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	Workers Councils
		The author, who during many years attentively observed and sometimes actively took part in the workers' movement, gives here a summary of what from these experiences and study may be derived as to methods and aims of the workers' fight for freedom.
		What a century of workers' struggles presents to us is neither a series of ever again failing attempts at liberalism, nor a steadfast forward march of the workers following a fixed plan of old well-tried tactics.
		Workers Councils was written between 1942 and 1947, the bulk of it while Pannekoek was dismissed from his teaching job during the german occupation of Holland.
	www.geocities.com /~johngray/wcontitl.htm (757 words)

	Workers' council - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The key features of a workers' council include the phenomenon that a single place of work, such as a factory, school, or farm, is controlled collectively by the workers of that workplace.
		There is no manager, or the manager is directly under the control of the workers' council, and the composition of the workers council is determined by the workers who comprise it.
		Some notable advocates of a society based on workers' councils are the council communist movement, various anarcho-syndicalist and anarcho-communist groups, revolutionary democratic socialists, such as the Debs Tendency of the Socialist Party USA, and some Trotskyist groups, such as the International Socialist Organization, as well as the Lanka Sama Samaja Party.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Workers'_councils (427 words)

	Letter on Workers Councils. Anton Pannekoek 1952
		As organisations maintained and developed by the workers themselves they are better than any apparatus of compulsion for installing the working class as a section within the social structure as smoothly as possible.
		"Workers' councils" do not designate a form of organization whose lines are fixed once and for all, and which only requires a subsequent elaboration of the details.
		So, the idea of workers councils does not involve a program of practical objectives to be realized - either tomorrow or in a few years -, it serves solely as a guide for the long and heavy fight for freedom, which still lies ahead for the working class.
	www.marxists.org /archive/pannekoe/1952/letter-councils.htm (661 words)

	Towards the Establishment of Workers' Councils in Italy by Amadeo Bordiga 1920
		This struggle may well be advanced fruitfully by the setting up of workers' representative bodies — but these must be urban or rural workers' councils elected directly by the 'names, waiting to take the place of municipal councils and local organs of State power at the moment the bourgeois forces collapse.
		Councils of workers — industrial workers, peasants and, on occasion, soldiers — are, as is clear, the political organs of the proletariat, the foundations of the proletarian State.
		The Soviets, the councils of workers, peasants (and soldiers), are the form adopted by the representative system of the proletariat, in Its exercise of power after the smashing of the capitalist State.
	www.marxists.org /archive/bordiga/works/1920/workers-councils.htm (6007 words)

	Notice to the Civilized Concerning Generalized Self-Management (Vaneigem)
		Workers councils constitute a new type of social organization, through which the proletariat puts an end to the proletarianization of everyone.
		Anyone who speaks of the councils as separate economic or social organisms, anyone who does not place them at the center of the revolution of everyday life with the practice this entails, must be treated as a future bureaucrat and thus as a present enemy.
		The councils represent order in the face of the decomposition of the state, whose form is being contested by the rise of regional nationalisms and whose basic principle is being contested by social demands.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /mirrors/SI/12.selfman.htm (2231 words)

	Situationist International Online
		The council’s ultimate tendency appears negatively in the limits and illusions which have marked its first manifestations and which have caused its defeat quite as much as has the immediate and uncompromising struggle that is naturally waged against it by the ruling class.
		The purpose of the council form is the practical unification of proletarians in the process of appropriating the material and intellectual means of changing all existing conditions and making themselves the masters of their own history.
		All the councils that have existed until now, with the exception of the agrarian collectives of Aragon, saw themselves as simply “democratically elected councils,” even when the highest moments of their practice, when all decisions were made by sovereign general assemblies mandating revocable delegates, contradicted this limitation.
	www.cddc.vt.edu /sionline/si/councils.html (3888 words)

	THE WORKERS' COUNCILS
		The Workers’ Councils would be formed by dismissing any action of the revolutionary parties within, in order to be able to carry out their economic tasks of transformation of the society.
		The workers, organised in councils in the factories, had to seize whole the apparatus of production and to make it function for their own needs, as consumers, and without refering to a central authority, of official type, whose finality is the perpetuation of the inequality in the society.
		The Workers’ Councils are the organs of the dictatorship of the proletariat."
	www.left-dis.nl /uk/gchweng.htm (18773 words)

	A Brief History Of Popular Assemblies (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Worker assemblies and committees were formed to fight for improved conditions for workers and in some cases took over workplaces.
		Workers councils, called Shoras, were set up and many factories, offices, hospitals and universities taken over.
		In the wake of this worker and neighborhood assemblies were formed; they used a system of mandated and recallable delegates to coordinate the activities of different assemblies.
	question-everything.mahost.org /History/Assemblies.html (3027 words)

	Workers Control Or Self-Management (1972) - Melbourne Anarchist Archives
		These councils are the historic creations of the working class, every time the question of power has been raised the workers have responded with these basic bodies.
		The question of real workers control versus a form of workers control which is subjugated to the 'vanguard party' or the trade unions has been posed many times in recent history.
		Self-management means that the organ of the federated workers councils (perhaps a central assembly of delegates) tale over the management of the economy as a whole.
	www.takver.com /history/melb/maa58.htm (836 words)

