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Topic: Works Progress Administration

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	Works Progress Administration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Though some 90% of WPA projects primarily employed unskilled blue-collar workers in construction projects across the nation, today it is probably best known for its employment of white-collar artists, musicians, actors, and writers in such projects as the Federal Theater Project and the Federal Writers' Project.
		Other critics contended that the WPA was essentially a type of government-owned Marxist labor cooperative, in which workers were paid not according to their ability and value in the local labor market, but according to needs (as determined by government-devised formulas that did not always reflect the reality of the local economy).
		It is to the eternal credit of the administrative officers of the WPA that discrimination on various projects because of race has been kept to a minimum and that in almost every community Negroes have been given a chance to participate in the work program.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Works_Progress_Administration (1550 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Works Progress Administration
		All WPA administrators, whether assigned to Washington or to the agency’s state and local district offices, were employees of the federal government and all WPA workers’ wages were distributed directly from the U.S. Treasury (Kurzman 1974, p.
		The WPA required the states to provide some of their own resources to finance projects but a specific match was never stipulated -- a fact that would later become a source of contentious debate.
		Because Harry Hopkins believed that the work provided by the WPA should match the skills of the unemployed, artists were employed to paint murals in public buildings, sculptors created park and battlefield monuments, and actors and musicians were paid to perform.
	eh.net /encyclopedia/article/couch.works.progress.administration (1920 words)

	Work Projects Administration. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		(WPA), former U.S. government agency, established in 1935 by executive order of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt as the Works Progress Administration; it was renamed the Work Projects Administration in 1939, when it was made part of the Federal Works Agency.
		WPA also conducted an education program and supervised the activities of the National Youth Administration.
		There was sharp criticism of the WPA in a Senate committee report in 1939; the same year the WPA appropriation was cut, several projects were abolished, and others were curtailed.
	www.bartleby.com /65/wo/WorkProj.html (370 words)

	TN Encyclopedia: WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
		The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was one of the most far-reaching and controversial programs initiated during the New Deal.
		WPA employees also helped care for fifty thousand refugees left stranded by the flood, while Nashville WPA workers cared for the five thousand flood victims in that city.
		The WPA ran into political trouble in 1938, when charges were made in seventeen states that the agency had used funds to provide financial support for political candidates.
	tennesseeencyclopedia.net /imagegallery.php?EntryID=W087 (785 words)

	Works Progress Administration - Historical Records Survey
		The WPA was born in 1935 with an initial appropriation of $4.88 billion dollars from the Emergency Relief Fund.
		Much of the work conducted by the HRS was done for the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), as well as state archives agencies, and state historical societies, which these entities are still in possession of.
		After the WPA was dissolved, the records, now in the hands of state archives and historical societies, were microfilmed, indexed, and made available for use.
	www.interment.net /column/records/wpa/wpa_history.htm (923 words)

	WPA: Works Progress Administration - A Short History
		Work relief came in the form of the Civil Works Administration.
		The Works Progress Administration (WPA), the principal relief agency of the so-called second New Deal, was an attempt to provide work rather than welfare.
		The WPA only included about three million jobless at a time; when it was abandoned in 1943 it had helped a total of 9 million people.
	www.steamships.org /wpa/index.htm (514 words)

	Education by Design - The Bienes Center's WPA Museum Extension Project Collection
		The WPA was not created overnight; rather, as previously observed, it grew out of numerous earlier attempts by the government to deal with the devastating economic and social chaos and upheaval caused by the stock market crash of 1929 and the subsequent world economic collapse.
		In 1935, “the first year of its existence the Work Projects Administration in Pennsylvania gained the distinction of originating the State-Wide Museum Extension type of project.” (26), and it is obvious from the surviving literature and artifacts made in Pennsylvania that it was the model emulated by many of the other state programs.
		A unit of the WPA organized for the purpose of assisting and indexing exhibits and displays, changed its work during the emergency to that of producing charts and maps, and small replicas of aircraft, ships and machines.
	digital.browardlibrary.org /wpa/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=39 (4613 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		According to its regulations anyone employed by the WPA had to be the economic head of his family and had to be certified as destitute on the rolls of the Texas Relief Commission.
		State WPA administrator Drought blamed the increase in caseload in 1939 on widespread crop failure in Texas in that year.
		Activities of the Work Projects Administration in any given area of the country were dependent on the needs and skills of the persons on relief in that area, since the main prerequisite for WPA employment was one's certified relief status.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/WW/ncw1.html (1439 words)

	Workfare vs. Fair Work
		Developed to provide work for people normally expected to be employed, these programs have treated participants with some respect, paid wages based on market rates, and provided work in a variety of innovative and socially useful projects.
		They created works of art, gave concerts, set up theaters throughout the country, even in small towns, set up nursery schools, served over 1.2 billion school lunches to needy children, gave immunizations, taught illiterate adults to read and write, and wrote state guidebooks--classics that are still in use.
		Work in the home raising children or caring for the sick or infirm should be recognized as "real" and socially necessary, worthy of social subsidy--but not only for welfare recipients.
	www.njfac.org /us16.htm (3423 words)

