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	Working time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The industrial revolution made it easier to find work year-round, since this labor was not tied to the season, and artificial lighting made work possible for the greater part of the day.
		Peasants, often manipulated into positions of debt and disadvantage by individuals of higher social class, moved from the farms to the factories to work at labor that was tedious and dangerous, for long periods of time.
		This 19th Century work schedule was the most intense work effort in the history of labor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Working_week (1634 words)

	Working Hours of Women in Factories
		She used to work overtime only one or two weeks in a month, but since another publication has been undertaken, overtime is constant." She was planning to go back to work as soon as the cough was "a little better." The family were dependent upon her wages.
		Work began at eight o'clock; at noon the girls took their usual half hour for lunch; when evening came they were given only a few minutes for supper, hastily eaten while sewing.
		The girl whose work was "knocking up for the Dexter" (stooping down and taking the leaves from the folding machine at a rate of speed entirely beyond her control) tired out by the long day, told the forelady that she could not work overtime the next day.
	tenant.net /Community/LES/hours10.html (5491 words)

	EU working time directive - EUbusiness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Working time is one of the most important areas of employment where the EU has intervened through legislation to improve employment conditions.
		The 1993 Working Time Directive (WTD) on aspects of the organisation of working time was a breakthrough which changed employment law and set a maximum 48-hour working week.
		The 1993 Directive defines working time as "any period during which the worker is working, at the employer's disposal and carrying out his activities or duties, in accordance with national laws and/or practice”.
	www.eubusiness.com /guides/working-time-directive (910 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Wo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Marx showed that the struggle over the working day is the essence of the struggle between the working class and the bourgeoisie.
		The average working week in developed industrialised countries is now increasing and in some countries approaching 50 hours for those workers in full-time employment.
		Despite this, working hours are getting longer, and this fact is a measure of the advantage the bourgeoisie has gained from the adoption of Toyotist methods of industrial management.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/w/o.htm (1218 words)

	‘Ordinary’ working week includes Saturday and Sunday (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The implication is that the organizations involved may be routinely asking staff to work Saturdays and/or Sundays as part of their normal working arrangements.
		Working days that used to be regarded as being outside normal working hours used to attract a premium payment - even when allowed for in awards.
		But the report concludes that the 'weekend' provisions in agreements mean that the normal working week has effectively been redefined.
	www.hrmguide.net /australia/relations/weekend_work.htm (397 words)

	Women's working week is getting longer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The proportion of those who work more than forty eight hours a week has increased from one in ten to one in four during the past five years while the average woman's working week is half a day longer.
		The working week for women has increased by three and half hours to 33.9, reflecting the growing number of women working as managers or in professional jobs where hours are longer.
		Most people who worked long hours were likely to go to work even if they were unwell, and two-thirds had gone to the office on public holidays in the past year.
	www.management-issues.com /display_page.asp?section=research&id=928 (629 words)

	35-hour working week law adopted
		A new statutory working week in 2000 and 2002
		Companies which reduce the length of working time before the deadlines for the implementation of the 35-hour working week (2000 and 2002) through application of a collective agreement and which, as a trade-off, recruit new staff (the "offensive" section of the law) or save jobs (the "defensive" section) will receive an "incentive" grant.
		Although the law takes a working week as its basis, it nonetheless varies the means by which the number of hours can be reduced, in particular by calculating the number of hours worked over a year or even longer.
	www.eiro.eurofound.ie /1998/06/Feature/FR9806113F.html (3638 words)

	Mail & Guardian Online: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Asians work harder than just about anyone else on Earth, but their societies and economies are being transformed as many nations shift to a five-day working week and citizens discover the weekend.
		"Working times are still very high, but there is a trend towards declining working hours," the report's author Gyorgy Sziraczki said, welcoming the change, which he said allows for more family time and weekend activities.
		Song said that the drive to create a five-day working week is also aimed at addressing the problem of ageing populations in Asia's richer nations, by making life more family friendly.
	mg.co.za /articlePage.aspx?articleid=252065&area=/insight/... (847 words)

	Labour Law News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		It means that on some days hours of work may be extended to 10, to reach an average of 42 hours a week.
		It means that pregnant women will leave their work place by two hours earlier than their colleagues on days when working time is prolonged to 10 hours.
		In the case of the so called equivalent hours of work it may be possible to prolong hours of work even to 12 a day under the condition that in a calculation period of one month people cannot work longer than 42 (respectively 41 and 40) hours a week.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/dialogue/govlab/ll/ioll/pol_mar01.htm (706 words)

