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Topic: Wootz steel

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	Damascus - Wootz Steel
		Though an ancient material, wootz steel also fulfills the description of an advanced material, since it is an ultra-high carbon steel exhibiting properties such as superplasticity and high impact hardness and held sway over a millennium in three continents- a feat unlikely to be surpassed by advanced materials of the current era.
		Wootz deserves a place in the annals of western science due to the stimulus provided by the study of this material in the 18th and 19th centuries to modern metallurgical advances, not only in the metallurgy of iron and steel, but also to the development of physical metallurgy in general and metallography in particular.
		The wootz steel process in general refers to a closed crucible process and Lowe [32] has remarked that the processing of plant and mineral materials in closed crucibles is often described in Indian alchemical Sanskrit texts of the 7th-13th c.
	damascus.free.fr /f_damas/f_quest/f_wsteel/indiaw.htm (3680 words)

	wootz (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Wootz is the anglicized version of ukku in the languages of the states of Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, a term denoting steel.
		Though an ancient material, wootz steel also fulfills the description of an advanced material, since it is an ultra-high carbon steel exhibiting properties such as super-plasticity and high impact hardness and held sway over a millennium in three continents - a feat unlikely to be surpassed by advanced materials of the current era.
		Wootz deserves a place in the annals of western science due to the stimulus provided by the study of this material in the 18th and 19th centuries to modern metallurgical advances, not only in the metallurgy of iron and steel, but also to the development of physical metallurgy in general and metallography in particular.
	www.brisa.fi /wootz3.html (553 words)

	Obscura: Wootz (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Wootz is a steel alloy having a pattern of bands or sheets of micro carbides within a tempered martensite or pearlite matrix.
		Wootz can be made in crucibles, e.g., crucible steel by combining a mixture of wrought iron or iron ore and charcoal with glass, which is then sealed and heated in a furnace.
		Wootz steel was widely exported throughout the region, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel.
	www.mdcbowen.org /obscura/2006/11/wootz.html (224 words)

	Wootz steel
		Wootz is the original crucible steel making technique, discovered in India around 300AD (although some say as early as 200BC).
		Wootz is produced by placing a mixture of wrought iron or iron ore and charcoal in a cruicible with glass, which is then sealed and heated in a furnace with a number of other crucibles.
		Wootz steel was widely exported thoughout the region, and became particularily famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/w/wo/wootz_steel.html (210 words)

	The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades
		The successful reproduction of wootz Damascus blades requires that blades be produced that match the chemical composition, possess the characteristic damascene surface pattern, and possess the same internal microstructure that causes the surface pattern.
		Wootz steel was produced as roughly 2.3 kg ingots, commonly referred to as cakes, that are solidified in a closed crucible.
		Hence, analyses of the seven genuine wootz Damascus steels of Table III are consistent with the theory that low levels of carbide-forming elements, apparently mainly vanadium and to a lesser extent manganese, are essential to the surface-pattern formation of these blades.
	www.tms.org /pubs/journals/JOM/9809/Verhoeven-9809.html (5894 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Wootz is a steel characterized by a pattern of bands or sheets of micro carbides within a tempered martensite or pearlite matrix.
		Wootz steel was widely exported throughout the region, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel after being locally processed.
		Wootz was possibly rediscovered in the mid 19th century by the Russian metallurgist Pavel Petrovich Anosov (see Bulat steel), who refused to reveal the secret of its manufacture other than to write five one-sentence descriptions of different ways in which it could be made.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=wootz_steel (530 words)

	Replication of Wootz
		Wootz is generally manufactured by the forging of a dendritic crucible steel.
		The ingot remains in the forge for a holding period of 7 minutes to ensure that the core of the steel is sufficiently heated.
		It was known that the dendritic (Wootz) steel aligns in clustered sheets of cementite (Verhoeven, Pendray, Berge 1993).
	dark.unitz.ca /~gthomas/myweb4/replication_of_wootz.htm (5057 words)

	SWORDS OF IRON, SWORDS OF STEEL Article by Bruce Blackistone
		The first is the cumulative experience in the making of natural steel by succeeding generations of smiths with their careful attention to the quality of the ore, the quantity of the charcoal, the intensity of the temperature and the length of the burn.
		This produced a quality steel of homogeneous consistency and the method was used for fine steels until the invention of the electric furnace method in the 20th century.
		For the jacket/edge steel, four to seven pounds of square wafers of 100- to 150-point steel are stacked on a spatula-shaped piece, wrapped in rice paper, dipped in a clay slurry, thoroughly coated in rice straw ashes, (all this to prevent oxidation) and faggot welded into a single solid billet.
	www.anvilfire.com /21centbs/armor/atli/swords1.htm (7681 words)

	eBay Guides - wootz, bulat, and damascus steel
		This is because the term "damascus steel" has been used over the years to describe pattern-welded steel, wootz, and practically anything else that showed a pattern on its surface.
		Where normal steels react well to forging at 1800-2200F (orange to bright yellow color) and generally react poorly to forging at 1500-1650 (red to dull orange), wootz would crumble if forged at the higher temperatures and could only be forged effectively in the lower range.
		Wootz on the other hand, was traditionally heated to a dull red, then cooled in a fast-moving stream of air.
	reviews.ebay.com /wootz-bulat-and-damascus-steel_W0QQugidZ10000000002500865 (2179 words)