	ShoeString Genealogy: Works Progress Administration (WPA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The vast scope and mixed content of the works of the WPA make it difficult to determine what is available for a particular area, but there are now several sites on the Internet that hold material from the WPA that are invaluable to genealogists.
		These works are outstanding in their detail and often there is a separate volume for each county in the states where the inventories were conducted.
		Another excellent program initiated by Indiana's WPA was a series of county books called "indices of names of persons and of firms." This project strove to identify all the significant published histories for a county and to compile a single-alphabet index to all the people, organizations, and institutions listed in each county's works.
	members.aol.com /daepowell/myhomepage/Article/WPA.htm (1403 words)

	NOPL: WPA Photograph Collection
		The WPA was a work relief program and it was instrumental in providing jobs for many individuals who had become unemployed during the nation's economic downturn.
		WPA projects in the Crescent City ranged from street paving and bridge building to bookbinding and adult education.
		Working against time, these WPA researchers and map makers in the city planning and zoning commission are preparing New Orleans' air raid warning map.
	nutrias.org /photos/wpa/wpaphotos.htm (705 words)

	Works Progress Administration (WPA)
		The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was instituted by presidential executive order under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of April 1935, to generate public jobs for the unemployed.
		The WPA focused on tangible improvements: During its tenure, workers constructed 651,087 miles of roads, streets and highways; and built, repaired or refurbished 124,031 bridges, 125,110 public buildings, 8,192 parks, and 853 landing fields.
		Reacting to charges of politicking by WPA employees during the 1938 congressional races, the Hatch Act of August 1939 prevented federal workers from participating in a broad array of political activities.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1599.html (627 words)

	THE W.P.A. ARTISTS PROJECT
		The WPA was originally known as the P.W.A.P. and it existed in the mid 1930's to the mid 1940's.
		An eligibility process was organized, whereby the artists interested in participating on the WPA would apply to a panel of their peers, They first had to prove they were in financial need unless they were in a supervisory job.
		The general public became exposed to the works of art through the exhibitions, the schools of art and the public institutions that displayed the murals, sculpture and other works.
	www.fineartstrader.com /wpa.htm (951 words)

	New Deal Cultural Programs
		The WPA philosophy was to put the unemployed back to work in jobs which would serve the public good and conserve the skills and the self-esteem of workers throughout the U.S. The Birth of "Federal One";
		The apparent contradiction between the WPA cultural programs' centralized direction and their exceptional ability to support truly diverse regional work is resolved in part by a closer look at their basic premises.
		The WPA was re-named from "Works Progress" to "Work Projects" Administration, and greater authority was handed over to the states, where projects suffered delays or derailments as local censorship took its toll.
	www.wwcd.org /policy/US/newdeal.html (4418 words)

	UIowa - Records of the Works Progress Administration: Iowa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was established by the United States government in 1935 as part of the Emergency Relief Appropriations Act to create jobs for the unemployed.
		The WPA, under the direction of Harry L. Hopkins, created millions of jobs for those who could work and responsibility for the unemployable (children, elderly, and disabled) was returned to the states.
		WPA materials relating specifically to the Federal Theatre Project can be found in two additional collections held by the University of Iowa Libraries: the Don Farran Papers and the Edward C. Mabie Papers.
	www.lib.uiowa.edu /spec-coll/MSC/ToMsc450/MsC447/MsC447.htm (1163 words)

	The WPA
		The WPA commonly refers to the many agencies established by the Federal Government in the 1930s during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration.
		Fifty percent of the FAP workers were directly engaged in creating works of art, while 10 to 25 percent worked in art education; the rest worked in art research.
		In spite of the fact that the Works Progress Administration was generally considered to have been a success, it was not without its political detractors.
	www.broward.org /library/bienes/lii10204.htm (2076 words)

	Today in History: April 8
		Created by President Franklin Roosevelt to relieve the economic hardship of the Great Depression, this national works program (called the Works Project Administration beginning in 1939) employed more than 8.5 million people on 1.4 million public projects before it was disbanded in 1943.
		The Federal Writers' Project was one of several projects within the WPA targeted to people with skills in the arts.
		Another arts-related project was the WPA Federal Theatre Project, which employed out-of-work actors, musicians, vaudevillians, and theater technicians in performances of classical and modern plays, such as Orson Welles' production of Macbeth.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/today/apr08.html (627 words)

