mature male, the function of this system is to store and mature (The male reproductive cell; the male gamete) sperm, and provide accessory (The thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract) semen fluid.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/wo/wolffian_duct.htm (273 words)

	The Urogenital Apparatus - Wikimd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		m Müllerian duct, the upper part of which remains as the hydatid of Morgagni; the lower part, represented by a dotted line descending to the prostatic utricle, constitutes the occasionally existing cornu and tube of the uterus masculinus.
		W Scattered remains of the Wolffian body, constituting the organ of Giraldès, or the paradidymis of Waldeyer.
		The second and third parts together constitute the urogenital sinus The vesico-urethral portion absorbs the ends of the Wolffian ducts and the associated ends of the renal diverticula, and these give rise to the trigone of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra.
	www.wikimd.org /index.php?title=The_Urogenital_Apparatus&printable=yes (3691 words)

	Mesodermal Derivatives III
		A diverticulum of the mesonephric duct posterior to the mesonephros is the first indication of the development of the metanephros in reptiles, birds and mammals.
		Eventually, the ureters separate from the mesonephric ducts, elongate and serve to carry urine from the kidney to the bladder.
		Urine is discharged from the collecting ducts, which open into the renal papilla, and moves through the renal papilla to the renal pelvis and out of the kidney through the ureter.
	www.uoguelph.ca /zoology/devobio/210labs/meso3.html (1468 words)

	Cervical Mucus Type F
		The Wolffian duct is localized nearer the mid-plane of the body and has three groups of horizontal ramifications to three primitive organs denominated the pronephros (P), the primitive gonad (Ov) and the metanephros (K).
		In the female the Wolffian ducts undergo regression and the Müllerian ducts develop into the tubes, the uterus (with the cervix) and the upper part of the vagina.
		The tension at contraction is mediated to the region of the external os by fibrous strings, remnants of the Wolffian ducts, one on each side of the cervix.
	www.woomb.org /omrrca/bulletin/vol21/no3/fmucus.shtml (1375 words)

	Endotext.com - Pediatric Endocrinology, Sexual Differentiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Müllerian ducts open in the urogenital sinus at the level of the Müllerian tubercle between the orifices of the Wolffian duct.
		The Wolffian duct is the excretory canal of the primitive kidney, the mesonephros.
		In sexually ambiguous individuals, in whom Wolffian and Müllerian ducts coexist, the vas deferens is embedded in the uterine and vaginal walls (160,161).
	www.endotext.org /pediatrics/pediatrics7/pediatrics7.htm (5821 words)

	Distal ureter morphogenesis depends on epithelial cell remodeling mediated by vitamin A and Ret - Nature Genetics
		Wolffian ducts extend along the anterior−posterior embryonic axis, and at embryonic day 9 (E9) integrate into the primitive urogenital sinus—the primordium of the bladder and urethra.
		At this stage, the distal ureters separated from the Wolffian ducts and moved along the urogenital sinus to a position at the base of the bladder.
		This 'epithelial wedge' seemed to be formed from the common nephric duct, caudal Wolffian ducts or both, and its continued expansion physically separated the distal ureters from the Wolffian ducts (Fig.
	www.nature.com /ng/journal/v32/n1/full/ng952.html (5696 words)

	DUCTIVE SYSTEM - Online Information article about DUCTIVE SYSTEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Most of that part of the tubular allantois which lies between the permanent openings of the ureters and the Wolffian ducts becomes the urinary sinus and does not dilate in the same way that the permanent bladder does.
		These ducts, as is shown in the article, on the REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, form the oviducts, uterus and at least part of the vagina.
		The Wolffian duct therefore acts both as a vas deferens for the sperm and a ureter for the urine, though in the female it is merely a ureter.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /DRO_ECG/DUCTIVE_SYSTEM.html (1962 words)