	Door County Forgeworks - www.doorcountyforgeworks.com
		Among these are the smelting of iron ores, carborization of iron, smelting of various crucible steels and the rediscovery of wootz steel.
		My wootz studies have been ongoing since 1992 and to my knowledge I am the only person who has created wootz by both traditional as well as modern methods.
		I guess the end result is that I have been developing the skills and techniques to make the cutlery I find interesting whether that be a Persian Shamshir in wootz with the famed "kirk and rose pattern on the blade" or a Norwegian laminated blade for your next hunting trip.
	doorcountyforgeworks.com /cutlery.htm (415 words)

	Wootz steel Details, Meaning Wootz steel Article and Explanation Guide
		Wootz is a steel alloy making technique, discovered in India around 300 AD (although some say as early as 200 BC).
		Wootz, a kind of crucible steel, may be produced by placing a mixture of wrought iron or iron ore and charcoal in a crucible with glass, which is then sealed and heated in a furnace with a number of other crucibles.
		Wootz steel was widely exported thoughout the region, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel.
	www.e-paranoids.com /w/wo/wootz_steel.html (216 words)

	Angel Sword's Techno-wootzTM Damascus steel
		And while the visible surface pattern on Techno-Wootz™ Damascus steel is beautiful, the real beauty of this steel is more than skin deep.
		Angel Sword produces Techno-Wootz™ Damascus steel in both hypo- and hyper-eutectoid Wootz, with carbon contents ranging from 0.4 percent to 1.6 percent.
		The legendary status of Wootz steel was not based on looks alone.
	www.angelsword.com /techno_wootz_steel.php (374 words)

	A Steel Glossary with Linked References
		The term Damascus steel can refer to two different types of artifacts, one of which is the true Damascus steel from wootz steel (with the water pattern) and the other is a composite structure.
		The type of impurity elements (especially V and Mn besides C) in the wootz steel is the most decisive element for true Damascus blades.
		The Japanese speciality was the mass production of (impure) steel, which was folded so many times and forge welded again that all the impurities were driven out of the steel and the carbon became as evenly distributed as modern steels we have today.
	www.tf.uni-kiel.de /matwis/amat/def_en/kap_5/advanced/t5_1_5.html (2014 words)

	Wootz (The Palm Leaf)
		The fascinating story about Wootz steel is that, it was exported from India to a global market and was popularly known as Damascus steel.
		Wootz is a form of crucible steel, formed by adding large quantities of carbon to iron.
		Wootz was the western name for high carbon steel from India, derived from the Kannada ukku and Sangam Tamil ekku, meaning crucible steel.
	varnam.org /history/2005/09/wootz.php (528 words)

	Crucible Damascus Steel: A Fascination for Almost 2,000 Years - Entertainment - RedOrbit (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fundamentally, crucible steel is ahomogcneous steel ingot produced by combining lowcarbon iron (wrought iron or bloomery iron) with a high-carbon compound such as cast iron or plant matter in a crucible.
		Although the craftsmen could distinguish bet ween low-carbon steel and high- carbon steel and how much carbonaceous matter they were putting into the crucible, it is unlikely that they could control the carbon content of the crucible charge to such a small degree particularly when one considers that the crucibles themselves often contained carbon.
		Today, alloy steels are used for thousands of applications including planes, skyscrapers, and automobiles, and the discovery of alloy steels was directly a result of the study of crucible Damascus steel.
	www.redorbit.com /news/entertainment/510757/crucible_damascus_steel_a_fascination_for_almost_2000_years/index.html (2818 words)

	Replication experiments
		The earliest recorded inquiry in England into Damascus steel was by Moxon (1677) who reported that Damascus steel was the best type of steel but it was the most difficult to forge and it would red sear (be “hot short”).
		Apparently this notion that wootz produced a Damascus pattern was already accepted in the scientific community as Bréant also discusses wootz and the pattern in a paper published in 1824.
		It is important to realize that Faraday’s connection between wootz and a Damascus pattern was based on his alloying replication experiments, not the examination of imported wootz.
	home.att.net /~moltenmuse/replications.htm (1494 words)

	Roselli Damascus Steel
		The steel itself was produced in India and later became known as Wootz.
		In the early days of steel forging, the pattern-welded steels were produced by forge welding alternating sheets of high- and low-carbon steels Consuiming process was the only way to provide the steel with sufficient hardness.
		However, in a cooperative effort to track down the secret of wootz steel, Roselli now has found a method to display a similar surface pattern on his new steel which is characteristic of Wootz blades.
	www.roselli.fi /1/eng/products/damasti.html (339 words)

