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Topic: Wolstonian glaciation

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Illinoian glaciation

Kansan glaciation

Devensian Glaciation

Yarmouth interglacial era

Ipswichian interglacial

Aftonian interglacial era

Wisconsin glaciation

Ice age

Acheulian

Abbevillian

Eemian interglacial era

Mousterian

Geology of the United Kingdom

Oldowan

Geography of the United Kingdom

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	Archaeology Wordsmith
		The extensive and complex Saale deposits are correlated with the Wolstonian (or Gipping) glacial stage of Britain and the Riss glacial stage of the European Alpine region.
		The Drente and Warthe represent periods of glacial advance, or maxima, whereas the Treene represents an interstadial period of glacial retreat between the early Drente and the late Warthe.
		At certain times during this glaciation, enough water was locked up in the form of ice sheets to cause a drop in sea level and the creation of a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=stage (1535 words)

	Geology of the United Kingdom
		The most severe was the Anglian Glaciation, with ice up to 1,000 m (3300 feet) thick that reached as far south as London and Bristol, took place between about 500,000 to 400,000 years ago and was responsible for the diversion of the River Thames onto it's present course.
		The Wolstonian Glaciation, between about 200,000 to 130,000 years ago, and thought to have peaked around 150,000 years ago, was named after the town of Wolston south of Birmingham which is thought to mark the southern limit of the ice.
		During the most recent Devensian Glaciation, which is thought to have started around 115,000 years ago, peaked around 20,000 years ago and ended a mere 10,000 years ago, the Usk valley and Wye valley were eroded by glaciers, with the ice sheet itself reaching south to Birmingham.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/geology_of_the_united_kingdom (2227 words)

	Geography Department, Cambridge » Physical Geography Ph.D. Opportunities
		Glacier and ice sheet retreat after the last glacial period has both revealed suites of submarine landforms produced at the base of former ice masses, and marine waters have protected them from much of the subsequent erosion to which subaerial landforms have been subjected.
		The underlying cause of the widespread speed-up of glaciers is uncertain.
		In 2005, Kangalugssuaq Glacier doubled its velocity from 7 km/year to 15 km/year and the associated rate of ice-mass loss is estimated to 36 cubic km per year, which is the equivalent of 6% of the annual snow accumulation in Greenland (Rignot and Kanagaratnam, 2006).
	www.geog.cam.ac.uk /graduate/phd/physical (8929 words)

	Pleistocene Summary
		Glaciers existed in the mountains Ethiopia and to the west in the Atlas mountains.
		Glaciation in the Pleistocene was a series of glacials and interglacials, stadials and interstadials, mirroring periodic changes in climate.
		In oxygen isotope ratio analysis, variations in the ratio of O-18 to O-16 (two isotopes of oxygen) by mass (measured by a mass spectrometer) present in the calcite of oceanic core samples is used as a diagnostic of ancient ocean temperature change and therefore of climate change.
	www.bookrags.com /Pleistocene (3475 words)

	Revised Nomination of St Kilda for inclusion in the World Heritage Site List: page 17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		During shelf glaciation large volumes of sediment were transported across the shelf and on to the slope, where they were deposited as fans (the Sula Sgeir and Barra fans) comprising glacial debris flows.
		An older, as yet undated, ice advance is represented by glacial deposits at the base of the cliffs fronting the east side of the bay.
		A younger ice advance associated with the intensely cold conditions of the last glacial maximum around 18,000 years ago produced moraine ridges along the west side of the glen and deposited a till or boulder clay in the floor of the glen (which can be seen in exposures along the Abhainn Mhor).
	www.scotland.gov.uk /library5/environment/rnsk-17.asp (993 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith
		As the climate warmed, the glaciers retreated, the ice melted, and the sea-level rose.
		It applies to the region surrounding a glacial area and regions immediately beyond the ice-front during a glaciation.
		Melt water released from the glacial mass carries loads of material eroded by the ice and this material is deposited in the proglacial area.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=glacial (2382 words)

	info: PLEISTOCENE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the start of the Pleistocene are well identified, but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are slightly uncertain.
		To cover the recent period of repeated glaciations, however, the start was set too late and some early cooling and glaciation are now set in the Pliocene.
		The Pleistocene climate was characterized by repeated glacial cycles where continental glaciers pushed to the 40th parallel in some places.
	www.info-macedonia.com /Pleistocene (1058 words)

