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Topic: Woolly Mammoth

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	Mammoth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Woolly mammoths were better able to cope with the extreme cold of the Ice Ages.
		There have been occasional claims that the mammoth is not actually extinct, and that small isolated herds might survive in the vast and sparsely inhabited tundra of the northern hemisphere.
		Mammoths had a number of adaptations to the cold, most famously the thick layer of shaggy hair, up to 50 cm (20 in) long, for which the woolly mammoth is named.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mammoth (2263 words)

	Woolly Mammoth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While most woolly mammoths died out at the end of the Pleistocene (12,000 years ago), a small population survived on Wrangel Island, located in the Arctic Ocean, up until 1700 B.C. Possibly due to their limited food supply, these animals were a dwarf variety, thus much smaller than the original Pleistocene woolly mammoth.
		On July 6, 2006 it was reported that scientists, using the latest genetic techniques, determined that a gene called Mc1r, extracted from a 43,000-year-old woolly mammoth bone from Siberia, caused woolly mammoths to have dark brown coats or blond hair.
		Multiplex amplification of the mammoth mitochondrial genome and the evolution of Elephantidae.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Woolly_mammoth (752 words)

	WOOLLY MAMMOTH FOSSILS
		Woolly mammoths descended from the Steppe mammoths (Mammuthus trogontherii).
		Woolly mammoths also use their tusks for protection against predators, attraction during mating and as a display of dominance to other Woolly mammoths.
		The DNA of an extinct wooly mammoth is 95% identical to an Indian elephant.
	www.paleodirect.com /woolymammoth1.htm (1035 words)

	Woolly Mammoths: Evidence of Catastrophe?
		It's quite interesting, the mammoth story is only a part of his book, he also commented at length on people who were living in Siberia at the time of the scientists' journey to get to the site of the mammoth.
		In doing so he had established that the mammoth found by Adams in 1799 buried at the mouth of the Lena in a crevice of a cliff from 200 to 260 feet high, and sent by him to St. Petersberg, had been frozen in a bank of diluvial ice on the slope of the river.
		Woolly mammoths were covered with the same kind of double fur coat as we find on other large mammals in northern climates today.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/mammoths.html (3274 words)

	Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company - About Woolly Mammoth \| Our History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Woolly Mammoth was part of a wave of new theatres determined to change that - to forge the future of the art form rather than just preserving its past.
		Woolly Mammoth is a member of the National New Play Network, Theatre Communications Group, The League of Washington Theatres and The Cultural Alliance of Greater Washington.
		Woolly Mammoth is a participant in the New Generations Program, funded by Doris Duke Charitable Foundation/Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and administered by Theatre Communications Group, the national organization for American theatre.
	www.woollymammoth.net /about/history.html (573 words)

	Mammoth Information: Woolly Mammoth at Treasures of the Earth, Ltd.
		Woolly Mammoths closely resembled the modern elephant in certain physical characteristics such as tusks and an elongated trunk.
		Mammoths had large heads with a dome on the top that sloped downward toward the backside of the animal.
		Mammoth teeth are used to determine the age of the animal.
	www.universaltreasures.com /mammothbook.htm (2564 words)

	USATODAY.com - Woolly mammoth ivory big in Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The bones, teeth and giant curving tusks of woolly mammoths can be found in abundance in Alaska, and the fossils of the elephant-like beasts are routinely — if not always legally — turned into jewelry and other curios.
		Woolly mammoth ivory can legally be taken from private land with the owner's consent, then sold and carved.
		While elephant ivory is stark white, mammoth ivory tends to be brownish or bluish from centuries of absorbing minerals in the ground.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/2006-05-30-wooly-mammoth-trinkets_x.htm?csp=34 (618 words)

	CNN.com - Wildlife park to add mammoth attraction - August 21, 2002
		Mammoths became extinct about 10,000 years ago, but using a technique that involves impregnating an Indian elephant -- its closest genetic relative -- with mammoth sperm and then repeating the procedure with its offspring could produce a creature that is 88 percent mammoth in 50 years, the report said.
		There are believed to be ten million mammoths buried in the permafrost in Siberia, but because of the sparse population in the region only around one hundred specimens have been recovered.
		However, despite the fact that most mammoths recovered from Siberia are seen as some of the finest museum examples in the world, poor excavation and preservation methods have ruined the chances for any reproduction of the animals by destroying tissue samples.
	www.cnn.com /2002/TECH/08/21/clone.mammoth/index.html (423 words)

	Woolly Mammoth - Mastodon - Crystalinks
		Scientists have completed the oldest mitochondrial genome sequence from the 33,000-year-old remains of a woolly mammoth; results show mammoths and Asian elephants are a sister species that diverged soon a fter their common ancestor split from the lineage of the African elephant.
		Until recently it was thought that the woolly mammoth and the two species of mammoth that preceded it evolved gradually, never walking the planet at the same time.
		Mammoth teeth found at a second site, in the village of Marsworth, Buckinghamshire, point to a second clash of the giants, later in their evolution.
	www.crystalinks.com /woollymammoth.html (2947 words)

	Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mammoths are extinct elephant-like animals that adapted to cold weather.
		The coats of woolly mammoths were similar to those of muskoxen, consisting of long, dark hairs and fine under wool, with dark-grey skin and an insulating fat layer.
		Some adaptations of the Woolly Mammoth to its cold, snowy environment were its long hair (kept its body and warm), its long tusks (used to get food through the snow), its small ears (reduced heat loss), and its large size (also reduced heat loss).
	www.thebigzoo.com /animals/Woolly_Mammoth.asp (640 words)

	Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre - Woolly Mammoth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The coats of woolly mammoths were similar to those of muskoxen, consisting of long, (up to 90 cm), dark guard hairs and fine underwool, underlain by dark-grey skin and an insulating fat layer, which in some cases was up to 90 mm thick.
		Woolly mammoths probably originated in north-central Eurasia, spreading westward to England and Spain, and eastward via the Bering Isthmus (2) to the tundra-like regions of North America.
		Woolly mammoths could not cope with the rapidly changing environment and increasing human predation toward the close of the last glaciation, and most became extinct about 11,000 years ago.
	www.beringia.com /02/02maina2.html (1220 words)

	Woolly Mammoth Printout- EnchantedLearning.com
		Woolly Mammoths were large elephants that lived from about 120,000 to 4,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age.
		Woolly Mammoths are closely related to the Indian Elephant.
		Woolly Mammoths were about 11.5 feet (3.5 m) long, 9.5 feet (2.9 m) tall at the shoulder and weighed about 3 tons (2.75 tonnes).
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/mammals/mammoth/Woollymamprintout.shtml (196 words)

	The Wooly Mammoth - ExploreNorth
		Woolly mammoths roamed the northern plains for most of the last 2 million years or so, until just 10,000 years ago.
		A subject of controversy for many years, it is generally agreed now that mammoths died out from a combination of changing climate, hunting pressure from humans, and probably disease.
		Most of the 100 or so mammoths found to date appear to have gotten trapped and died in swamps or soft soil, or to have been buried by avalanches.
	www.explorenorth.com /library/weekly/aa032400a.htm (551 words)

	American Museum of Natural History
		The procedure involved separating mammoth DNA from that of other specimens found in a fossilized sample and identifying approximately 13 million base-pairs, elements of DNA that match that of living elephants.
		This small but significant percentage of the entire woolly mammoth genetic code is nearly 500 times longer than any woolly mammoth sequence previously identified, including results announced early this week with a less functionally important type of DNA.
		Once the mammoth DNA was extracted and amplified, the sequencing was completed in record time within hours by the latest in genomic research technology—a new high-throughput machine, only two of which currently are in operation.
	www.amnh.org /science/papers/mammoth_genome.php (665 words)

	LiveScience.com - Decoding of Mammoth Genome Might Lead to Resurrection
		Scientists have mapped part of the genome of the woolly mammoth, a huge mammal that's been extinct for about 10,000 years.
		Mammoths roamed Siberia and America during the Pleistocene era, which ended 10,000 years ago as the last Ice Age retreated.
		Dick Mol, a paleontologist in Holland, and Bernard Buigues, curator of the Mammoth Museum in Siberia, examine the remains of a woolly mammoth.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/051219_mammoth_dna.html (694 words)

	News in Science - Team reconstructs woolly mammoth's genes - 19/12/2005
		In a world first, German scientists say they have reconstructed a key sequence in the genome of the woolly mammoth that shows the extinct beast's closest modern relative is the Asian elephant.
		In this case, the closest relative today to the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) is the Asian elephant rather than the African elephant, the researchers say.
		Woolly mammoths once roamed far and wide across the northern reaches of Eurasia and North America, but no trace of them survives beyond the end of the last ice age, some 11,000 years ago.
	abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s1532828.htm (543 words)

	Scientists Sequence Complete Genome Of Woolly Mammoth
		Their study demonstrates that the woolly mammoth and the Asian elephant are a sister species that diverged soon after their common ancestor split from the lineage of the African elephant.
		Rogaev and colleagues used extracted DNA from segments of a woolly mammoth leg with intact muscle and skin tissue that was found in the Enmynveem River valley in northeastern Siberia in 1986 and radio-carbon dated to be between 33,750 and 31,950 years old.
		Interestingly, in comparing the mammoth mitochondrial genome sequence to the longest mitochondrial DNA sequences available from other individual mammoths, the authors of this study found that the mammoths were highly similar, suggesting a relatively low genetic diversity of mammoth maternal lineages in a population spanning vast territory in Northern Siberia.
	www.terradaily.com /reports/Scientists_Sequence_Complete_Genome_Of_Woolly_Mammoth.html (1028 words)