	Androgens and the Development of the Vagina -- Drews et al. 67 (4): 1353 -- Biology of Reproduction
		AR expression is negative in the Müllerian duct (MD), faint in the lower end of the Wolffian duct (WD), prominent in the epithelium of the sinus ridge (SR), and high in some mesenchymal cells intervening between Wolffian and Müllerian ducts.
		by the AR-positive Wolffian ducts and adjacent morphogenetically
		Gruenwald P. The relation of the growing Müllerian duct to the Wolffian duct and its importance for the genesis of malformations.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/67/4/1353 (3870 words)

	Wolffian duct -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		In amphibians the reproductive system encroaches on the Wolffian duct; in some species the duct carries both urine and sperm, but most amphibians develop a separate tube to carry urine from the kidney.
		It consists of a compact, paired organ containing many nephrons; a ureter separate from the Wolffian duct leads from the metanephros to the bladder.
		Two tubes, the archinephric, or Wolffian, ducts, extend between the body cavity and the back and lead to the exterior.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9077349 (848 words)

	5-alpha-reductase deficiency - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Individuals with 5-ARD lack a uterus and Fallopian tubes (due to the normal action of Mullerian inhibiting factor), and possess testicles and Wolffian structures.
		In the later cases the Wolffian ducts terminate in the perineum or in a pseudovagina.
		Individuals with 5-ARD have XY chromosomes and testicles, and tend to have a vagina and labia, but with a small penis capable of ejaculation instead of a clitoris (this penis, however, appears to be a clitoris at birth).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/5-alpha-reductase_deficiency (239 words)

	Abnormal Sex Differentiaton - Specific Syndromes of Sex Differentiation
		Wolffian duct development is minimal or nonexistent and the Mullerian duct system does not develop properly.
		The combination of both Wolffian and Mullerian duct development, along with ambiguity of the external structures, indicates that the testes produced more androgens and MIS than those of Complete Gonadal Dysgenesis patients, but not as much as would be seen in normal male development.
		The result is a newborn baby with functioning testes, normally developed Wolffian ducts, no Mullerian ducts, a penis resembling a clitoris, and a scrotum resembling labia majora.
	www.hopkinschildrens.org /specialties/categorypages/intersex/sd4.html (1483 words)

	An Overview of Prostate Development
		The paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts, the mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts and the primordial ureters all lead into a rudimentary urinary bladder, which has developed from the urogenital sinus.
		In the male embryo the paramesonephric ducts degenerate, leaving behind the vestiges of the uterovaginal primordium, the prostatic utricle.
		The ureters separate from the mesonephric ducts which become incorporated into the urinary bladder and effectively migrate distally to the proximal part of the urethra.
	www.ana.ed.ac.uk /anatomy/database/prosbase/prosdev.html (1005 words)

	Gender: In the Genes or in the Jeans? A Case Study on Sexual Differentiation - PowerPoint Presentation Notes - Case ...
		Wolffian duct regression may be an example of apoptosis, a kind of cell death that is programmed into the cells.
		The testes must be present for Wolffian ducts to develop, and this can occur without the testes, as long as testosterone (T) is present, so it must be that the testes secrete testosterone, which causes development of the male ducts.
		The Mullerian ducts regress in a normal male; the testes are needed for this process, because if you remove the testes, the Mullerian ducts don't regress.
	www.sciencecases.org /gender/gender_ppt_notes.asp (1381 words)

	Topics On Contemporary Medical Halacha - Chapter 8
		The term "female external ducts" means that there is an outward appearance of a vagina and an underdeveloped penis that is suspect of being a clitoris.
		With pseudo hermaphrodites and true hermaphrodites, the term "ambiguous external ducts (genitalia)" means that they look suspicious either because of their own appearance or because there is an external appearance of a vagina and a phallus.
		The sex is not determined by the karyotype XY with Wolffian ducts, or XX with the ovary and Mullerian ducts.
	www.science-halacha.com /refuah/refuah_eng_E1.htm (3538 words)

