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	The History of Ukiyo-e and Woodblock Printing in Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Woodblock printing began to be used for the artistic form of ukiyo-e, a school of painting and print design which began late in the sixteenth century CE that took its basic themes from the day to day world but adapted many classical methods to the treatment of its subjects.
		Prints such as these were made to be replicated and distributed as both art and advertisement to the samurai and chonin (merchants and artisans) that frequented the pleasure districts and kabuki plays in major towns.
		Woodblock printing was also used for other purposes at this time, for example it was used in newspapers to depict scenes from the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905.
	www.stolaf.edu /depts/art/evolution/essay_pages/jason_bossen.htm (619 words)

	Japanese Woodblock Prints
		The Japanese Woodblock Print is an art form, which highlights flowing, curved outlines, simplistic forms as well as the detailing of flat areas containing color.
		Woodblock printing was first used in Japan in the 8th century to print religious texts.
		The majority of the woodblock prints were produced in the cities of Osaka, Kyoto, and Tokyo (formerly Edo).
	www.asianartmall.com /woodblockarticle.htm (602 words)

	Technical Terms
		In wood engraving, a variety of woodblock printing, the block is carved with numerous fine lines left in relief; tonal effects in the print are achieved through hatching and by varying the density of the lines.
		Most Chinese woodblock artists, in fact, prefer the vertical section of a log because it suits the positive carving of strong lines and large printed area they favor and because the vertical section is generally larger than its cross section, enabling the artist to produce a large print with a single block.
		Prints produced by the latter method were traditionally considered the work of artisans, not artists; the name of the workshop was sometimes carved into the block but rarely that of the designer, carver or printer.
	www.artgallery.sbc.edu /exhibits/00_01/chinesewoodblock/terms.html (2711 words)

	druckstelle berlin - Japanese Woodblock - Moku Hanga
		The first woodblock prints were fl and white line cuttings and served the purposes of the Buddhist religion.
		The woodblock developed from the early fl and white prints, which later were coloured by hand, to highly complex multi colour prints.
		The shin-hanga movement ("new print") tried to revive the traditional woodblock print in creating prints in collaboration of artist, cutter and printer, which were also in their motifs familiar to the older prints.
	www.druckstelle.info /en/holzschnitt_index.htm (1126 words)

	Printing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Woodblock printing on paper, whereby individual sheets were pressed against wooden blocks with the text and illustrations carved into them, was first recorded in China in the Tang Dynasty, although as a method for printing patterns on cloth the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220
		Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate, and when paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium transferred very quickly to small woodcut religious images and playing cards printed on paper.
		Professional digital printing (using toner) primarily uses an electrical charge to transfer toner or liquid ink to the substrate it is printed on.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Printing.htm (2808 words)

	Japan: Memoirs of a Secret Empire . Create a Woodblock Print \| PBS
		Woodblocks are carved from boxwood, cherry and birch.
		During the Edo period, the process of woodblock printmaking was typically broken down into various specialties: First, an artist would sketch a design.
		That print would be passed on to blockcarvers who, using chisels, would carve a series of woodblocks—first, a "key block" showing the outlines of the print, and then one block for each color to be printed.
	www.pbs.org /empires/japan/woodblock.html (177 words)

	Hokusai and Japanese Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Woodblock print from Hokusai's series Thirty-six Views of Fuji, which are the high point of Japanese prints.
		By the the 1880's, Japanese prints were the rage in Western culture and Hokusai's prints were studied by young European artists, such as Van Gogh, in a style called Japonaiserie.
		This print is from the 1840s, when Hokusai was already in his 70s and fully developed in his artistic skill.
	www.andreas.com /hokusai.html (1499 words)

	Woodblock Printmaking
		The outstanding need of the art of wood-block printing today is that, upon the foundation so brilliantly laid by the masters of the Edo Period, there be built something distinctive of the present age.
		The entire course of the development of the print must be charted by him so that his creative genius may be seen not only in the foundation sketch but in the cutting and printing as well.
		To do otherwise involves a break in that continued development of the print which demands not only a diligent study and analysis of the colour print of the Edo Period, but also the infusion into it of the new creative features significant of the present time.
	www.woodblock.com /encyclopedia/entries/011_07/011_07.html (991 words)

	Daryl Howard Art
		Woodblock printmaking is an ancient technique dating back to the 2nd century BC in China.
		In 770 A.D., woodblock prints first appeared in Japan, a country that has enjoyed a long tradition of woodblock printing.
		Howard's technique of woodblock printing is exclusively the traditional Japanese method which she studied in Tokyo, Japan under Master Hodaka Yoshida.
	www.darylhoward.com /techniques (250 words)