	African American Registry: The Works Progress Administration, a beginning for many!
		WPA construction crews built and renovated hospitals, housing projects, schools, parks, playgrounds, and swimming pools in Black communities.
		These attempts included the Public Works of Art Project (PWAP), which operated from 1933 to 1934, and the Treasury Department Section of Painting and Sculpture, which were created in 1934 after the demise of the P WAP.
		In the New York City WPA in 1937, only 0.5% of its Black employees were supervisors, while 75% were classified as unskilled laborers.
	www.aaregistry.com /african_american_history/875/The_Works_Progress_Administration_a_beginning_for_many (533 words)

	HistoryLink Essay:King County Historical Bibliography, Part 14: WPA
		The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was created in 1935 by Executive Order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and an emergency appropriation of the U.S. Congress to address the severe unemployment problems of the nationwide Great Depression.
		The intent of the WPA was to preserve the self-respect of unemployed workers, conserve their skills, and utilize the vast resources of the country to create wealth and provide public benefits.
		Municipal Code of the City of Seattle, 7 Vols., A Works Progress Administration Project, Being a Compilation of the General Ordinances of the City of Seattle to November, 1936, Under Howard A. Hanson, who was employed by the City to Formulate the Plan for the Code and to Superintend Its Compilation, 1936, Seattle.
	www.historylink.org /essays/printer_friendly/index.cfm?file_id=7156 (5793 words)

	The WPA in Indiana: Virtual Exhibit Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Works Progress Administration, known by the acronym WPA, was one of the many programs initiated by the federal government under President Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the devestating effects of the Great Depression.
		Established as the major agency of the program was the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which beginning in 1939 was called the Works Projects Administration.
		John K. Jennings was Indiana's WPA administrator during the late 1930's and early 1940's.
	www.indiana.edu /~liblilly/wpa/wpa.html (271 words)

	Works Progress Administration Colorado State Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Work(s) Progress Administration was created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 6, 1935, as a reaction to the Great Depression, to provide relief work for unemployed persons through public work projects.
		Between 1935 and 1943 the WPA provided almost 8 million jobs at a cost of 11 billion dollars, and created a legacy of public welfare that has become monumentalized through their still used buildings, roads, dams, schools, indexes, oral histories, and art.
		The Colorado State Archives is proud to house a large collection of photographic prints and nitrate negatives documenting the WPA's work in the City and County of Denver.
	www.colorado.gov /dpa/doit/archives/wpa/home.htm (413 words)

	WPA - Works Progress Administration
		The Works Progress Adminstration employed hundreds of thousands of Americans to assist in reversing the economic depression of the 1930s.
		WPA projects in New Orleans included street paving, building construction, rehabilitation and demolition, lakefront reclamation, library construction, book binding, and adult education.
		Of particular note was the fact that the WPA hired a great number of African Americans to implement projects in New Orleans.
	www.gnocdc.org /tertiary/wpa.html (154 words)

	Works Progress Administration
		The Works Progress Administration was created in 1935 as a program to produce work for the unemployed.
		The WPA was abolished on December 4, 1942 in a letter to the agency from the President when wartime economy eliminated the need for it.
		One of the missions of the FWP was to document folk and ethnic life and this work accomplishes this goal by acknowledging the existence of and exploring the contribution of the African-American and Native-American population of the state.
	plaza.ufl.edu /jacarey/fedwriters.htm (841 words)

	The Library of Congress Shop > Americana > Works Progress Administration (WPA) > See America - ...
		Part of the Works Progress Administration, the project started in 1935, it survived until 1943.
		Many New Deal administrators believed that art could be a part of the daily lives of all Americans, not just the elite, and could enrich the lives of all who came in contact with it.
		The Library of Congress is the largest single holder of WPA posters, having over 900 in its collection.
	www.loc.gov /shop/index.php?action=cCatalog.showItem&cid=19&scid=157&iid=1623 (282 words)

	Forging ahead Works Progress Administration h monogram. WPA Posters
		Forging ahead Works Progress Administration / / h [monogram].
		Poster for Works Progress Administration encouraging laborers to work for America, showing flsmith.
		WPA (Works Progress Administration) Posters were made during the WWII Era between 1936 and 1943 as part of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal.
	www.rainfall.com /posters/wpa/1311.htm (268 words)

	Works Progress Administration (WPA) Murals St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture - Find Articles
		The first such program was the Public Works of Art Project (PWAP), a Treasury Department initiative under the direction of Edward Bruce.
		The Federal Art Project (FAP) of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) was established in May 1935 and also survived until 1943.
		In slightly less than a decade it had sponsored some 4000 murals, a large and diverse body of work that contributes to our enduring awareness of the value of public art.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101334 (820 words)

	Modern Mural Painting: Works Progress Administration
		The Works Progress Administration, or WPA, consisted of work relief programs such as ditch digging, bridge building, and numerous forms of art.
		The section of the WPA that dealt with these artistic functions was called PWAP, or Public Works of Art Project.
		In order for this part of the WPA to begin, it was necessary to convince not only the president but other influential members of the government.
	www.richeast.org /htwm/MURAL/WORKS.HTM (680 words)

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