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Topic: Women in Rome

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	Feminae Romanae: The Women of Ancient Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Whereas the values of earlier Roman women must be extrapolated from the legends of Livy or the complaints of Cato the Censor, we are on firmer historical ground with the advent of the 1st century BC.
		Unlike Greek women, who had no political identity nor status, Roman women were citizens from the earlier ages of the Republic; although their citizenship did not confer the right to vote or stand for political office, yet its status was a clear indication that Roman women were considered to be participants in the res publica.
		In the slow twilight of Rome's decay, women struggled equally with men to hold together their families and culture until the memory of Rome's original values were as confused as the barbarian cultures overwhelming the state.
	dominae.fws1.com /imperial_women/Index.html (2812 words)

	Ancient Rome - Classroom Activity (Women in World History Curriculum) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It limited the amount of gold women could possess and required that all the funds of wards, single women, and widows be deposited with the state.
		Women also were forbidden to wear dresses with purple trim (the color of mourning and a grim reminder of Rome's losses).
		Women in Rome, however, continued to be denied these luxuries because of the Oppian Law.
	www.womeninworldhistory.com /lesson10.html (2013 words)

	KET DL - Latin - Women of Rome
		But the women of Turia's generation were challenged differently, and she, at least was prepared to meet the challenge.
		She was one of the 1400 wealthy women whose male relatives had been proscribed and were themselves being taxed to pay the expenses of the triumvirs.
		Women in public life, and particularly in the highly symbolic role of first lady, have to walk a thin line between modernity and tradition.
	www.dl.ket.org /latin2/mores/women/womenful.htm (4826 words)

	women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Women living in the Roman Empire were treated quite differently than the men were.
		In fact, the women in Rome were treated much better than they were in many other societies, such as the Greeks.
		Even after the women were married, sometimes this guardianship was not passed to the husband.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Stage/3591/women.html (424 words)

	Roles of Men, Women, and Children in Rome
		Women in ancient Rome, like the men, wore long togas made of silk in the summer or wool in the winter.
		Unlike men, women were expected to stay at home every day so they could complete the chores around the house and watch the children while their husbands were at work.
		Poor women in Rome, on the other hand, woke up at the same time as their husbands and worked in the house or fields all day.
	oncampus.richmond.edu /academics/education/projects/webunits/greecerome/Romeroles1.html (848 words)

	Capitolium.org - Imperial Fora Official Website - Rome, Italy
		Women remained under the control of their father until they married ("cum manu"), being passed onto another family.
		However, Roman women had more freedom than their Greek counterparts: at least they weren't confined to the house while their husbands were gone.
		In addition to the practical techniques of today women practiced contraception by: holding their breath, drinking cold drinks, spreading honey, resin or quince oil, inserting a wad of wool, or drinking strange mixed concoctions of wine.
	www.capitolium.org /eng/virtuale/donne.htm (375 words)

	Women of Rome vs. Women of China
		Women in ancient Rome were not allowed to hold office, supervise their own finances, or go out of the house alone.
		Women were, as a rule, not allowed to learn to read, write, conduct business, or anything else that was considered a man’s job.
		Confucianism, even without the “freedoms” that both Roman women and women today deem necessary, strikes closer to the truth than the ancient world of Rome, where adultery and deception were common and even expected.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/comp/cw04womenhanrome.htm (955 words)

	Women in Rome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Women's individual identities even are often hard for a historian to disentangle, as women simply carried a female version of the gens they belonged to, as a look at the list below confirms.
		Due to this background position in the society, women referred by name in the ancient sources are scarce.
		Julia Caesaris, the women of the Julii Caesarii family
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Women_in_Rome (380 words)

	Women in Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Julia Caesaris the women of the Julii Caesarii
		Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood
		WOMEN'S RELIGIONS IN THE GRECO-ROMAN WORLD: A SOURCEBOOK by Ross Shepard Kraemer is a revision of her 1988 work MAENADS, MARTYRS, MATRONS, MONASTICS but it could not have come at a better time.
	www.freeglossary.com /Women_in_Rome (681 words)

	Feminae Romanae: The Women of Ancient Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Millions of women were common-law soldiers' wives and endured years of absence while they tilled tiny farms or attempted to raise their families with the aid of relatives and in-laws.
		Women served as slaves in innumerable positions from the wife of the overseer Cato described to the field or household slave.
		Women were often spared some of the worst physical horrors of Roman slavery, including the mortal dangers of mines and galleys.
	dominae.fws1.com /Forgotten/Index.html (2125 words)

	rome_women_children (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Women in ancient Rome were in charge of the running of the house and the buying of food.
		The women in ancient Rome were in charge of the children.
		Women in ancient Rome could not vote, but they were allowed to attend dinner parties, go to school, and attend the theater.
	www.nisd.net /carloscoon/Rome_Greece_Web/rome_women_children.htm (385 words)

