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Topic: Workers Uprising of 1953 in East Germany

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	East Germany - MSN Encarta
		East Germany, common name of a former republic of central Europe, bordered on the north by the Baltic Sea, on the east by Poland, on the south by the Czech Republic, and on the south and west by the former West Germany.
		East Germany occupied the areas which are now the German states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony (Sachsen), Saxony-Anhalt, and Thüringen.
		In the 1950s East Germany's relations with capitalist West Germany became strained after West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer claimed that all Germans were one nation and insisted on dealing with the Socialist Unity Party rather than with the East German government.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553194/Germany_East.html (803 words)

	Wikinfo \| East Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic (GDR), German Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), was a totalitarian [1] Marxist-Leninist government imposed by fiat on the Soviet Zone of occupied Germany by the Soviet Union which, together with the democratic state of West Germany, existed from 1949 to 1990 in Germany.
		East Germany was heavily under the influence of the Soviet Union, becoming a Stalinist-style socialist country, and part of the Warsaw Pact.
		Many who had come to East Germany as anti-fascists who were opposed to the quick reinstatement of Nazi functionaries and industry in the west found themselves captives of a dogmatic and economically weak state which, alone, was forced to pay reparations to the Soviet Union.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=East_Germany (1224 words)

	German Democratic Republic - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Berlin on October 7, 1949 in the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany, following the proclamation in May 1949 of the Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany") in the zones of Germany formerly occupied by the United States, Britain and France.
		East Germany was a member of the Warsaw Pact.
		East Germany adopted a socialist republic and became part of the Warsaw Pact, while West Germany became a liberal parliamentary republic and part of NATO.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/GDR (4229 words)

	East Germany - Introduction
		East Germany is also important to the Soviet Union because it acts as a conduit between the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) and the European Economic Community (EEC).
		The spontaneous uprising in 1953 against communist rule in East Germany confined itself to the most important industrial centers and did not grip the country in the way that rebellions or reform movements in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, or Poland were able to do.
		East German economic performance, partially due to the special relationship it enjoys with the Bonn government but primarily due to indigenous factors, increased East Germany's clout within the Soviet alliance.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-5026.html (2671 words)

	sociology - East Germany
		East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR), German Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), was a socialist country that existed from 1949 to 1990.
		Thus, on October 3 1990 the East German population was the first from the Eastern Bloc to join the European Union as a part of the reunified Federal Republic of Germany.
		East German economists and planners were well aware of the alleged strengths and weaknesses of their system of planned economy.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/East_Germany (4451 words)

	Berlin, Germany
		East Germany chose Berlin (in practice, East Berlin) as its capital when the country was formed from the Soviet occupation zone in October 1949; however, this was rejected by the western allies, who continued to regard Berlin as an occupied city that was not legally part of any German state.
		West Germany, formed on 23 May 1949 from the American, British, and French zones, had its seat of government in Bonn, although Berlin was symbolically named as the German capital in the West German Basic Law (Grundgesetz).
		On 13 August 1961 the Berlin Wall was constructed, physically separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany, as a response to massive numbers of East German citizens fleeing into West Berlin as a way to escape to the west.
	www.creekin.net /c308-n71-berlin-germany.html (3190 words)

	East Germany : GDR
		East Germany, formally known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (German Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)), was a Communist satellite state of the former Soviet Union which, together with West Germany, existed from 1949 to 1990 in Germany.
		Before the 1970's, the official position of West Germany was that of the Wallenstein Doctrine[?] which involved non recognition of East Germany.
		Thus, on October 3th 1990 the East German population was the first from the Eastern Bloc to join the European Union as a part of the reunified Federal Republic of Germany.
	www.fastload.org /gd/GDR.html (980 words)

	The 1953 revolt in East Germany: violence and betrayal Anthony Glees - openDemocracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The uprising in East Germany (the German Democratic Republic) in June 1953 — brutally suppressed by the communist authorities with 170 executions for political crimes, 123 for other ‘crimes’, connected to the protests, in addition to the scores of victims shot down in the street — is a case in point.
		By 1953, West Germany was part of the European Coal and Steel Community (precursor of the European Economic Community and, ultimately, the European Union), and keen to join a western defence alliance; meanwhile, the Wirtschaftswunder or economic miracle was steadily increasing the prosperity of ordinary people.
		The East German revolt of June 1953 was the first uprising by working people against communism since the very early days of the system, and it opened a period which witnessed other mass protests in Poznan, Budapest, Prague, and elsewhere.
	www.opendemocracy.net /themes/article-3-1325.jsp (1399 words)

	1953: The East German uprising \| libcom.org
		The 1953 East Germany rebellion was an earlier example of the working class resistance to Bolshevik domination, which saw party bureaucrats and cops strung up and a nationwide network of workers councils springing up spontaneously.
		The resistance soon spread; all over East Germany workers formed factory and strike committees characteristic of workers councils – in virtually every town and city a general strike was proclaimed.
		The workers were beginning to take power into their own hands and this was the signal for the Russian tanks to roll into East Germany.
	libcom.org /history/1953-the-east-german-uprising (425 words)

	Socialist history: East Germany 1953
		But in East Germany, as in the rest of the Eastern Bloc, a small bureaucracy, remote from the working class, arbitrary in its decisions and dictatorial in all respects, ran this plan to maintain their own privileges.
		Despite the enormous heroism of the workers, the uprising was crushed.
		The uprising showed the workers' instinctive striving for workers' democracy - their example was followed in later years by workers in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland and was an inspiration to East German workers in 1989 when the Stalinist dictatorship collapsed.
	www.socialistworld.net /eng/2003/06/23history.html (1207 words)