	How will workers run society?
		Councils from individual factories began to link up, forming local and regional councils to organize the wider struggle.
		These councils might, for example, seize the machinery from industries that they had decided were of secondary importance to produce weapons needed by the workers’ militias to fight an uprising by the fascists.
		As in 1905, the heart of the revolt was the workers’ councils.
	www.socialistworker.org /2002-2/421/421_08_WorkersCouncils.shtml (1113 words)

	ParEcon Tomorrows Economy
		Council decisions are sometimes one-worker-one-vote majority rule, but in cases where that system would yield equal input for all council members in making decisions that actually have very unequal impact on each of them, councils employ different procedures with different degrees of consensus required for resolution, different actors participating, and so on.
		Each ward council would belong to a city consumption council (or perhaps a borough and then a city council), and each city and county council would belong to a state council, and each state council would belong to the national council (or maybe to a regional and then to the national council).
		The point is, the workers might decide that something other than consensus (which allows for individual veto) comes closer to correct apportionment of influence and for that reason leaves the actors less difficulty in choosing to moderate or to strongly express their preferences to attain proper proportionate input for all.
	www.zmag.org /books/pareconv/Chapter5.htm (4167 words)

	Book Review: Workers Councils (Pannekoek) \| NEFAC (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Workers' Councils was first published in 1946 and later translated into English by Pannekoek himself.
		Workers' Councils is divided between theoretical and historical material.
		He argues that it is in such actions, and the worker committees that form to coordinate the struggle, that we see the council structure in its initial stages.
	www.nefac.net /node/1256 (1346 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Councils 'bullying' workers over strike
		Councils have been accused of "widespread intimidation" of workers ahead of this week's planned national strike by 1.2 million staff.
		The Transport and General Workers Union said workers across the country were being threatened with privatisation, redundancy, pay and pension cuts and disciplinary action if they joined Wednesday's walkout.
		He said one council told its employees they were in breach of their contract by joining the strike - even though workers are protected in law against dismissal.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/uk/newsid_2127000/2127823.stm (586 words)

	Industrial Workers of the World \| One Big Union!
		Workers were questioned and taken under pressure in interviews at the managers office.
		Workers had been struggling for respect from the boss for almost a year before the firings occurred.
		When her fellow workers decided to confront the boss about her termination, they were all fired on the spot.
	www.iww.org (1629 words)

	Workers' Councils
		The councils are defined in a single phrase: they vest "all decision-making and executive powers in themselves and [they] federat[e] with one another through the exchange of delegates answerable to the base and recallable at any time" (thesis 116).
		Again: "the councils may be seen in their true light as the only undefeated aspect of a defeated movement," existing "not at the periphery of an ebbing tide but rather at the center of a rising one" (thesis 118, emphasis added).
		To be an advocate of "the councils" and their "power" presupposes that one believes that work in general and every single workplace (taken together) is at the very heart of human society, of what it means to be human.
	www.notbored.org /councils.html (2756 words)

	Retirees - UAW Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: )
		(3) Area Council delegates to the Regional Council shall have voice and vote on all matters in the Council, except that such delegates shall not be eligible to vote or be a candidate for the Advisory Council delegate position from Regional Councils.
		(c) Each delegate to the International Retired Workers Advisory Council shall be elected by the members of the delegate's Region or Area Retired Workers Council pursuant to the election procedures established by the bylaws of the Regional or Area Retired Workers Council.
		Distribution of funds from the International Retired Workers Fund and each Regional Retired Workers Council Fund shall be determined by the Officers of the International Union and the Regional Director respectively.
	www.uaw.org /constitution/article55.cfm (943 words)

	May 1968 Documents
		Workers were inspired by the free discussion and the striving for a radical critique, by seeing direct democracy in action.
		The workers who have already rejected the ridiculous agreement that the union leaders were so pleased with need only discover that they cannot “win” much more within the framework of the existing economy, but that they can take everything by transforming all the bases of the economy on their own behalf.
		Workers councils are clearly the only solution, since all the other forms of revolutionary struggle have led to the opposite of what was aimed at.
	www.bopsecrets.org /SI/May68docs.htm (2978 words)

	Chapter 2 - Production
		The first point is simply that meetings of workers' councils where each worker has one vote would be the final arbiter just as stockholders' meetings where each owner votes as many times as shares she or he owns are the final arbiter in privately owned enterprises.
		And the second point is that in a situation where each worker has an interest in selfmanagement and none has disproportionate power, it is not unreasonable to hope that workers' councils will strive for decision making structures and ways to delegate authority that accord with selfmanagement rather than establish hierarchies.
		Since workers are free to apply for complexes within their workplace, and free to "vote with their feet" by seeking work in other workplaces, there is "oversight" for the collective decision making process.
	www.zmag.org /books/2.htm (4355 words)

