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Topic: Wordie Ice Shelf

	[No title]
		The decrease in sea ice coverage is in contrast to an observed increase in sea ice coverage for the Antarctic as a whole (Cavalieri et al., 1997; Stammerjohn and Smith, 1997).
		Optimum sea ice conditions for Ade'lie penguins no longer exist in the WAP region and populations continue to decline there, whereas in the Ross Sea region, the optimum sea ice and habitat conditions have not yet occurred and populations are increasing.
		The ice edge is near its extreme equatorward (spring) or poleward (autumn) positions when the mean position of the ACL is nearest the Antarctic continent, and conversely, the ACL is on average furthest equator-ward when the sea ice edge is at an intermediate position (van Loon, 1967).
	www.icess.ucsb.edu /lter/biblio/1999/99paleoeco/text (8687 words)

	One Small Ice Shelf Dies, One Giant Iceberg Born
		The new iceberg calved from the Larsen Ice Shelf and measures 78 km x 37 km, (roughly the size of Oxfordshire), and is around 200 m thick.
		An ice shelf is the floating extension of the grounded ice sheet.
		It is composed of freshwater ice that originally fell as snow, either in situ or inland and brought to the ice shelf by glaciers.
	www.meteor.iastate.edu /gccourse/ocean/ross.html (976 words)

	naturalSCIENCE, Volume 1, Article 6, 1997
		Ice shelves gain mass by flow from inland ice, by snow accumulation on the upper surface of the shelf, and in some areas by freezing of seawater onto the lower surface.
		Changes in local climate affect ice shelf mass balance (the accounting between the mass of ice gained and the mass of ice lost by the shelf) and thus, the size of the shelf and the location of its calving front.
		Thus, to the interior of the ice shelf, the ice extending beyond the post-calving shelf front was dynamically equivalent to the sea water that replaced it.
	naturalscience.com /ns/articles/01-06/ns_chl.html (2440 words)

	Histoire Antar/FR/Introduction
		On the other, a gigantic iceberg (that came to be called A25) had been formed over an interval of two weeks by detaching itself from the Larsen Ice Shelf; measuring 78 kilometres long and 27 kilometres wide, with a surface area of 2,400km², the iceberg could be compared to the size of Luxembourg.
		In 1963, an iceberg of 110 kilometres by 70 was observed by satellite in the surrounds of the peninsula; it survived until 1970.
		In 1986, 13,000 km² of ice detached itself from the Filchner Ice Shelf (to the east of the Weddell Sea) carrying away both the abandoned Argentinean scientific station (Belgrano 1) and the Soviet summer base of Druzhnaya.
	www.antarctica.org /UK/Envirn/pag/glaces_UK/oceanes_UK/A25_UK.htm (854 words)

	Climate.org - A Project of the Climate Institute
		The iceberg which broke off from the Larsen ice shelf on the east side of the Peninsula in January is 37 by 77 kilometers and 183 meters thick, the size of Rhode Island or Luxembourg.
		Ice shelves and outlet glaciers, which move seaward on a decadal time scale, are floating extensions of a grounded ice sheet.
		When an ice shelf or an outlet glacier extends far enough seaward to be affected by tides and currents, a tabular or irregular piece breaks off and floats away.
	www.climate.org /pubs/climate_alert/articles/8.3/antarctic.shtml (1640 words)

	Biosphere and Ice Shelf Disintegration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Ice Shelves are extremely large pieces of ice, usually attached or close to land ice sheets that serve as habitat for many species of life.
		Again, ice shelves are the large floating masses of ice surrounding the continent’s grounded ice sheets.
		When the sea ice melts with the onset of summer, the algae, aptly called ice algae, escape into the water, where they are grazed by dense swarms of krill—a type of shrimplike crustacean.
	distance.una.edu /ess/_sphere_sp02/00000071.htm (1239 words)