	Chinese Woodblock Prints
		They had a strong influence on Chinese woodblock prints at that time, and many prints in fl and white were created with subjects expressing criticism of society and social order.
		Today, in a lively and politically relaxed art scene, woodblock prints are an art form practised in various forms: either with oil or with watery colors, and with several different registration systems.
		For each print, the woodblock is coated with color by the help of an ink brush.
	www.artelino.com /articles/chinese-woodblock-prints.asp (1097 words)

	Tokugawa Gallery, Woodblock print process
		The process of traditional woodblock printing is accomplished through the work of three different people: the artist who draws the prints and decides on the color scheme for each one, the publisher who commissions the work and the carver who cuts the prints out of either cherry or pear wood (or other similar woods).
		The printing stand was covered with a wet cloth to prevent the blocks from sliding.
		This print, the specimen proof, was made exactly according to the artist's instructions concerning such matters as color tones and the distribution of dark and light shading.
	www.tokugawagallery.com /woodblock.html (964 words)

	Woodblock printing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and probably originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper.
		The earliest woodblock printed fragments to survive are from China and are of silk printed with flowers in three colours from the Han dynasty (before 220CE).
		The three necessary components for woodblock printing are the wood block, which carries the design cut in relief; dye or ink, which had been widely used in the ancient world; and either cloth or paper, which was first developed in China, around the 3rd or 2nd century BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Woodblock_printing (3015 words)

	ANU Forestry-Woodblock Printing
		The art of wood block printing on textiles was also practiced in Europe during the early Middle Ages and reached a climax of perfection in eighteenth century France and England (Bramwell 1982).
		One of the oldest surviving records of European wood block printing is a fragment of a block depicting a Crucifixion.
		Today woodblock printing is rarely used to depict daily life around the globe (as it has been replaced by television which does it much better) however it is enjoying a resurgence of interest among visual artists and letterpress printers alike.
	sres-associated.anu.edu.au /fpt/nwfp/woodblock/woodblock.html (1704 words)

	Bibliography of Woodblock Printmaking
		The prints he uses for demonstration are rather child-like and simple, but that's his style.
		He goes on about such things as the 'artistic' value of prints a bit too much for my taste, but that is simply a reflection of his own background - he didn't start out as a craftsman, but as a painter, and came to woodblock printmaking in his mid-forties.
		Although he seems to have had a good personal grasp of the woodblock techniques, most of his prints were made by professional craftsmen working under his supervision.
	www.barenforum.org /encyclopedia/entries/003_01/capsules.html (1518 words)

	Printing Press
		Gutenberg’s major development towards the printing press was his creation of a form of moveable type.
		This process was rather lengthy, and if no alternative had been discovered, the printing press may have not proceeded past this point at all.
		Before the printing press, while woodblock printing was common, the paper had to be rubbed against the woodblock in order to transfer the inked image of the letters onto the paper.
	www.geocities.com /brazenwynd/school/PrintingPress.htm (812 words)

	Japanese Woodblock Printing
		Papers used for woodblocks are made from the inner bark of the mulberry tree.
		The woodblock, (relief plate), was inked and the paper placed over the inked surface and rubbed or burnished by hand to achieve an image.
		It was in the 8th century that woodblock printing was introduced into Japan from China and until the mid-17th century, the colour was achieved by hand painting after the printing.
	woodblock.info /woodblk.html (315 words)

	History of the Modern Chinese Print
		But although all the the prints in our exhibition are multiples, or duplicates, in the sense that more than one image has been printed from the blocks, most of them differ from traditional Chinese prints both in style and method of production and are not referred to in the Chinese literature as duplicated images.
		Lu Xun was interested in the preservation and development of traditional Chinese woodblock techniques as well as the importation of techniques and styles used in Western graphics, and this also was to play a role in the creation of the new kind of woodblock.
		Although this approach was new in woodblock creation, there is a precedent in Chinese aesthetics for using the marks made in the act of carving as a vehicle for expressing feelings and attitudes: the scholar-literati class saw the traces made by the knife when they carved their seals as an act of personal expression.
	www.artgallery.sbc.edu /exhibits/00_01/chinesewoodblock/history.html (4937 words)

	Chinese Prints
		For the carving of the woodblock a variety of knives is used - a knife with a round blade, one with a straight blade or a knife with a triangle blade and others as well.
		Reduction woodblock printing was developed first by Cheng Hsu in the 1980s in Yunnan.
		The prints that we have had in our hands so far, were all limited editions, signed, titled and numbered and often dated by the artist.
	www.artelino.com /articles/chinese_prints.asp (1248 words)

	FightingArts.com - Japanese Woodblock Prints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		While paintings was an art mostly enjoyed by the aristocracy, the ukiyo-e colour prints was a popular school that was dependent on the emergence of the wealthy bourgeoisie that loved the pleasures of the city and were avid for novelty.
		While the woodblock printing technique had been used from the 8th in Japan by Buddhist scholars for disseminating religious teaching and sacred images, there had been no other movement that demonstrated a need for this relatively simple technology for more than 800 years.
		The ukiyo-e prints of the last decades of the Edo period, which ended in 1868, when imperial power was restored and under the Meiji emperor, are not considered to be of the same high quality as earlier works.
	www.fightingarts.com /reading/article.php?id=249 (2771 words)