	The following article is from a special issue of Helios entitled "Rescuing Creusa: New Methodological Approaches to ...
		Unfortunately, it is not possible to determine from their epitaphs alone whether these slaves, freed women, or daughters of freed women were born, raised, and trained in Italy or were brought to Rome from the East.
		Although some women of free birth went into midwifery as a profession, the bulk of them were probably of servile origin or the daughters of women of the lower classes.
		In some cultures, women are selected as midwives on account of a dream vision in which they are taught the skills and knowledge of the profession.
	www.indiana.edu /~ancmed/midwife.HTM (5983 words)

	Woman Under Monasticism
		It is noteworthy that the women who by the appointment of Boniface directed convent life in Germany, remained throughout in a state of dependence, while the men, noticeably Sturmi (I 779) whom he had made abbot at Fulda, cast off their connection with the bishop, and maintained the independence of their monasteries.
		Convents of women had hitherto been recruited by the daughters of the landed gentry, and their tone was aristocratic; but a desire for the religious life had now penetrated into the lower strata of society.
		But these women, as the charter has it, because of the 'harshness of the rule and their different habits' could not and would not stay at Stratford, and with the convent's approval they left it and removed to Lillechurch, which was constituted by charter a priory for them.
	www.yale.edu /adhoc/etexts/Eckstn1.htm (19767 words)

	Women In Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		ROME, OCTOBER 21: Italian men become fathers at an older age than men in any...
		Italian women, for their part, have their first babies at age 27, the European...
		Women's individual identities even are often hard for a historian to disentangle, as womwen simply carried a female version of the gens they belonged to, as a look at the list below confirms.
	www.wikiverse.org /women-in-rome (411 words)

	ANCIENT ROMAN WOMEN - Rome Apartments Rental - Hotel-Residence Villa Tassoni Roma
		Women performed other jobs such as jewelry making, leather working, and ceramics alongside their husbands in family businesses, but this type of work was rarely recorded.
		Some women were cast into heroic roles in reaction to political persecution; they hid their families, or even followed banished husbands or children into exile.
		Tombstones show that the life expectancy of women was 34 years as contrasted with 46 years for men because women often died in childbirth.
	www.tassoni.it /ancient-rome/romewomen.htm (4587 words)

	BBC - History - Roman Women: Following the Clues
		Few women, however, feature in this literature, and when they are included, it is often to make a point about modern morals or the importance of home life.
		Roman tombstones and statue bases celebrate women, but in a formulaic way (as do our modern-day equivalents), so they do not usually bring individual women to life for us, and it seems that all Roman children were sweet, all wives were chaste, all marriages were argument-free.
		Women's portraits in the Roman tradition are often quite realistic, but they, too, fall into certain patterns, and sometimes individual heads seem to have been imposed on standard bodies.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/ancient/romans/roman_women_01.shtml (318 words)

	Roman Women @ Willamette
		Through the study of ancient Roman texts in translation, this course explores the life of women in ancient Rome and the way their experience is reflected in five hundred years of Latin literature.
		At regular intervals, we will juxtapose the representation of women in literary sources with their real life experience, as it can be reconstructed from the evidence of letters, inscriptions, and medical texts.
		Finally, you should be able to meaningfully compare the situation of women today with those of their sisters in antiquity.
	www.willamette.edu /cla/classics/romanwomen.html (939 words)

	Women in Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		With the most obliging form of marriage - sine manu - a woman remained a part of her family and officially she didn't stand under the authority of her husband.
		In ancient Rome women spent most of their time at home.
		Women were punished a lot harder for things like adultery than men.
	intranet.grundel.nl /thinkquest/women_in_rome.html (375 words)

	School Specialty Publishing: Publisher of educational products for teachers, parents, children, educators and the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In ancient Rome, political power was held by kings, emperors, magistrates and senators.
		Women had few rights, and were not allowed to take part in the public world of law and government.
		But evidence shows us that many women were capable and influential; some worked alongside their husbands in business, while others were patrons of the arts.
	www.schoolspecialtypublishing.com /products/0872265706.php (210 words)

	Roman Clothing, Part I
		Ancient Rome was very much a “face-to-face” society (actually more of an “in-your-face” society), and public display and recognition of status were an essential part of having status.
		Although women had apparently worn togas in the early years of Rome, by the middle of the Republican era the only women who wore togas were common prostitutes.
		Prostitutes of the lowest class, the street-walker variety, were compelled to wear a plain toga made of coarse wool to announce their profession, and there is some evidence that women convicted of adultery might have been forced to wear “the prostitute's toga” as a badge of shame.
	www.vroma.org /~bmcmanus/clothing.html (2201 words)

	Marriage in Ancient Rome
		(Gardner,1986;67) During Rome's early history, the wife passed from the manus of her father to that of her husband, so becoming a virtual blood relative, though this practice was phased out for no completely clear reasons.
		She was in charge of the keys of the house and the domestic staff, as well as organising and making the clothing for the family.
		It was the examples set by famous women, such as Cornelia, mother of the Grachhi and Arria, wife of Caecina Paetus that Roman women were supposed to follow.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /lion/373/roman/romarriage.html (1357 words)