	GN Online: Six-day working week - Comment: A virtuous circle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Increasingly doctors and sociologists point to the fact that the majority of people working in the UAE and elsewhere in the Gulf are forced to work a six-day week and as a consequence are unable to recharge their body's battery sufficiently on the one day a week they are away from their work.
		The six-day working week is traditional in the Gulf region.
		There are numerous studies which clearly show that people who work 40 hours a week or less, combined with a two-day weekend are not only more effective and productive employees, they are also likely to be more loyal to a company.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/print.asp?ArticleID=12803 (418 words)

	Réduction du Temps de Travail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Efforts to reduce the working week - a major instrument in stimulating the growth of jobs - have been both fixed and variable.
		The shorter working week has substantially reduced job insecurity by making it possible for workers to move from temporary or fixed term contracts to permanent posts, and by encouraging voluntary part-time work.
		The guarantee was designed to prevent a fall in the real incomes of employees on the minimum wage whose working hours had been reduced, and in the long term to increase their purchasing power.
	www.35h.travail.gouv.fr /texteang.htm (1534 words)

	How the French brought the working week down to 35 hours [Free Republic] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		PARIS, Oct 5 (AFP) - The length of the standard working week, due to be discussed by the French parliament for two weeks beginning Tuesday, has been reduced by more than half since the last century.
		The reduction in the number of hours worked weekly has been accompanied by a gradual increase in the amount of paid holiday granted to employees.
		1848: The working week is set at 84 hours, with a maximum of 12 hours a day for workers in factories and mechanised workshops.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a37fa8e0c7b78.htm (781 words)

	EMIRE: NETHERLANDS - WORKING WEEK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Nowadays, average working hours in the Netherlands are between 36 and 40 hours a week (see working time/hours of work).
		For most employees weekly working hours are fixed by collective agreement and may vary in individual industries and enterprises.
		The normal working week for the majority of employees runs from Monday to Friday (since the introduction in 1961 of a day off on Saturdays and the compulsory Sunday rest).
	www.eurofound.eu.int /emire/NETHERLANDS/WORKINGWEEK-NL.html (199 words)

	BW Online \| May 31, 2004 \| Working...And Poor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		There's also the fact that about one-third work only part-time, and more than a third are 18- to 25-year-olds, who may still live at home but may eventually work their way up the ladder.
		In addition, there's little sustained outcry from the working poor themselves, who often are overwhelmed by their personal difficulties and politically disengaged.
		Over 26 years, she worked her way up to $17.90 an hour as a cashier at Ralph's Grocery Co. (KR) store in the posh California enclave of Indian Wells.
	www.businessweek.com /magazine/content/04_22/b3885001_mz001.htm (3667 words)

	Working time developments - 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Normal weekly working hours figures are also problematic in terms of comparing working time between countries as they do not take matters such as overtime or the length of annual and other forms of leave into account.
		Usual hours worked are in all countries higher than the average normal collectively agreed working week, with the exception of Finland, where they are equal.
		The agreed annual normal working hours in these countries (and especially Slovakia) are higher than in any EU Member State or Norway (though in both cases the statutory annual leave figure is used here, due to an absence of figures on agreed leave), though not that much higher than countries such as Greece and Ireland.
	www.eiro.eurofound.eu.int /2003/03/Update/TN0303103U.html (6268 words)

	TIME Europe Magazine: Not Working -- Aug. 02, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Working fewer hours, it argued, would require more workers to complete a task.
		Last week, an overwhelming majority of the 820 employees of auto-parts maker Robert Bosch who work at a Bosch factory near Lyons voted to give up their 35-hour week in return for a guarantee that their jobs would not be moved to Eastern Europe.
		And while French unions and employers bitterly disagree about the job impact of the official 35-hour week, there's some evidence to suggest that at least the law hasn't harmed employment levels; there are an estimated 24.1 million jobs today vs. 23.1 million in 2000.
	time.com /time/europe/magazine/article/0,13005,901040802-672584,00.html (1467 words)

	Halfbakery: 4 day working week
		The result would be you would get paid for 3 days, but would have to work late (which you wouldn't get paid for) all 3 days to get the work done.
		If our working hours are 35 and we have on half an hour for lunch (legal requirement), that's 37.5.
		You know I had this idea a number of years ago when I worked in apticular job,it made blinding SENSE a 3 DAY WEEk, split te work among the many,lighten the load pay the same lots more timeoff to enjoy life.
	www.halfbakery.com /lr/idea/4_20day_20working_20week (585 words)

	ipedia.com: Friday Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In most areas with a five-day working week, Friday is the last workday before the week...
		works which give detailed account, in alphabetical order, of whole field of human knowledge, or of some particular section in it.
		In most areas with a five-day working week, Friday is the last workday before the weekend and is therefore viewed as a cause for celebration or relief, leading to the expression TGIF, an acronym for Thank God It's Friday.
	www.ipedia.com /friday.html (296 words)