	Introduction - The Floating World of Ukiyo-e (Library of Congress)
		Featured are selected Ukiyo-e prints, books, and drawings from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries and other related works from the Library's collections created by Japanese and Western artists into the twentieth century.
		Printing techniques which both text and illustrations were carved into woodblocks provided the means by which large numbers of books could be produced without having to undergo the laborious and expensive process of hand copying, which had previously been the norm.
		The Library's collection numbering approximately 2000 woodblock prints and 400 block-printed ehon, attests to the unrivaled craftsmanship, technical excellence, and spectacular results that Ukiyo-e artists were able to achieve in woodblock printing.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/ukiyo-e/intro.html (838 words)

	Japanese Woodblock Prints by Sharon Himes : Art History on the Art Cafe Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Woodblock printing was imported from China, and originally it was used to spread Buddhist teachings.
		Woodblock prints of the beauties were bought and collected by admirers.
		Hokusai painted a series of prints on views of Mt. Fuji and Hiroshige produced a series of prints from sketches he had made in 1832 during his first trip along the Tokaido, an important highway.
	www.artcafenetwork.net /ah/japan/woodblock.html (427 words)

	Mokuhankan Catalogue
		It should be of intense interest to woodblock printmakers both experienced and novice, artists in other media who wish to approach woodblock work, and anybody with an interest in the 'art of the woodblock'.
		Yoshida was one of the most important woodblock printmakers of the 20th century, running a workshop for many years in which hired carvers and printers worked on the making of his prints.
		As an improvement to that print version, the images of his prints in the Appendix, which were at that time reproduced in greyscale, have here been included in full colour.
	mokuhankan.com /catalogue/0008.shtml (436 words)

	Ukiyo-e Gallery
		Although less widely seen in the prints of the mid-1800's, the application of these metallic pigments increased during the later Meiji period (1868 to 1912) and can often also be seen in "bijin-ga" prints of the later shin hanga period (generally post-1910).
		Shiny fl lacquer is especially prevalent during the prints of mid to late-Meiji Japan (c1880-96) where it was widely used to convincingly produce the shiny fl surfaces of fl belts, fl shoes, and horse's fl hooves.
		Although less common to many of the prints of the early Meiji period (1870-80's), the deliberately artistic emphasis of visible woodgrain again became commonplace during the "War prints" of the mid-1890's, and then again to many of the finer shin hanga prints of the 1910's/20's/and 30's.
	www.ukiyoe-gallery.com /deluxe.htm (1614 words)

	History of Japanese Woodblock Prints
		At its height, Ukiyo-e was known for its attention to detail, especially in the woodblock prints, which were the most significant media of the period.
		While landscapes and scenes of ordinary life became popular towards the end of the Ukiyo-e period, woodblock prints of beautiful women were the first subjects of Ukiyo-e artists in the late seventeenth century and these types of prints remained popular until Ukiyo-e fell from prominence in the mid-1800s.
		Because he worked with woodblock printing, quite a number of his original works still circulate in the art world.
	www.asianartmall.com /AboutWoodBlockPrints.html (1116 words)

	JapanCorner - The Benihana Guide to Japan
		Among them, ink painting (sumi-e), woodblock prints (ukiyo-e) and calligraphy (shodohh) are not only appreciated by people the world over but have made their contribution to artistic styles worldwide.
		The earliest evidence of woodblock printing in Japan was in 764 when Empress Koken ordered a series of sutras printed for distribution to temples throughout the country.
		During the Edo Period, woodblock prints came to be known as ukiyo-e or floating-world pictures and depicted scenes of everyday life.
	www.japancorner.com /fine-arts.asp (743 words)

	Betsy Bowen, Woodblock Printing, Wood Cuts, Sivertson Gallery, Grand Marais and Duluth, Minnesota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The woodblock print is created by first carving the design into a flat plank of white pine.
		The prints for Shingebiss were prepared using the reduction method of woodblock printing, in which a single block of wood is further carved after each color is printed to produce multiple layers of color.
		Betsy considers woodblock printing to be her mother tongue.
	www.sivertson.com /Betsy_Bowen.cfm (307 words)

	Fremont Ellis Landscapes and Gustave Baumann Woodblock Prints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The "Golden Age" of the woodblock was 1450-1550 during which period artists perfected this medium for use in illustrations.
		Shortly thereafter, woodblock printing was replaced by copperplate engraving and etching which afforded the artisan greater flexibility of line.
		In producing a woodblock print from an original watercolor, Baumann carved separate wood blocks for every color to be printed, usually five or six colors for each print.
	www.tfaoi.com /aa/3aa/3aa342.htm (927 words)

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