	Workers’ Councils and Unions in Iraq : Indymedia Colombia
		This conference was the fruit of PCFWCUI activities and its hard efforts to gather many workers around the unions and councils, as well as the foundation of many local unions and workers councils across Iraq.
		After 7 hours of serious discussions around main agenda topics, key issues were endorsed; a list of workers immediate demands, a draft for a new Iraqi Labour Code and the main outlines of its legislature, as well as the election of the union leadership committee members.
		Also representatives of workers and Union of the Unemployed in Iraq-UUI from Kirkuk, Nassiriyah, Ramadi, Hilla, Kut, Samawa, in addition to Baghdad workers, were present at the conference.
	colombia.indymedia.org /print.php?id=8265 (544 words)

	Guy Debord and the Situationists
		Inspired by the libertarian journal _Socialisme on Barbarie_, the Situationists rediscovered the history of the anarchist movement, particularly during the period of the First International, and drew inspiration from Spain, Kronstadt, and the Makhnovists.
		As for the basic unit of the future society, they recommended workers' councils by which they meant "sovereign rank-and-file assemblies, in the enterprises and the neighborhoods".
		As with the communes of the anarcho-communists, the councils would practice a form of direct democracy and make and execute all the key decisions affecting everyday life.
	catless.ncl.ac.uk /Obituary/debord.html (1487 words)

	Federation of Workers Councils and Unions in Iraq (FWCUI) is leading the strikes and struggle of workers in Iraq
		The recent very successful conference of workers in Basra centred around the slogan of “the power of the working class is in its unity and organization” has provided a new vision for the workers struggle in Iraq as well as a model for organising and unity.
		series of successful strikes in which the workers managed to impose their demands on the US appointed Interim Government and the bosses was a major step forward for workers in their daily struggle.
		So please participate in strengthening the strikes of workers and their struggle by supporting the only true representative of the workers in Iraq Federation of Workers councils and Unions in Iraq (FWCUI).
	www.uuiraq.org /english/131.htm (469 words)

	Glossary of People: Ko
		Untold numbers of workers and peasants were shot, beaten, raped, and imprisoned.
		The peasantry and workers of Omsk revolted on Dec. 21, 1918, outraged by the brutality of Kolchak and his overthrow of the directory.
		During the height of the workers' uprising Korsch wrote hypothetical economic programs for a national economy based on workers' councils, emphasising workers' management of enterprises.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/people/k/o.htm (2443 words)

	Workers Councils \| libcom.org
		An pamphlet on the revolution in Hungary 1956, reproduced from Scorcher publications.
		A short chronology of the events which swept France in May and June 1968.
		Starting as a student revolt, the events culminated in mass workplace occupations and a general strike of 10 million workers.
	libcom.org /library/workers-councils-book-pannekoek (206 words)

	Wikinfo \| Classical definition of republic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The council was made of 28 aristocratic members with two kings sitting in making a total of thirty.
		In between these two bodies, he placed the ancient body, the Council of the Aeropagus to have the "duty of guarding the laws" and creating a balance between the Archons and that of the assemblies.
		1918-1920s), establishing "Räterepubliks" (workers councils) in various cities of the Weimar Republic which itself was a democracy; and with the Spanish leftists (c.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Classical_definition_of_republic (6521 words)

	Kadar -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Workers' councils were to be given a large amount of control in the factories and mines.
		Compulsory deliveries of farm produce were to be abolished, and no compulsion, direct or indirect, was to be put on the peasants to enter the collectives.
		Until 1989 members of the Hungarian Socialist Workers', or Communist, party held all political power, which was exercised through the Politburo of the Central Committee.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9044270 (480 words)

	Workers' Councils in Portugal
		Troubled by the private sector, and troubled by forces associated with the state, the structures of workers' control are likely to accept assistance from any friendly sources, and political parties are a likely source indeed.
		The autonomous peasants and workers can (spontaneously) "erupt" and take the initiative (someone has to do it, so it might as well be them), but they can't protect and retain their "independence" on their own for long.
		Political parties, but especially the Communist Party, will target autonomous workers' collectives from the outset of their existence because these collectives are a direct threat to the monopoly The Party needs to maintain over the revolutionary movement, and because, once domesticated, these collectives are excellent sources of recruits, militants, and cannon-fodder.
	www.notbored.org /portugal.html (1887 words)

	Workers’ Councils and Unions in Iraq — WCUI : IMC-SA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Workers’ Councils and Unions in Iraq — WCUI : IMC-SA
		Workers’ Councils and Unions in Iraq — WCUI
		Long Live Working Class’ Solidarity Long Live the Willpower of Workers Congress of the Workers’ Councils and Unions in Iraq - WCUI
	southafrica.indymedia.org /print.php?id=5015 (479 words)

	Iron Workers
		The International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers recognizes many of our members and their families are veterans.
		The Iron Workers strongly feel that no one who has served our country in the military should be homeless.
		To help grow membership and market share, we've developed "key performance indicators" so local unions can get a comprehensive indication of how well they’re functioning, and how they compare to other locals.
	www.ironworkers.org (166 words)

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