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Topic: Work hardening

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Cold work

Shot peening

Plastic deformation

Forge

Metallurgy

Heat treatment

Blacksmith

Yield strength

Extrusion

Annealing

Martensite

Metal Fatigue

Toughness

Hardness

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	Stainless Steel - Fabrication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Because of the materials' high strength and very high work hardening rate all of these operations require more force than for carbon steels, so a heavier machine may be needed, and more allowance may need to be made for spring-back.
		Ferritic stainless steels (such as Grade 430) are similar to austenitic grades in that they can only be hardened by cold working, but their work hardening rates are low, and a substantial lift in strength cannot be achieved.
		This is due to the fact that the surface of larger sections rapidly work hardens to the extent that further work is not practical, while the centre of the section is still comparatively soft.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?Articleid=1178 (2666 words)

	Work hardening - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Work hardening, or strain hardening, is an increase in mechanical strength due to plastic deformation.
		A material's work hardenability can be predicted by analyzing a stress-strain curve, or studied in context by performing a hardness test before and after the proposed cold work process.
		Work hardening occurs as a consequence of plastic deformation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Work_hardening (1320 words)

	Return to Work Review - October/November 2000 \| Rehab Management
		Rehabilitation facility-based work hardening should be considered for the worker who has been off the job for an extended period of time, who requires considerable functional strengthening, or who requires a work adjustment period.
		Ideally, on-site work hardening is a short-term service that concludes with a recommendation to the physician for release to full duty work when capability is demonstrated by the worker.
		As with on-site work hardening, a clearly defined progression of increased time spent at work and decreased time in rehabilitation is suggested for worker independence.
	www.rehabpub.com /features/10112000/2.asp (1994 words)

	Guest Journal Articles
		Work hardening and work conditioning programs evolved in the late 1970s" in an effort to minimize the economic and human costs of work related injuries.
		Subjects in the work hardening and work conditioning programs ranged from 2 days postinjury to "years of back pain." Eight of the programs were directed toward individuals who had been injured for at least 1 year, whereas four of the programs were begun early in the recovery process (<2 months after injury).
		Work simulation, in most studies, appeared to be based on the patient*s abilities and job demands, addressing lifting demands as well as position tolerance and repetitive motions.
	www.oakes.org /work_hardening.htm (8820 words)

	Work Hardening
		When work hardening occurs, the hardness of the material increases considerably as the material is deformed.
		Work hardening is the process of loading mild steel beyond its yield point and unloading as shown in Figure 9.
		The negative aspect of work hardening is some loss in ductility of the material.
	www.shodor.org /~jingersoll/weave/tutorial/node11.html (242 words)

	Services - HealthStar Group, Inc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Work Hardening is the comprehensive treatment program addressing the physical, psychological and social aspect of an injured worker’s ability to work.
		Work Hardening occurs in a highly structured environment with an emphasis placed on real and simulated work, cardiovascular conditioning, general strength and flexibility, training tool and job modification, relevant psychosocial issues and education based on wellness principle.
		Based upon physician referral, the work hardening program is developed and implemented by a licensed physical therapist, physical therapist assistants, psychologist, vocation specialist and exercise assistants.
	www.webizus.com /healthstar/hardening.html (170 words)

	THE pt GROUP Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy
		Work Recovery Centers are dedicated to being a part of the solution to today's workers' compensation dilemma through the delivery of cost-effective services stressing outcome/goal-oriented programming, working toward the ultimate goal of case resolution.
		Recommendations may be to return-to-work, begin a work hardening program, lifestyle health counseling (to address the behavioral aspect identified during the examination), or many others depending on the results of the examination.
		If a client is released to return to work in a modified/limited duty fashion, a dove-tailed work hardening program may aid the individual in gaining the ability to return to full duty status.
	www.theptgroup.com /Services/WRC/wrc.htm (1361 words)

	Work Hardening & Conditioning by Houston Chiropractor Dr. Darin Mitchell, DC
		Work Hardening programs address the functional, physical, behavioral, and vocational needs of the injured worker.
		Work Hardening provides a transition between management of the initial injury and return to work while addressing the issues of productivity, safety, physical tolerances, and work behaviors.
		Work Hardening programs use real or simulated work activities in a relevant work environment in conjunction with physical conditioning tasks.
	www.rehabspinedoc.com /workhardening.html (118 words)

	Evaluating Patients for Return to Work - February 15, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians
		When the injury or illness has received appropriate medical treatment and the patient's return to work is being considered, the physician must reach an understanding of the requirements and demands of the patient's job.
		Work conditioning involves progressive one- to two-hour sessions employing work-simulated tasks to improve strength and endurance.
		Finally, an aggressive work hardening program may be required to return a select few patients to full duty.
	www.aafp.org /afp/990215ap/844.html (2219 words)