	Woolly Mammoth
		Woolly mammoths are perhaps the best known mammals of the Ice Age.
		Much is known about their appearance because carcasses have been found preserved in frozen ground in Siberia, and wall pictures by stone-age artists can be seen today in ancient European caves.
		Woolly mammoths grew to about the size of present-day Asiatic elephants, possessed warm coats consisting of long, brown guard hairs and soft underwool, large curved ivory tusks, and knob-like heads.
	www.nature.ca /notebooks/english/woolly.htm (152 words)

	Columbian And Woolly Mammoth Information
		Identified by its hairy coat and large curved tusks, the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was a descendent of the steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii).
		Mammoths, mastodons, and elephants emerged from a group of mammals with developed trunks and tusks.
		Researchers determine the approximate age of the mammoth by measuring the length and width of its molars.
	www.mammothsite.com /MammothInformation.html (1000 words)

	A mammoth undertaking - Salon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Even in extinction, the woolly mammoth has more going for it than most living creatures, and some genetics-happy scientists hope that it can be brought back from the dead to dazzle again with its mangy charms.
		But Stone argues the mammoth is just the most high-profile of the extinct and endangered creatures that may make a comeback thanks to cloning.
		One group of scientists is already attempting to re-create a woolly mammoth habitat circa 10,000 years ago, Jurassic Park-style, in hopes of accommodating the coming herds of clones.
	dir.salon.com /story/tech/feature/2002/01/03/mammoth/print.html (591 words)

	The UnMuseum - Of Mastodons, Mammoths
		Mammoths ranged in size from a dwarfed form (6 foot high) up to the Imperial mammoth that stood 14 feet high at the shoulder.
		Both the mastodon and the mammoth were hunted by humans and this may have contributed to their disappearance after the end of the ice age.
		What has been found, though, are the carcasses of mammoths that were trapped in ice crevasses and kept frozen over the last 30,000 years.
	www.unmuseum.org /mastodon.htm (736 words)

	ABC - Science - Beasts - Woolly Mammoth Factfile
		The woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, is known from bones and frozen carcasses over a wide range from Ireland to the East coast of North America.
		For hundreds of years mammoth bones were thought to be the remains of giants.
		Eventually, with the famous anatomist Georges Cuvier correctly proposed that the mammoth bones were those of an extinct form of elephant.
	www.abc.net.au /beasts/factfiles/factfiles/woolly_mammoth.htm (156 words)

	ScienceDaily: Scientists Sequence DNA Of Woolly Mammoth
		A mammoth was chosen for the study, in part, because of its close evolutionary relationship to the African elephant, whose nuclear DNA sequence has been made publicly available by the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA).
		Mammoths Stranded On Bering Sea Island Delayed Extinction (June 18, 2004) -- St. Paul, one of the five islands in the Bering Sea Pribilofs, was home to mammoths that survived the extinctions that wiped out mainland and other Bering Sea island mammoth...
		Mammoth -- A mammoth is any of a number of an extinct genus of elephant, often with long curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/12/051221091034.htm (1809 words)

	Mammoths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mammoths are frequently found as fossils in the midwestern U.S. Most often isolated teeth are found.
		Mammoth fossils are most common in areas that were covered by savannas, grasslands, or tundra during the last Ice Age.
		The Yuribei Mammoth was collected in 1979 by a multidisciplinary team representing three institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
	www.museum.state.il.us /exhibits/larson/mammuthus.html (491 words)

	Woolly mammoth genome comes to life
		Hendrik Poinar, a molecular evolutionary geneticist in the department of anthropology and pathology at McMaster University, says his study involves the vital nuclear DNA within a Mammoth rather than the lesser mitochondria, on which the Nature study is based.
		The discovery occurred when Poinar extracted DNA from a well-preserved Mammoth specimen found in the Siberian permafrost, and sent it to his research colleagues at Penn State, who had just taken possession of the latest technology in genome sequencing.
		Woolly mammoths, which have become symbols of the Ice Age, died out 10,000 years ago.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-12/mu-wmg122205.php (576 words)

	Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company - About Woolly Mammoth \| Casting Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Woolly Mammoth has been ensconced in its incredible new theatre at 7th and D, NW in DC bustling downtown Penn Quarter since May 2005...and we need a superb volunteer usher corps to assist us in making our patrons welcome and to have a great visit with us.
		Woolly uses up to 8 ushers per performance, so you are encouraged to sign up with friends and co-workers.
		If you are interested in becoming a volunteer usher at Woolly, please download the Ushering @ Woolly Request form (or this pdf version).
	www.woollymammoth.net /about/ushering.html (317 words)

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