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Topic: Woodland Salamander

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	Amphibia: Caudata (salamanders, newts, amphiuma, mudpuppies, waterdogs, sirens)
		Genus Liua (Zhao and Hu, 1983) Wushan Salamanders
		Genus Salamandrella (Dybowski, 1870) Siberian Salamanders / Newts
		Genus Plethodon (Tschudi, 1838) Slimy Salamanders and Woodland Salamanders
	www.livingunderworld.org /caudata/database/entries (395 words)

	Michigan's Salamanders
		Salamander egg masses resemble the egg masses of frogs, but salamander eggs tend to be larger and fewer in number.
		Most salamanders (once they become terrestrial adults) spend the vast majority of their time hidden in soil or forest debris, and are vulnerable to enemies only during the brief spring breeding season.
		Salamanders are affected by the same environmental factors as their noisier relatives, but are more challenging to find and study.
	www.michigan.gov /dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12145_12201-61141--,00.html (1638 words)

	Mole Salamanders
		The mole salamanders belong to the family Ambystomatidae, and are represented in the New England region by four main species: the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), the blue-spotted salamander (A.
		Mole salamanders get their name from their subterranean habits (they are commonly found in underground tunnels and burrows produced by small mammals), and their ability to burrow under rocks, logs, moss, and other vegetative debris.
		Salamander eggs are surrounded by a matrix of jelly, which distinguishes them from frog egg masses in which single eggs are merely clustered together.
	www.vernalpool.org /inf_mol.htm (705 words)

	University of Pittsburgh at Bradford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		Pennsylvania is home to six species of woodland salamanders, three of which are indigenous to our region — the wehrles, the redback and the slimy salamanders.
		Of the three species of woodland salamanders in our area, the redback salamander is the smallest and the most common.
		The slimy and wehrles salamanders are the second and third species of woodland salamander that inhabit northcentral Pennsylvania.
	www.upb.pitt.edu /visitors/media_center/portraits/fall_2001/natures_studio.htm (598 words)

	Woodland salamander - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Woodland salamanders are the salamanders of the genus Plethodon.
		They are so named due to their habitat, woodlands, and the fact that they have no aquatic larval stage.
		Eggs are laid underneath a stone or log and young hatch in the adult form.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Woodland_Salamander (80 words)

	Red Back Salamander - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Red Back (or Backed) Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) is a small, hardy woodland salamander.
		It is also known as the Northern Redback Salamander to distinguish it with the Southern Redback Salamander (P.
		The salamander has two distinct color variations the red back, which has a red, orange or dark brown stripe down the back, and the lead back (or grey back) which can be a uniform fl or grey, or have a slightly lighter stripe down the back.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Red_Back_Salamander (206 words)

	Salamanders and Newts
		Salamander is a common name for the order of Caudata which includes 9 families, of which 8 are found in North America.
		Salamanders vary in size from the tiny Pygmy salamander, which is less than 2 inches long, to the Hellbender, which reaches nearly 30 inches.
		The terrestrial salamanders spend their entire lives on land, rarely entering the water though they are never far from it.
	www.naturehaven.com /Frog/salamander.html (956 words)

	True Salamander -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		The family Salamandridae consists of true (Any of various typically terrestrial amphibians that resemble lizards and that return to water only to breed) salamanders and (Small usually bright-colored semiaquatic salamanders of North America and Europe and northern Asia) newts.
		The species are spread all over the northern hemisphere - Europe, Asia, the northern tip of Africa and North America.
		(Ovoviviparous amphibian of the Alps) Alpine Salamander (Salamandra atra)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/tr/true_salamander.htm (189 words)

	Northern Two-Lined Salamander (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		The Northern two-lined salamander is a lungless salamander.
		The lungless salamanders are slender and have neither gills nor lungs.
		It prefers small, rocky woodland streams as well as springs and seeps, where it spends the day hiding beneath flat rocks and logs.
	www.bigdarby.org /iRepTwolined.htm (114 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0030072829 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		Rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the skin of salamanders and frogs are found to produce compound(s) which have antiviral, antitumor, antibacterial and antifungal properties.
		Because plethodontid salamanders must rely solely upon their skin for the exchange of respiratory gases, excessive microbial loads of aerobic soil bacteria inhabiting the surface of the skin would provide an impenetrable barrier for respiratory gases, ultimately leading to the death of the salamander.
		It is known that the cutaneous microflora of salamanders are affected by hormones, environmental changes, and other factors, so it is not surprising that differences in the mciroflora were observed between the individual of Experiment 1 and the individuals of Experiment 2.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20030072829".PGNR.&OS=DN/20030072829&RS=DN/20030072829 (5972 words)