	Community Memorial Hospital \| Services \| Rehabilitation Services \| Work Hardening
		Work Hardening is an interdisciplinary, outcomes-focused and individualized program, which addresses the medical, psychological, behavioral, physical, functional and vocational components of employability and return to work.
		Work Hardening bridges the gap between initial acute injury management and return to work.
		In Work Hardening, we are focusing on your endurance for these activities, as well as on progressing you to your maximum ability in each area.
	www.communitymemorial.com /services/rehab/hardening.cfm (844 words)

	Why Does Work Hardening Occur?? - BladeForums.com: The Leading Edge of Knife Discussion
		I was told by a silversmith that work hardening is the result of the hammer blows creating some degree of molecular or crystal order in the metal as it is pushed around.
		Work hardening when drilling has nothing to do with heating and cooling.In fact when the piece and drill get hot it's because the metal has already been hardened and it's no longer cutting.
		Work or strain hardening, as has already been said, is the result of plastic deformation due to slip.
	www.bladeforums.com /forums/showthread.php?t=271787 (2575 words)

	Work Hardening Frequently Asked Questions
		Work Hardening programs, which are interdisciplinary in nature, use real or simulated work activities designed to restore physical, behavioral, and vocational functions.
		The work hardening program incorporates a gradual return to work and the physical demands of the job are known.
		Work with the work hardening team to facilitate a transition to work if appropriate at the completion of the program.
	www.lni.wa.gov /Main/MostAskedQuestions/ClaimsIns/WorkHardFaq.asp (841 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Work hardening
		At low temperature, these defects do not anneal out of the material, but build up as the material is worked, interfering with one another's motion and thereby increasing strength and resulting in cold work.
		An example of work hardening happens when a piece of metal is bent back and forth.
		Often, cold work is carried out by the same process that shapes the metal into its final form, including cold rolling (contrast hot rolling) and cold drawing.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Work_hardening (463 words)

	Ministry Health Care (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Work Hardening is a concept that was developed to bridge the gap between the acute stage of an illness and eventual return to work.
		Work hardening clients have sometimes been off work for weeks, months or even years.
		The work hardening environment is structured to gradually increase the worker's productivity while managing related symptoms.
	www.ministryhealth.org /display/PPF/DocID/13855/router.aspx (444 words)

	Services - HealthStar Group, Inc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Work Hardening is a highly structured, goal-oriented, individualized treatment program designed to maximize the ability of the person to return to work.
		Work hardening provides a transition between injury and return to work while addressing issues of productivity, safety, physical tolerances, and work behaviors.
		Work hardening can be prescribed anytime after the injury is over 8 weeks old.
	www.webizus.com /healthstar/questions-hardening.html (323 words)

	welding
		Work hardening weld metals have a relatively low as-welded hardness, however they rapidly harden subjected to mechanical loads such as impacts.
		MN21 is generally used for the reclamation and surfacing of Hadfield steels, plant for moving heavy aggregates/quarry stone and crusher cones.
		The weld metal work hardens and can be used as a base for other hardfacing products.
	www.corewire.com /WorkHardeningAlloys.asp (206 words)

	Fit To Work Page 6
		For work hardening, you may want to train in the boots you will wear on the job.
		Work hardening is a gradual progression of work-specific activities designed to bring you to the job ready to deliver a good day's work.
		Work hardening ensures that the body structures used on the job are tough and ready to go.
	www.fs.fed.us /fire/safety/fitness/fit_work/fit_pg6.html (369 words)

	Work Hardening Strategies: Feasibility for Competitive Employment
		Work Capacity Evaluation uses the formally defined concept of feasibility that is presented here as the primary context within which all Work Capacity Evaluation efforts take place.
		In this case consider the client’s demonstrated dedication to work and his or her role as a worker.
		The Work Capacity Evaluation process is conducted within the context of feasibility because this context insures a safe evaluation that results in valid recommendations.
	www.epicrehab.com /Abstracts/fec_instructions.html (3354 words)

	Work Hardening Programs
		Work hardening is a highly specialized rehabilitation program that spans the transition from traditional rehabilitation therapies to return to work by simulating workplace activities and surroundings in a monitored environment.
		The goal is to create an environment in which returning workers can rebuild psychological self-confidence and physical reconditioning by replicating their work routine.
		Work hardening programs are considered not medically necessary, as they are for the purpose of conditioning for a return to work and not for the treatment of a medical condition.
	www.regence.com /trgmedpol/alliedHealth/ah03.html (258 words)