	List of homologues of the human reproductive system Totally Explained
		Mullerian ducts are also referred to as paramesonephric ducts, and Wolffian ducts as mesonephric duct.
		Remains of the left Wolffian duct, such as give rise to the duct of Gärtner, represented by dotted lines; that of the right side is marked w.
		Müllerian duct, the upper part of which remains as the hydatid of Morgagni; the lower part, represented by a dotted line descending to the prostatic utricle, constitutes the occasionally existing cornu and tube of the uterus masculinus.
	list_of_homologues_of_the_human_reproductive_system.totallyexplained.com (501 words)

	Pediatric Urology - Genitoplasty
		The Mullerian ducts are found lateral to the Wolffian ducts during the sixth week of gestation.
		The Mullerian ducts continue to grow inferiorly, until they juxtapose the caudal portion of the Wolffian ducts at which point they fuse.
		This fused terminal end of the Mullerian duct continues to grow until the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus is reached at which point the Mullerian tubercle is formed.
	www.cornellurology.com /uro/cornell/pediatrics/genitoplasty.shtml (2838 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Uterovaginal Anomalies: Diagnosis and Current Management in Teens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The wolffian ducts play an essential role in the male reproductive system, becoming the epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct, but are usually only recognizable in the female as vestigial remnants.
		In the pelvis, they cross ventral to the mesonephric duct and grow medially and caudally to contact and fuse with their counterparts to form a Y-shaped uterovaginal bulb or tubercle that abuts with the urogenital sinus, which is the anterior portion of the primitive, but now divided, cloaca.
		The divided cranial portion of the müllerian duct forms the fallopian tubes and ostium, and the caudal fused portion, the uterus, cervix, and the upper vagina.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1534-5874/3/445 (3675 words)

	HERMAPHRDOITES, PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES AND ANOMALOUS SEXUAL MORPHOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		a) for the wolffian ducts: in response to the absence of testosterone these undergo apoptosis.
		Wolffian ducts: on the side where the streak ovary is present there will be no wolffian development; it will undergo apoptosis.
		Wolffian ducts may not respond to testosterone if receptors are absent and thus no sperm transport system
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Class/bio300/HERMAPHRODITES.htm (3318 words)

	* Wolffian ducts - (Sexuality): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Wolffian ducts Fetal tissue that develops into the internal male reproductive...
		Local testosterone causes each wolffian duct to develop into epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles.
		Without male testosterone levels, wolffian ducts degenerate and disappear.
	en.mimi.hu /sexuality/wolffian_ducts.html (83 words)

	* Mullerian ducts - (Sexuality): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the embryo, a pair of ducts that eventually develop into the internal female reproductive system if the fetus is genetically female...
		Mullerian ducts In the embryo, a pair of ducts that eventually develop into...
		Mllerian duct structures: [mullerian ducts] the structures in the fetus that will, in the female, develop into the uterus and fallopian tubes; named for Johannes P...
	www.mimihu.com /sexuality/mullerian_ducts.html (87 words)

	Exercise Your Wonder: September 1, 2005
		The Wolffian ducts are totally dependent on testosterone for allowing them to continue to survive and develop into this male genital duct system.
		Testosterone is indeed very important for the Wolffian ducts to develop into the male genital duct system which will ultimately facilitate the passage of sperm from the testes to the exterior of the body.
		Even though “her” testosterone is rendered incapable of stimulating the Wolffian ducts because of a defect in the androgen receptor, her Mullerian ducts also degenerate because of the effects of AMH produced in “her” testes.
	www.arn.org /docs/glicksman/eyw_050901.htm (3989 words)

	* Seminal vesicles - (Sexuality): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The internal genitals include the testicles, or testes, epididymis and vas deferens (housed in the scrotum), the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, the ejaculatory ducts, the Cowper's gland, and the urethra...
		These are the ducts that are cut during the procedure known as vasectomy...
		semen collects in the ejaculatory ducts, which are located where the ends of the vas deferentia join the seminal vesicles within the prostate gland.
	en.mimi.hu /sexuality/seminal_vesicles.html (770 words)

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