	Marc Staniszewski's Slender Salamander Care Sheet
		Slender salamanders are distributed along the Pacific Coast of North America, from Baja California, coastal and central mountain California, Oregon to extreme southern Washington.
		Their favoured habitats are the cool, humid woodland particularly where there is a good covering of dead leaves, decomposing bark and wood (especially within coniferous woodlands).
		Place the salamanders in an escape-proof plastic shoe box or old aquarium filled with a damp (not moist or sodden) substrate such as a mixture of chipped forest bark, moss peat and sphagnum moss.
	www.amphibian.co.uk /batrach.html (2760 words)

	BISON Species Account 020060 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		For example, access to a particular area by salamanders may be impossible due to the unsuitability of the area that surrounds it, e.g., dry, open field.
		Salamander surveys should be made on specific sale areas as early in the plannig process as possible.
		The primary objectives were to survey for salamanders in planning units under consideration for future logging operations and to characterize salamander habitats using habitat components that are meaningful and useful to USFS biologists and land managers.
	www.fw.vt.edu /fishex/nmex_main/species/020060.htm (3946 words)

	DEP: Northern Slimy Salamander
		The northern slimy salamander is a large, Appalachian species reaching its northeastern range limit in western Fairfield County, a few miles east of the New York border.
		It is often confused with the Jefferson, blue-spotted, and unstriped phase of the redback salamanders, however a combination of characters including large size, white speckles, cylindrical tail, and extremely slimy skin secretions help distinguish it from other Connecticut salamanders.
		The slimy salamander is a "Threatened Species" in Connecticut and is strictly protected on all state lands.
	www.ct.gov /dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2723&q=325762 (215 words)

	Salamanders of the Santa Monica Mountains, California (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		All salamanders in the Santa Monicas can be found quite some distance from water, though the more moist habitats generally have higher population densities.
		They can be found in most habitats in the Santa Monica Mountains, but are most common in oak woodland and riparian woodland, where their population may be as dense as 8 individuals per square meter.
		A resident of oak woodland and riparian woodland, they are often found in association with the California Slender Salamander.
	www.herpscope.com /smm/salamanders.html (230 words)

	Welcome to Vernal Pool Technologies
		The California tiger salamander is on the brink of extinction primarily due to habitat destruction due to urban and agricultural development.
		The habitat types the California tiger salamander requires, vernal pools, grasslands, and oak woodlands, are some of the most endangered habitat types in California.
		In Sonoma County, the California tiger salamander is imperilled by a variety of factors including habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation due to urban development, hybridization with non-native salamanders, inadequate regulatory mechanisms, disease, and pesticide drift.
	www.wetlandservices.com /endangered_ca_tiger_salamander.html (748 words)

	VDGIF > Wildlife > Species > white-spotted slimy salamander
		This is a large Plethodon salamander that is named for its skin-gland secretions that cling to your hands like glue.
		This salamander is well sprinkled with silvery white spots or brassy flecks or both.
		This is mainly a deciduous woodland salamander that is active on the moist forest floor at night from spring to fall.
	www.dgif.state.va.us /wildlife/species/display.asp?id=020080 (159 words)

	Welcome to invasiveplants.net
		We are studying the potential impacts of non-native plant invasions on invertebrate communities and the woodland salamanders that prey upon those invertebrates.
		Specifically, we hypothesize that invertebrate quality and abundance is reduced in areas invaded by nonnative plants, and salamander populations in those areas show reduced foraging success, reduced growth, lower fecundity, lower, survival, and lower abundance.
		The patterns of salamander abundance in invaded and non-invaded habitats appear to be driven by invasions of nonnative earthworms and their associated impacts on leaf litter decomposition and arthropod abundance.
	www.invasiveplants.net /impsal.htm (942 words)

	KS Wild - Siskiyou Mountains Salamander
		It is a member of the lungless salamander family, Plethodontidae, and the woodland salamander, Plethodon, genus.
		As a lungless salamander, Siskiyou Mountains salamanders breathe through their skin, which must always be moist or wet for respiration to occur.
		The salamander was formerly protected under a provision of the Northwest Forest Plan called the “Survey and Manage” Program, which required the Forest Service and BLM to conduct surveys for the salamander and protect its habitat.
	ww.kswild.org /Issues/SpeciesProtection/sms (438 words)

	bibiography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		Differential avoidance of mimetic salamanders by free-ranging birds.
		The effect of soil chemistry on sodium balance in the red-backed salamander: A comparison of two forest types.
		A field simulation of the effect of acidic rain on ion balance in a woodland salamander.
	www.huyckpreserve.org /bib.htm (3285 words)

	DRAFT REPORT ON THE CHIP MILL ISSUE
		Woodland salamanders require a moist forest floor with protection from drying by the overstory canopy (Johnson 1987).
		Some lungless salamanders are found in logs and rocks on moist hillsides, while others depend on the vegetation along stream and creeks.
		(1992) reported that woodland salamanders were eliminated from Appalachian clearcuts because of the change in microclimate and 50 to 70 years were needed for species to return to pre-disturbance levels.
	www.conservation.missouri.gov /forest/chipmills/draft.htm (14817 words)

	Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander
		These ponds and adjacent scrub and woodland habitats are restricted naturally to relatively few areas along the central coast of California.
		This salamander is also found among the root systems of plants in upland chaparral and woodland areas of coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) or Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), and in strips of riparian vegetation such as arroyo willows (Salix lasiolepis), cattails (Typha spp.), and bulrush (Scirpus spp.).
		Adult Santa Cruz long-toed salamanders migrate primarily on nights of rain, mist, or heavy fog (Anderson 1960, 1967; Ruth and Tollestrup 1973; Reed 1979, 1981).
	www.santacruzpl.org /ref/endang/ambys.shtml (1917 words)

	Western Red-backed Salamander
		The Western Red-backed Salamander is a woodland salamander that reaches lengths around 4 inches.
		the woodlands and are generally associated with rocky substrates.
		They are completely terrestrial laying eggs that hatch directly into salamanders.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /narcam/idguide/plvehic.htm (153 words)

	SCB 2000 Abstract Lookup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		Deer overpopulation has a significant impact on woodland vegetation structure, but its effects on salamander populations are largely unexplored.
		Average salamander abundance within plots was not related to ground cover type or soil pH but was related to cover object abundance.
		In two sets of plots, salamander abundance was significantly higher in the open plots compared to the exclosure plot.
	www.umt.edu /scb2000/abstracts/abstract_info.asp?id=296 (221 words)

	Order Caudata Salamanders
		Slimy salamanders exploit a wide variety of woodland habitats ranging from mesic bottomland hardwood to relatively dry hillside forests.
		Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn - Wehrle's Salamander
		The adult was found in a crevice in a rock shelter on a shaded sandstone cliff face, and the juvenile from a path approximately 20 m from where the adult was taken.
	www.apsu.edu /~amatlas/plethodon.htm (2556 words)

	Department of Natural Resources - People - Maerz
		His current research examines (i) the impact of nonnative plant invasions on woodland salamander fitness and abundance, (ii) the foraging ecology of terrestrial salamanders: the importance of nonnative prey, and (iii) the effects of Japanese knotweed invasions on the pre-migratory foraging of green frogs.
		The importance of nonnative species in woodland salamander diets and their role in food level differences between different types of forests.
		The effects of chemical alarm cues and behavioral biorhythms on the foraging activity of terrestrial salamanders.
	www.dnr.cornell.edu /people/ra/profiles/maerz.html (235 words)

	CNAH
		A new species of Dusky Salamander that is restricted to the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee, hence the standard common name, as recommended by the authors.
		A new species of Woodland Salamander of the Plethodon cinereus group from the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia.
		This is the tenth species of Woodland Salamander known from the central Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia.
	www.naherpetology.org /novemsp.asp (479 words)

	New Korean Salamander Looks Just Like American Cousin
		From early observations, the salamander looked so familiar that scientists believed it to be an American transplant.
		The Korean lungless crevice salamander, of the new genus Karsenia.
		This Korean crevice salamander, a new species of lungless salamander in the genus Karsenia, was discovered in Korea by Stephen Karsen.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/050504_salamander.html (515 words)

	Checklist of Amphibian Species and Identification Guide
		This salamander has a well defined dorsal stripe that runs the entire length of the animal down to the tip of the tail.
		In some individuals the stripe is dark like the sides, in others there is no dark pigment and the entire body is the color of the stripe.
		They are found under all sortts of objects in a variety of moist, shaded habitats in woodlands.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/herps/amphibid/species/plvehic.htm (169 words)

	Endangered Species
		It is one of the smaller woodland salamander species.
		Typically, this species is found in cool, moist red spruce forests with a ground cover comprised of a liverwort called Bazzania and an abundance of leaf litter, fallen logs, and sticks.
		These salamanders do not have lungs and breath through their skin.
	www.saveblackwater.org /facts.htm (699 words)

	Redback Salamander, Plethodon cinereus
		The Red-backed Salamander is usually found under rocks, logs, fallen bark, or leaf litter.
		Conservation: Red-backed Salamanders are tied to moist forest habitats.
		Like all lungless salamanders, pollutants, including herbicides and pesticides, are easily absorbed and toxic to the Red-backed Salamander.
	www.ohiosalamanders.com /Redback_Salamander.html (222 words)

	Vertebrate Zoology - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		Note the light area on the chin of the salamander that indicates a concentration of glands.
		The spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) is a common woodland salamander of eastern North America.
		This group of salamanders lack lungs and breaths through the skin and the lining of the mouth.
	www.zoo.ufl.edu /courses/vertzoo/lab_amphibians.html (981 words)

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