	GEO_PLATE_G-2.HTML (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		On the east, the Ross Ice Shelf is fed by a series of five major ice streams (Figure G-3.1), A through E (from Drewry, 1983), which drain part of the West Antarctic ice sheet.
		Figure G-2.2 is an oblique aerial photograph of the ice front (floating edge of an ice shelf) along the northwestern margin of the Ross Ice Shelf on October 22, 1961.
		Ice shelves are considered to be the most metastable part of the Antarctic ice sheet in response to variations in global climate (Stuiver et al., 1981), and the ice shelves of the West Antarctic ice sheet are considered to be especially vulnerable (Hughes, 1973, 1975; Mercer, 1978).
	geoinfo.amu.edu.pl /wpk/geos/GEO_9/GEO_PLATE_G-2.HTML (634 words)

	Eugene Linden ANTARCTICA: endangered animals, rapid climate change, global deforestation, fragging
		Entombed in the Antarctic are memories of ice ages, of volcanic eruptions, of epochal changes in winds and rains.
		His hypothesis is that the ice streams are in the process of surging, which involves the rapid transport of ice from the interior toward the Ross Ice Shelf.
		As ice thickens, however, salts become concentrated in the underlying water to the point at which the upper layer of water is as dense as the warmer layer below.
	www.eugenelinden.com /ANTARCTICA.html (2300 words)

	Larsen Ice Shelf Events, 1995
		The small, thin ice shelves that fringe the Antarctic Peninsula are sustained primarily by new snow accumulation (unlike the larger Ross and Ronne-Filchner ice shelves, which are fed mainly by flow from inland ice sheets).
		The ice shelves in question were particularly susceptible, being small fringing shelves at the limit of ice shelf stability for the recent global climate (the Northern Larsen Ice Shelf is the northernmost ice shelf on the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula; the Wordie Ice Shelf was the northernmost on the west side).
		However, a study of the velocity of ice motion over the disintegrated area(7) showed a slight (10 to 15%) increase in ice speed, interpreted as possibly the result of reduced backpressure on the source glaciers from the receding shelf.
	nsidc.org /iceshelves/larsen1995 (1338 words)

	Greenpeace Antarctica Tour 1997
		Researchers point out that the calculated temperature threshold for ice shelf viability had not yet been reached over Larsen-A at the time of its collapse, implying that either the existing temperature maps of the area are inadequate or that the warming trend is stronger than anticipated.
		For instance, Doake and Vaughan [10] analysed the iceberg calving of the Wordie Ice Shelf and confirmed earlier results [11] that ice fracturing was enhanced by increased quantities of melt water, which in turn are a result of persistent warming in the region.
		Warming at the surface may change the temperature structure of the ice shelf by altering the balance of accumulation and melting so that cracks and crevasses are not healed over by the annual accumulation of snow and ice.
	archive.greenpeace.org /comms/climate/polartour/ptscience2.html (956 words)

	CDNN :: Antarctica: Breaking Up Is Not Hard to Do
		The disintegration of much of the Larsen B ice shelf on the peninsula's east side in a mere 5 weeks was "the largest event of its kind" since satellites began to record the ice shelves breaking up 30 years ago, says glaciologist Ted Scambos of the University of Colorado, Boulder.
		The peninsula's ice shelves are miniature versions of two giant ice shelves that fringe the massive West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
		Some scientists, however, argue that the peninsula's ice shelves might be in the warm phase of a natural cycle of melting and freezing.
	www.cdnn.info /news/article/a020830.html (2597 words)

	Disintegration of an Antarctic ice shelf
		Thus weakened, the ice shelf is vulnerable to rapid break-up.
		Ice shelves are platforms of ice that go afloat where mountain glaciers and ice sheets flow from the land onto the ocean.
		The speed of the ice depends on shelf thickness and temperature, and the geometry of the bay walls and islands past which it flows.
	web.pdx.edu /~chulbe/science/Larsen/larsen2002.html (1348 words)

	Climate of Antarctica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by an ice sheet that is, on average, 2.5 kilometres thick.
		Because ice flows, albeit slowly, the ice within the ice sheet is younger than the age of the sheet itself.
		The George VI Ice Shelf, which may be on the brink of instability [2], has probably existed for approximately 8000 years, after melting 1500 years earlier [3].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica (1401 words)