	From the beginning of man<br>to the Bronze Age
		This was the biggest of all the glaciations as far as the UK is concerned, and some authorities date it as much later than this, perhaps from 350,000 BP to 200,000 BP.
		This glaciation arrived from the north-west and the ice sheet reached the coast south of Lowestoft and aligned itself roughly from there to Ipswich at its edge.
		The Late Glacial Period began and the Mesolithic period is the name given to human remains from after this date up to the time farming began.
	www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk /sebc/visit/beginning-of-man.cfm (6748 words)

	Wikinfo \| Geology of the United Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The most severe was the Anglian Glaciation, with ice that reached as far south as London and Bristol, took place between about 500,000 to 400,000 years ago and was responsible for the diversion of the River Thames onto it's present course.
		The Wolstonian Glaciation, between about 200,000 to 130,000 years ago, and thought to have peaked around 150,000 years ago, was named after the town of Wolston south of Birmingham which is thought to mark the southern limit of the ice.
		During the most recent Devensian Glaciation, which is thought to have started around 115,000 years ago, peaked around 20,000 years ago and ended a mere 10,000 years ago, the Usk valley and Wye valley were eroded by glaciers, with the ice sheet itself reaching south to Birmingham.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Geology_of_the_United_Kingdom (1333 words)

	Saturnian Cosmology - Humans and archeology
		Glaciation repeatedly built up and retreated and there are also long periods during which nothing seems to have happened.
		The second assumption is that glaciation is associated with the north pole, and thus represents a year-by-year record of deposition which would vary little from one location to another.
		A third record bearing on glaciation is the data of oceanic oxygen isotopes (from the sludge of sunken skeletons of surface foraminifera) which is understood as an index of ocean temperatures near the surface, and thus should indicate the existence of glaciation, or at least glacial melting.
	saturniancosmology.org /earth.php (15768 words)

	SC379 Part 2
		Thus, there is an unconformity within which the Wolstonian and Ipswichian periods are lost (not unreasonable) or we could invoke the entirely implausible notion that the Hoxnian and Ipswichian were, broadly speaking, the same interglacial, and that the Gipping does not exist.
		Glaciation prior to the Ipswichian is undoubted, as is glaciation following the Hoxnian, but a specifically post-Hoxnian, pre-Ipswichian glaciation is not represented by a ubiquitous glacial diamict.
		The glacial stage represented by the lower glacial sediment is, by definition, Anglian in age.
	www.staffs.ac.uk /schools/sciences/geography/staff/harrist/quatuk/quateastanglia.htm (6161 words)

	St Kilda - World Heritage Site Nomination Document
		Although there is no Wolstonian (Saalian) age (approximately 300,000 to 130,000 years ago) sediment proven on the Hebridean margin, this does not preclude shelf glaciation during this period.
		During shelf glaciation large volumes of sediment were transported across the shelf and on to the slope, where they were deposited as fans (the Sula Sgeir and Barra fans) comprising glacial debris flows.
		A younger ice advance associated with the intensely cold conditions of the last glacial maximum around 18,000 years ago produced moraine ridges along the west side of the glen and deposited a till or boulder clay in the floor of the glen (which can be seen in exposures along the Abhainn Mhor).
	www.kilda.org.uk /kildanomdoc/level3p2.htm (1393 words)

	Wolstonian glaciation - Result for Wolstonian glaciation - Meaning of Wolstonian glaciation - Definition of Wolstonian ...
		The name is used by British geologist s and archaeologist s who named it after the site of Wolston in the English county of Warwickshire where deposits of this stage weree first identified..
		It is a Pleistocene stage of the Quaternary period and is analogous to the '''Illinoian glaciation''' in North America, the Warthe glaciation Warthe and Saalian glaciation s in northern Europe and the Riss glaciation in the Alps.
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Wolstonian glaciation.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Wolstonian_glaciation.html (223 words)