	BBC News \| Europe \| French working week decision due (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The French National Assembly is due to vote on legislation reducing the working week from the present 39 hours to 35 after reaching a compromise approved by both left and right.
		Annualisation is the calculation of work hours over an entire year, allowing for longer or shorter weekly hours depending on fluctuations in business activity.
		The working week debate began amid a campaign by the jobless for higher benefits, when unemployed workers and their supporters staged sit-ins at welfare agencies, city halls and universities.
	news.bbc.co.uk /low/english/world/europe/newsid_55000/55282.stm (353 words)

	The Working Week. Spoken Business English with a Lexical Approach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Given these premises, it is natural that The Working Week presents a situational and functional syllabus where communicative ability and fluency are given prominence over grammar.
		Those combined skills that are needed at work (such as reading while listening, taking notes while listening, listening and then making a note, writing a summary or letter after a discussion) are extensively practiced.
		The cassette that accompanies The Working Week offers a series of recordings that present realistic language at natural speed and with different accents, thus providing learners with authentic practice of language as it is used in real business outside the classroom.
	www-writing.berkeley.edu /TESL-EJ/ej16/r6.html (1713 words)

	NBER Publications
		Nearly 700 NBER Working Papers are published each year, and many subsequently appear in scholarly journals.
		Working papers are also available individually for $5.00 per copy in electronic form or $10.00 each in hard copy.
		Working papers may also be ordered by telephone (617-868-3900), by fax (617-349-3955) or by email to orders@nber.org
	www.nber.org /pubs.html (501 words)

	EMIRE: GERMANY - WORKING WEEK
		In principle, with maximum working hours of eight hours daily and six working days, the working week amounts to 48 hours.
		In practice, this working week as permitted under the various regulations on working hours is less relevant than the working week as regulated by collective agreement.
		In almost all areas of the public and private sectors, working hours have already been reduced by collective agreement to less than a 40-hour week.
	www.eurofound.eu.int /emire/GERMANY/WORKINGWEEK-DE.html (115 words)

	IWW - B&R No Time To Lose (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		At PandO Roadtanks drivers working on petrol deliveries for supermarkets work a six day rolling wee, there are no premia for Saturdays or Sundays and workers are encouraged to work 15 hour days when needed.
		The 35 hour week has become a reality for a relatively small number of workers while many others are working well over 40 hours.
		We should not be surprised that trade unionism has failed to mount a sustained, co-ordinated and organised campaign for a reduction in the working week.
	www.iww.org.uk /br/br2shorter.html (1161 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| Q&A: French working hours (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The 35-hour week will not be abolished, but employers will be allowed to offer extra hours at a higher rate of pay.
		Critics of the 35-hour week said it was a barrier to greater prosperity, faster economic growth and fuller employment.
		There also is pressure from the private sector with companies complaining that the limits on overtime and the working week make them uncompetitive.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/business/4225243.stm (515 words)

	Press Gazette - Journalism matters. Every week.
		Gaylan says he and Mohammed, my driver, were 100 yards from a suicide bomb here last week but were protected by the concrete barriers.
		It just means there hasn't been a suicide bombing for a few days or the kidnapping of a foreigner for a few weeks.
		Rather to my joy it turns out that journalists who devoted weeks to getting places in court — behind a bulletproof glass barrier — are the only ones who couldn't hear what was happening in court because the sound equipment didn't work.
	www.pressgazette.co.uk /?t=workingweek (1215 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Working week
		The Employment Equality - Sexual Orientation - Regulations 2003 which came into force this week will for the very first time protect lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered workers against being treated less favourably than their colleagues.
		A survey of more than 28,000 workers found that one in three employees are stashing away spare cash to leave their jobs and go travelling.
		The new study reveals that only 5% of those interviewed believe in working all hours to advance their careers, while a staggering 66% would rather have a better work/life balance.
	www.guardian.co.uk /guardian_jobs_and_money/story/0,3605,1100715,00.html (234 words)

	A shorter working week
		Bill Kelty is working on a 35-hour week campaign to present to the ACTU congress this year.
		The ALP plan is for a shorter working week for less pay -- like the situation in Tasmania, where teachers can work on 80% pay to get a year off every five years.
		Even after the victory of union campaigns for a shorter working week with no loss in pay in Germany and France, employers sought to maximise their capital investment by intensifying the pace of work.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/1997/260/260p3c.htm (848 words)

	GN Online: Six-day working week : Keynotes
		* The six-day working week is commonplace in the UAE and elsewhere in the Gulf region.
		A maximum 48-hour working week is enshrined in the country's Labour Law but increasingly doubts are being expressed about whether such long working weeks benefit either employer or employee.
		* Working a six-day week means that many employees are unable to rest properly on their one day off.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/print.asp?ArticleID=12801 (246 words)

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