	Workshop Report - Ice Core Drilling in the Americas
		Ice caps and glaciers in the region are rapidly melting and retreating, at a rate that threatens to destroy unique paleoenvironmental records (Hastenrath and Kruss, 1992; Schubert, 1992; Thompson et al., 1993).
		Ice core drilling in the Canadian High Arctic began with the Meighan Ice Cap in 1965, the record from which consisted mainly of superimposed ice due to excessive melt, and which primarily reflected local conditions.
		Ice masses in this section of the Andes are very important to the water resources of the region (especially for agriculture), and hence merit investigation in terms of their response to potential climate change.
	www.geo.umass.edu /climate/iai/iairept.html (7059 words)

	Dr Jezek's Modified Script
		Because the ice sheet is deforming, because it is deforming over a complex bed, and because it's being channeled between mountain-passes in many places, the surface of the ice sheet becomes disrupted and results in long flow patterns being superimposed on the ice sheet surface.
		Snow is dumped on the surface of the ice sheet and for the ice sheet to remain in equilibrium some amount of that snow has to eventually be melted off or calved off into the sea.
		This is the Wordie Ice Shelf on the western flank of the Antarctic Peninsula.
	ku-prism.org /video/Ken/Kenscript.html (5970 words)

	Global Warming FAQ - Is the Earth Getting Warmer?
		The remaining sections of the Larsen Ice Shelf have thinned by 18 m since the collapse.
		The loss of ice is not connected with volcanic activity, according to this article from USA Today: "There is evidence of a volcano under the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
		The Polar Science Center concludes that "the mean ice draft at the end of the melt season has decreased by about 1.3 m in most of the deep water portion of the Arctic Ocean, from 3.1 m in 1958–1976 to 1.8 m in the 1990s...
	www.brighton73.freeserve.co.uk /gw/temperature.htm (3537 words)

	Is a Madhouse Century Knocking at Our Door?
		Melt ponds were also observed over the entire Larsen A ice shelf prior to its breakup, and are observed on the Wilkins and George VI ice shelves, both of which are suspected of currently undergoing slower irreversible retreats.
		While scientists were pondering the fate of the Larsen ice shelf, Science magazine published a report in July 1998 which announced that satellite photos from 1992 to 1996 showed that one of West Antarctica's crucial ice streams, the Pine Island Glacier, is shrinking.
		Unlike the Larsen ice shelf, the Ronne-Filchner is one of the two ice shelves that hold back half of the entire continent's ice-stream drainages.
	www.imaja.com /change/environment/can/journal/madhousecentury.html (2157 words)

	10/05/00 -- Scientists Seek Explanations for Antarctic Icebergs
		That chunk of ice from the north tore through the ship’s hull and doomed 1,503 passengers to a chilling death.
		Ice streams are the vast channels of slow-moving ice traveling from the continent’s center to its edges.
		Although the icebergs, themselves, are unlikely to block the ships, they could cause ice buildup known as ice plates, to form between them and the coast during the next winter season.
	www.climateark.org /articles/2000/4th/crackinu.htm (1117 words)

	Re: Biosphere and Ice Shelf Discussion Area (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Effects of Ice Shelf Disintegration on the Biosphere Global warming has caused large areas of the ice shelves around Antarctica to disintegrate.
		Ice shelves are the large floating masses of ice surrounding the continent’s grounded ice sheets.
		With the reduction of sea ice, the marine ecosystems which are driven by plankton and algae productivity will be allow to prosper.
	distance.una.edu /ess/_sphere_sp02/00000069.htm (714 words)

	Pine Island Glacier speed up (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		From a model stand-point, glaciers such as those draining into the Wordie Ice Shelf are highly controlled by basal and lateral frictions, whereas Pine Island Glacier behaves like a "streamy ice shelf".
		The Wordie glaciers do not seem to "feel" the collapse of the ice shelf, whereas Pine Island Glacier is probably "reacting" to the decay of its buttressing ice shelf (see poster) unless some other processes are at play in the grounding line region.
		Some sectors of the nearly stagnat ice shelf on the eastern side of the main trunk of Pine Island Glacier exhibit the sign of ice front retreat, while the main trunk of the glacier has had an ice front position which varied by +/- 5 km depending on calving events.
	igloo.gsfc.nasa.gov /wais/pastmeetings/abstracts00/Rignot.htm (457 words)