	Tutorial on making wootz crucible steel
		Watered steels are often thought of as an impossible material to create and that the recipes are long lost.
		Steel making is not an impossible idea, it just requires a decent furnace to produce melting temperatures.
		Using the 1010 steel as a base metal is doable but remember that alot of it is recycled iron.....so it's alloy content is unknown...
	p222.ezboard.com /fprimalfiresfrm12.showMessage?topicID=20.topic (3132 words)

	Steel - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Steel, today, is made by commentators sitting in giant football stadiums (or "crucibles") in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (once the location for technologically obsolete steel plants run by morally bankrupt ex-tycoons -- who've now turned commentators -- of protected USA).
		The microstructure of steel is a lattice arrangement of iron crystals in haemetite and austentite formations at the core, with martensite-cementite and pearlite formations towards the surface, bound with carbon and it's allotropes in a rhomberdol arrangement that imparts hardness to the structure while giving it the property of slidealliteration upon normalizing or annealing.
		When steel was invented in Vietnam (around the same time it was invented in India, circa 273.15 °C), Vietnam was a province of China.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Steel (1392 words)

	Cleaning Swords Care Maintenance Sword Protection
		The oriental Damascus steel itself was produced not in Damascus, but in India and became known in English literature in the early 19th century as wootz steel.
		Damascus steel is produced from small steel ingot of the correct composition (Fe + 1.5C) is produced in a closed crucible and is then forged to a blade shape.
		Although stainless steel, 420 and 440 series being the most common, is thought by many to be invulnerable to corrosion, this is not true.
	www.historicalweapons.com /swordscare.html (2000 words)

	Nanowerk Spotlight
		Wootz, which are small steel ingots, was widely exported and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel.
		Wootz swords were renowned for their sharpness and toughness and the medieval crusaders, with inferior swords, learned this the hard way when they battled Muslim armies.
		In general, notably during the era of Damascus steel, one could produce an alloy that was hard and brittle at one extreme by adding up to 2% carbon, or soft and malleable at the other, with about 0.5% carbon.
	www.nanowerk.com /spotlight/spotid=1046.php (881 words)

	Historical account of Wootz and damascus blades by Dr. John Verhoeven
		Such steels are now called pattern welded Damascus steel and ref. [9] presents beautiful examples along with the details of how the various patterns are formed by controlling the arrangement and twisting of the various starting elements that are hot forged together.
		The reputation of Damascus steel blades being superior to European blades was probably established prior to the 17th century when European blades were still being made by forge welding of carburized iron.
		Huntsmen's motivation for the development of crucible steel was to overcome the lack of toughness of blister steel, which was made by the carburizing process descended from the old piling process.
	bronksknifeworks.com /historical.htm (1466 words)

	Wootz steel at AllExperts
		Oral tradition in India maintains that a small piece of either white or fl hematite (or old wootz) had to be included in each melt, and that a minimum of these elements must be present in the steel for the proper segregation of the micro carbides to take place.
		Wootz was rediscovered in the mid 19th century by the Russian metallurgist Pavel Petrovich Anosov, who refused to reveal the secret of its manufacture other than to write five one-sentence descriptions of different ways in which it could be made.
		Another method of wootz production, using modern technology, was developed around 1980 by Dr.
	en.allexperts.com /e/w/wo/wootz_steel.htm (506 words)

	WOOTZ STEEL: AN ADVANCED MATERIAL OF THE ANCIENT WORLD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although iron and steel had been used for thousands of years the role of carbon in steel as the dominant element was found only in 1774 by the Swedish chemist Tobern Bergman, and was due to the efforts of Europeans to unravel the mysteries of wootz.
		C (Figure 2) suggesting that Damascus steel could well have exhibited superplastic properties and a patent was awarded for the manufacture of such UHCS.
		The explanation of the superplasticity of the steel is that the typical microstructure of ultra-high carbon steel with the coarse network of pro-eutectoid cementite forming along the grain boundaries of prior austenite (Figure 3 a, b), can lead to a fine uniform distribution of spheroidised cementite particles (0.1
	metalrg.iisc.ernet.in /~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm (3858 words)

	Blade Patterns Intrinsic to Steel Edged Weapons: Wootz Steel (True Damascus) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The steel, which is called wootz, was produced by heating iron ore, charcoal, and vegetable matter in a crucible for a prolonged period of time.
		This would produce a fairly high carbon steel, indeed sufficiently high carbon that special handling was necessary in forging the blade if fractures were to be avoided.
		These patterns are made up of networks of steel showing different metallographic structures (globular cementite in a matrix of pearlite per Maryon (1960)) and extend through the full thickness of the blade.
	www.vikingsword.com /ethsword/pat05.html (290 words)

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