	Copper and Aluminum Wire
		The first is to work harden it by deforming the metal.
		The second is precipitation hardening where you heat the alloy to allow the different elements to internally react and form a second reinforcing phase in the material.
		Copper and its alloys are generally hardened by work hardening since this induces dislocations to form.
	www.evergreengardenworks.com /copperwi2.htm (1614 words)

	APTA \| Guidelines: Occupational Health Physical Therapy: Work Conditioning And Work Hardening Programs BOD G03-01-17-58
		Work Conditioning Examination and Evaluation: Examination by history, systems review, and selected tests and measures required to identify the patient/client's individual work-related, systemic, neuromusculoskeletal restoration needs. Evaluation of examination data shall be used to identify eligibility, design a plan of care, monitor progress and plan for discharge and return to work.
		Work Hardening: a highly structured, goal-oriented, individualized intervention program designed to return the patient/client to work. Work Hardening programs, which are multidisciplinary in nature, use real or simulated work activities designed to restore physical, behavioral, and vocational functions.
		The Work Hardening providers shall document all examination and evaluations, services provided, patient/client progress, and discharge plans. Information shall be available with appropriate authorization to the patient/client, employer, other professional providers, insurance carriers, and any referral source.
	www.apta.org /AM/PrinterTemplate.cfm?Section=Policies_and_Bylaws&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=26229 (1611 words)

	Heat Treating Steel - Hardening and Tempering
		Hardening methods vary mostly in the quenchant used depending on the type of steel and the section of the part (how heavy).
		Hardening: The ability to be hardened varies with the carbon and alloy content of steel.
		To harden an item after all work is done I place the piece in a kiln and bring it up to Temp app 650°F and let sit for 6-7 hrs and cool down.
	www.anvilfire.com /FAQs/heattreating.htm (4740 words)

	Work Hardening Fee Schedule
		Work hardening programs are authorized for up to 4 weeks.
		Work conditioning is paid according to the rules for outpatient physical and occupational therapy.
		"Work conditioning" programs may be used to bridge a gap between acute outpatient therapy and a structured work hardening program or return-to-work.
	www.lni.wa.gov /ClaimsIns/Providers/Manage/RTW/WorkHard/feeSchedule.asp (802 words)

	Metal and Metallurgy engineering - Aluminum Work Hardening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Work hardening, more properly called strain hardening, occurs when a material is plastically deformed, i.e., when stresses beyond the yield strength cause dislocation motion.
		Since you believe that no work hardening occurs via break-in nor that age hardening occurs after receipt of the mast, (and also disbelieve my idea that ‘break-in’ is getting rid of slack in the mast connections), you believe that ‘break-in’ is nonsense.
		The work hardening would occur during while the tension side of the mast is stretching on its way to failure.
	www.eng-tips.com /viewthread.cfm?qid=41760 (6789 words)

	VALPAR COMPONENT WORK SAMPLE #8 Simulated Assembly
		The work sample elicits information on several work-related characteristics, including, among others, the evaluee's ability to follow instructions; and his or her stamina, self-confidence, and motivation.
		The evaluee is positioned in front of the work sample, and, as the assembly wheel turns at a constant speed, he or she makes as many three-part assembly operations as possible within the 20 minute time limit.
		The front of the work sample is divided into two work trays which contain 12 assembly pins and 12 each white and fl assembly parts.
	www.valparint.com /ws8.htm (521 words)

	Work (Strain) Hardening
		Work hardening is when a metal is strained beyond the yield point.
		The gradient of the straight part of the line is known as the strain hardening coefficient or work hardening coefficient, and is closely related to the shear modulus (about proportional).
		Prior work hardening (cold working) causes the treated material to have an apparently higher yield stress.
	www.tpub.com /doematerialsci/materialscience59.htm (312 words)

	Workers Choice Health Services Inc.
		Work hardening is the advanced active physical rehabilitation program for patients that are ready for a more aggressive exercise and work simulation program.
		Work simulation is used to recreate the client's job by simulating activities, postures, and conditions associated with his/her duties.
		The Work Hardening Program uses a multidisciplinary approach which incorporates a PT, OT, exercise physiologist and an ATC who designs a program that is specific to the workers needs.
	www.workerschoice.com /wvprograms.html (189 words)

	Steels - Work Hardening of Engineering Steels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Resistance to continuing plastic flow as a metal is worked is termed 'work hardening'.
		Work hardening improves tensile strength, yield strength and hardness at the expense of reduced ductility (see Table 1).
		The effect of heat treatment and work hardening on the properties of carbon steels.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=295 (284 words)

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