	Global Warming & Climate Change; Environment
		The dramatic break-up occurred in a matter of a mere few days and was the culmination of a steady retreat of the LIS coincident with a regional atmospheric warming trend over the last 40 years.
		The finding suggests that if ice shelves retreat beyond a critical mass balance threshold, they are vulnerable to rapid disintegration.
		This particular incident of ice shelf break-up is only the most recent: the crumbling of the nearby Wordie Ice Shelf was reported in 1991 (Doake and Vaughan [1991] Nature 350 328-330) and others have documented the retreat of ice fronts on both sides of the peninsula.
	www.nutramed.com /environment/globalwarming.htm (1404 words)

	Our Changing Planet FY 1996 - Highlights Of Recent Research: New Evidence On Human Activities And Climate
		The ice shelf in the Prince Gustav channel spanned approximately 270 square miles prior to its disintegration.
		The iceberg broken from the Larsen ice shelf is roughly 1,150 square miles in size (the size of Rhode Island), and approximately 656 feet thick.
		BAS scientists also stated that the Wordie ice shelf on the west coast of the Antarctic peninsula also recently disintegrated.
	www.gcrio.org /ocp96/hiliteb6.html (925 words)

	Long piece about antarctic ice and climate change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A new embayment is occurring along the seaward edge of the part of the ice shelf where melt ponding is most commonly observed.
		The ice on East Antarctica is estimated to be between 11 and 17 million years old In the west, it's mostly less than 600,000 years old.
		If the model is correct, the ice shelf will continue to crumble rapidly beginning early (in 1999)." "The warming trend appears to be related to a reduction in sea ice," said Ted Scambos, a research associate at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences.
	ces.iisc.ernet.in /hpg/envis/doc98html/globalcll1119.html (2467 words)

	newsnote
		Rignot says his inferred rate of ice thinning could be evidence of excess basal melting caused by an increase of only 0.1º Celsius in ocean temperature.
		At least two ice shelves on the continent have retreated recently — the Wordie Ice Shelf and the Larsen Ice Shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula at the northwest end of Antarctica.
		And unlike the Larsen Ice Shelf, warm air temperature does not factor into the melting of the Pine Island Glacier.
	www.geotimes.org /oct98/newsnotes.html (4854 words)

	DERIVATION OF GLACIAL CATCHMENTS OF THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA
		During the last decades significant changes of ice shelf extension were discovered in the vicinity of the Antarctic peninsula (Vaughan 1996, Doake 1991, Skvarca 1993).
		The reason for the disapearence of Wordie Ice Shelf and the northern Larsen Ice Shelf might be a slight increase of air and sea temperature.
		The area covered by sea ice appears in ‘broad’ fringes due to the flatness whereas numerous fringes represent the coastal area.
	earth.esa.int /ers/symposia/ers97/papers/wunderle2 (1408 words)

	East of the Sun, West of the Moon: Glaciers Racing To The Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Since the publication of Ocean's End, the far larger Larsen-B Ice Shelf collapsed in 2002.
		Now a flurry of papers are indicating that the glaciers that fed the ice shelf are accelerating into the ocean.
		Glacier acceleration and thinning after ice shelf collapse in the Larsen B embayment, Antarctica
	www.namamalo.org /weblog/2004/09/glaciers-racing-to-sea.html (552 words)

	USGS Fact Sheet 2005-3055: Coastal-Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctic
		The potential sea-level rise after melting of the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be 73 m.
		In spite of its importance, the mass balance (the net volumetric gain or loss) of the Antarctic ice sheet is poorly known; it is not known whether the ice sheet is growing or shrinking.
		Coastal change has been most pronounced on the Antarctic Peninsula in the last few decades, where the Wordie Ice Shelf has practically disappeared, the northern part of the Larsen Ice Shelf has disintegrated, and other ice shelves are also changing.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/2005/3055 (314 words)

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