	Wolstonian Glaciation
		Pollen analysis for the end of the Wolstonian Glaciation reveals an open late glacial tundra landscape, with some birch, willow and juniper also present.
		There is increasing evidence that there was an additional interglacial period in the middle of the Wolstonian Glaciation.
		Their function was unclear, but they may have been platforms used to consolidate the muddy, trampled ground surface by the shore of the lake.
	www.phancocks.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /naturalhistory/wolstonian.htm (675 words)

	QER 2 British Chronology reading list (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Rose, J. Status of the Wolstonian Glaciation in the British Quaternary.
		Rose, J. Stratigraphic basis of the 'Wolstonian Glaciation', and retention of the term 'Wolstonian' as a chronostratigraphic Stage name - a discussion.
		Shotton, F. The Wolstonian Stage of the British Pleistocene in and around its type area of the English Midlands.
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /~www_sgg/personal/jw9link/jwteach/qer/readings/britchron1.htm (432 words)

	Quatern: Unit Specification
		The deposits of Hoxnian age are mainly lacustrine deposits occupying hollows in the Lowestoft till of the Anglian glaciation, or lying in channels believed to have been scoured by ice in Anglian times.
		This early glacial stage is recorded at the top of the Wretton sequence in Norfolk where a meander cut off pool is filled with organic mud.
		The evidence that we have of the vegetation associated with the earlier glacial stages of the Quaternary is rather limited, and much of it is related to the late and early glacial deposits which have been investigated in conjunction with the interglacial sequences.
	www.envf.port.ac.uk /geog/teaching/quatern/q7.htm (3426 words)

	Bibliography of East Yorkshire Geology 1938-1988
		Glacial and interglacial periods in the Geological History of Holderness.
		Lake Humber as interpreted by the glaciation of England and Wales.
		On the presence of sodium chloride in certain glacial clays in Holderness.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/ecolodge/25/hg9.htm (10105 words)

	Pleistocene Climate Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The more complete ocean record on the other hand emphasises how these warm phases are a relatively short part of the total span of the Pleistocene - less than 10 % of the last 1.6 my has been occupied by phases as warm as our own or warmer.
		The result is a complex picture of a highly variable climate with up to 17 major swings between glacial and temperate conditions during the last 1.6 my.
		Probable Climate: c = cold stage, c-p = cold stage with evidence for periglacial conditions but no glaciation, c-g = cold stage with evidence for glaciation, t = temperate stage, t-c = temperate stage but with relatively cool conditions - probably no development of a full temperate deciduous forest cover.
	www.arcl.ed.ac.uk /aea/aea5-theory-methods-and-practise-of-ea/pleistocene-climate.htm (502 words)

	Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group (QPG) » North West European Rivers
		Particular attention is paid to the impact of the Anglian-Elsterian glaciation that blocked the southern North Sea to produce a vast ice-dammed lake, the overspill from which initiated the Dover Straits.
		The glaciation maps (maps 3, 7 and 9) are drawn from the files of the INQUA Commission on Glaciation Workgroup 5.
		In coastal areas, sea-level change, largely driven by glacial eustasy, has caused intermittent regressions and transgressions; in and adjacent to glaciated regions, isostatic and forebulge effects have also caused major land- and sea-level variations.
	www-qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk /research/projects/nweurorivers (1272 words)

	Sea Level Change Resources
		During the glaciations ice sheets expanded to cover large area of land in Northern latitudes, and sea levels were considerably lower than today.
		Half of observed sea level rise in N. Sea is eustatic, and is result of melting ice (glacial eustatism), some is due to warming of water causing an increase in volume.
		Fjards – drowned glacial lowlands; occur in glaciated, low relief areas, such as western Scotland, eastern Denmark, and much of the Baltic coast northwards from southern Sweden.
	www.geographypages.co.uk /sealevel.htm (2288 words)