	East Germany
		The workers marched on the government building and their numbers grew as they swept aside police cordons set up in their path.
		‘The worker ended his speech by stating that Selbmann’s attitude proved that he is incapable of granting the workers’ demands and that if Grotewohl and Ulbricht refused to face the workers, a general strike would be called in all Berlin to support these demands.
		But this was false: 17 June was a spontaneous but on the whole disciplined workers’ protest primarily aimed against the regime’s new system of increased work quotas, and only secondarily for free elections and the liberation of political prisoners.
	www.johndclare.net /cold_war_east_germany_1953.htm (961 words)

	Uprising in East Germany, 1953
		Uprising in East Germany, 1953: The Cold War, the German Question, and the First Major Upheaval behind the Iron Curtain is edited by Christian F. Ostermann, a National Security Archive Fellow and currently the Director of the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
		The uprising began as a demonstration against unreasonable production quotas on June 17, but it soon spread from Berlin to more than 400 cities, towns and villages throughout East Germany, according to top-level SED and Soviet reports and CIA analyses, and embraced a broad cross-section of society.
		The 1953 crisis has been a focus of the National Security Archive for the past several years as part of a multi-year, multi-archival international collaborative research effort conducted under the auspices of the Archive’s “Openness in Russia and East Europe Project,” in collaboration with CWIHP and our Russian and Eastern European partners.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB50 (1165 words)

	East German Uprising
		The New Course in East Germany was based on the economic policy initiated by Georgi Malenkov in the Soviet Union.
		In 1954 the Soviet Union granted East Germany formal sovereignty, and the Soviet Control Commission in Berlin was disbanded.
		East Germany began active participation in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) in 1950.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/germany.htm (633 words)

	East Berlin June 17, 1953: Stones Against Tanks \| Germany \| Deutsche Welle \| 17.06.2003
		On June 17, 1953, East German workers took to the streets to protest against hardships instigated by the communist regime.
		Germany on Tuesday will commemorate the 50th anniversary of street protests that nearly toppled the communist government of East Germany.
		Michael Gartenschläger was on a mission to damage the image of East Germany, and the communist state decided to stop him.
	www.dw-world.de /english/0,3367,1432_A_894998_1_A,00.html (913 words)

	Fifty years since the workers uprising in East Germany \| International Communist Current
		And for the majority of the population, east and west, grim austerity and heightened exploitation were the order of the day as world capitalism reconstructed itself on the ruins of the war.
		The growing resistance of the workers, which in some cases led to uprisings in concentration camps and factories, and the dissatisfaction of the soldiers (such as the desertions on the eastern front, which were countered by mass hangings), were swiftly crushed by the occupying powers.
		This was the period of the Hennecke movement (the East German equivalent of Stakhanovism) and of an iron discipline in the factories imposed by the unions.
	en.internationalism.org /wr/266_1953.htm (3085 words)

	In Eastern Germany, 1953 Uprising Is Remembered (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Brief as it was, the June 17 uprising remained a treasured and inspiring memory for thousands, for whom, when East Germany finally did die in 1989, it seemed a precursor, a herald of what was to come.
		For years afterward, the June 17 uprising was a kind of ideological dividing point between the two halves of Germany.
		In the East, the uprising was attributed, officially at least, to American and West German provocateurs.
	www.freeserbia.net /Articles/2003/Uprising.html (1065 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Germans mark forgotten uprising
		For many years, the 1953 uprising was ignored by East Germany, while in the West it was a public holiday but was largely forgotten by ordinary people.
		Hundreds of events were taking place all over the former East, while a series of radio and TV programmes have marked the events for the rest of the country.
		The East German uprising began as a series of strikes and protests at living standards; it soon turned political, with town halls being stormed and demands for German reunification.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/2995962.stm (515 words)

	Uprising of 1953 in East Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A strike by Berlin construction workers on June 16 turned into a widespread uprising against the East German government the next day.
		In May 1953, the Politburo of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) raised the work quotas for East German industry by ten percent.
		In memory of the 1953 East German rebellion, West Germany established 17 June as a national holiday.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Workers'_Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany (539 words)

	Uprising of 1953 in East Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany took place in June and November 1953.
		On June 16, between 60 and 80 East Berlin construction workers went on strike after their superiors announced a pay cut if they didn't meet their work quota.
		Many protests were held throughout East Germany with at least some work stoppages and protests in virtually all industrial centers and large cities in the country.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Workers_Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany (539 words)

	German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
		The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was established in 1949 from the area of Germany occupied by the Soviet Union.
		East Berlin became the capital of the new country.
		On 7th June, 1953, hundreds of thousands took to the streets of East Germany in demonstrations which began as a protest against increased work quotas and spiralled into demands for free elections.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWeastGermany.htm (808 words)

	Churchill 'betrayed East German rising' \| The Guardian \| Guardian Unlimited
		The first East Germans to go out on the streets in 1953 were construction workers on Stalinallee, the Communist-era highway that slices through east Berlin.
		He takes the view, popularised in the west during the cold war, that the uprising should be regarded as a struggle for freedom and a forerunner of the peaceful revolution of 1989.
		For Mr Mentzel, as a protagonist on the streets of east Berlin, the role of the tanks was clear-cut.
	www.guardian.co.uk /international/story/0,3604,978914,00.html (1077 words)

	After Stalin - Lavrenty Beria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He persuaded the Politburo of the CPSU (as the Politburo had been renamed) and the Council of Ministers to urge the Communist regime in East Germany to allow liberal economic and political reforms.
		His opportunity came in June 1953 when demonstrations against the Communist regime in East Germany broke out in East Berlin (see Workers Uprising of 1953 in East Germany).
		Days after the events in Germany, Khrushchev persuaded the other leaders to support a party coup against Beria, whose principal ally Malenkov quickly decided to abandon him.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /Acacia1327/lavrenty-beria-after-stalin.html (485 words)

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