	Julia Caesaris -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		They were forced to be role models of modesty and chastity, they spent their days taking care of the house, spinning and weaving the men's clothes, dressing with simplicity.
		She was born in Rome about 104bc and died sometime after 43bc.
		Plutarch describes her as one of 'most nobly born and admirable women of her time'.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/ju/julia_caesaris.htm (1237 words)

	Picture Of Rome Italy Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		ROME, OCT. 21, 2005 (Zenit.org).- The Teresianum Faculty of Rome continues to encourage students to make the study of theology a school of life.
		ROME, OCT. 20, 2005 (Zenit.org).- Another bishop of the "official" Church community has been ordained with the tacit approval of the Vatican and Beijing, prominent ecclesial figures in China told AsiaNews.
		As the capital of Italy, Rome is the residence of the.....Rome is now the most salubrious of all the large cities of Italy.....followed his example: brick-built Rome became marble...
	www.local-rome-information.com /directory/picture-of-rome-italy.html (703 words)

	CLAS 247: Roman Women @ Willamette (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Women played an important role in ancient Roman society and feature prominently in Latin literature.
		Even when women are introduced as speaking characters, all this tells us is how men viewed women.
		Along the way, we will study male Roman stereotypes of women and the conventions of several literary genres, which will allow us to interpret the sources within their generic and historical context instead of taking their data at face-value.
	www.willamette.edu /cla/classics/Faculty/CLAS247.html (1016 words)

	The Classics Pages - Acknowledgments
		Women would be better off as cattle, than as we are - a subspecies of the human race.
		Medea is talking to her friends, local women of Corinth.
		She has just heard that her husband, Jason (for whom she'd given up everything) is (a) divorcing her and (b) going to marry the daughter of the king of Corinth to ensure that his own future is secure.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~loxias/greek.htm (451 words)

	NOVA ROMA ::: RELIGIO ROMANA ::: Gods and Goddesses
		Vestals were always preceded by lictors, the only women in Rome allowed the privilege.
		Ceres was the Goddess of the plebeians: the Ædiles Plebis cared for her temple and had their official residences in it, and were responsible for the games at the Cerealia, her original festival on April 12-19.
		For this reason, he is the most Roman of the Gods, representing the abundance of the fields, and the battles that must be won to keep and enlarge the provinces that kept Rome fed and thriving.
	www.novaroma.org /religio_romana/deities.html (2489 words)

	Women In Ancient Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Under Roman law women went from the authority of their fathers to the authority of their husbands, and even a wealthy, old widow needed a male to supervise her finances, but by the beginning of the First Century BCE women began to achieve greater freedom in practice if not in theory.
		Generalizations on the status of women in the ancient world are always difficult, and never more so than in the case of Rome where theory and practice were often so far apart.
		Respectable women were not supposed to be wandering around alone outside, but somehow they managed to have a life beyond the home.
	www.womenintheancientworld.com /women_in_ancient_rome.htm (346 words)

	Feminae Romanae: The Women of Ancient Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A marvelous online source for Roman literature related to women (through Diotima) is the permitted use of copyrighted material from the Lefkowitz/Fant sourcebook listed under this Bibliography, Women's Life in Greece and Rome.
		An interesting look at Roman erotic art - and, of necessity, the women in it - may be found at The Erotic Art of Ancient Rome.
		Although not, of course, a woman of Rome, I've been asked why Cleopatra was not included in this survey; partially because there are already many excellent sites focused on this Egyptian queen who so impacted Roman history, including the biography and links at RoyaltyNu: Cleopatra.
	dominae.fws1.com /links/index.html (1123 words)

	Roman Clothing, Part II
		Roman Clothing, Part II Women cannot partake of magistracies, priesthoods, triumphs, badges of office, gifts, or spoils of war; elegance, finery, and beautiful clothes are women's badges, in these they find joy and take pride, this our forebears called the women's world.
		As the tribune pointed out, high-class Roman women did not have the same distinctions of clothing that immediately marked out the status of their male counterparts; in fact the only certain distinction of dress allowed to women was the stola, which indicated a woman's marital status, not her social class or wealth.
		The stola was a symbol of marriage, and by the late Republic all women married according to Roman law were entitled to wear it.
	www.vroma.org /~bmcmanus/clothing2.html (1404 words)

	History in Review - I, Claudia: Women in Ancient Rome
		These factors include the fact that, historically, women were underrepresented in political life and that they seldom received a comprehensive education.
		Consequently, women tended to stay in the periphery of the 'history'.
		Because women seldom played a prominent role in such events, they often took a backseat to the major participants that graced the historical stage.
	www.largeprintreviews.com /HIRiclaudia.html (1063 words)

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