	Silver Pit at AllExperts
		That would have required the ice to be grounded in the middle of the North Sea basin but not at the western edge, near the source of its British component.
		In the Cromerian interglacial, before glaciation had much influenced the area, a ridge of high ground joined the Upper Cretaceous chalk in Kent, England to that of the Boulonnais at Cap Blanc Nez, in the Pas de Calais in France.
		Since at that stage, the Strait of Dover had probably not been breached, the southern North Sea basin was a lake impounded by the Kent-Calais ridge and by the Norfolk-Friesland ridge.
	en.allexperts.com /e/s/si/silver_pit.htm (742 words)

	Open Questions in East Yorkshire Geology
		However, the most probable (though unstated) reason was his conviction that there was only one Pleistocene glaciation in Britain, implying that the beach was ‘preglacial’ and not interglacial.
		In view of the widespread evidence for several glaciations and numerous interglacials in the British Quaternary sequence, Lamplugh’s monoglacialist views are now untenable.
		"Glacial erratics from the Wolds plateau" by Derek Gobbitt.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/ecolodge/25/lamp3.htm (1572 words)

	VFC day 2
		The evidence of the North Wales day presented an argument that the limit of the Devensian glaciation was on the north of the Lleyn, and that 'glacial' deposits to the south of the Clynnog Fawr/Bryncir end-moraine were therefore older than the last (Devensian) glaciation.
		The degree of modification of these landforms that was effected by the more recent episodes of glaciation is still not known, but the presence of glacial cirques in our mountains probably facilitates easier glaciation than might otherwise be the case.
		It is known that the general trend of glaciation should be north-south in Cardigan bay (direction of movement of the Irish sea glacier).
	www.staffs.ac.uk /schools/sciences/geography/staff/harrist/quatuk/quaternaryofwalesday2.htm (2489 words)

	GLACIATION - Definition
		[n] the condition of being covered with glaciers or masses of ice ; the result of glacial action
		That which is formed by freezing ; ice.
		The process of glaciating, or the state of being glaciated ; the production of glacial phenomena.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/glaciation (75 words)

	Discover Torteval’s Geology – A guided walk by George Le Couteur
		In general, during a period of glaciation, the sea level dropped, because so much water trapped was in the form of Ice over the Northern Continents.
		There then followed another period of Glaciation known as the Wolstonian glaciation, followed, about 100,000 years ago by another period of warmer weather, during which our 25 ft (8 m) raised pebble beaches were formed.
		During the early part of this period, the Head deposits which we saw at location 5 were formed, and the towards the end of the Devensian, the wind blown Loess deposits which form the basis of our arable land were formed.
	www.cwgsy.net /private/georgelec (5730 words)

	Wales Southern, Wales
		The late-Tertiary folding caused by a damp warm climate and extensive denudation through heavy rain and weathering was followed in the Pleistocene period by a glacial coating of the land through three ice ages, the Anglian, Wolstonian and Devonian.
		The glaciation centers were Snowdonia, the Brecon Beacons and the inner Welsh plateaux.
		In Anglo-Saxon times Wales was the retreat of the Celts who had arrived in the British Isles in 800 B.C., founded the first towns and built fortresses (the "Celtic Hill Forts") on the plateaux.
	www.planetware.com /wales/wales-southern-w-gwe-sw.htm (472 words)

	Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group (QPG) » PhD opportunities
		The Quaternary record is of particular relevance because it provides sufficient resolution to monitor changes on various time-scales from glacial-interglacial cycles to extremely rapid climatic events.
		Currently the group is investigating the evolution of the Baltic Sea during the Last Interglacial as part of a large EC-funded project.
		A multi-proxy approach combining both floral and faunal fossil analyses together with sedimentary magnetic and geochemical evidence is used to elucidate past environmental history from a range of environments.
	www-qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk /graduate/phd (2827 words)

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