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Topic: World Geodetic System

Related Topics

WGS84

Geodetic system

Geodesy

GRS80

Synthetic aperture radar

Map projection

Geoid

Ordnance Survey

Grid reference

C band

Geographic coordinates

Hampshire

George Biddell Airy

Ku band

Super high frequency

	World Geodetic System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To determine their gravimetric orientation parameters, the Air Force used the mean of the differences between the gravimetric and astro-geodetic deflections and geoid heights (undulations) at specifically selected stations in the areas of the major datums.
		In January 1966, a World Geodetic System Committee composed of representatives from the Army, Navy and Air Force, was charged with the responsibility of developing an improved WGS needed to satisfy mapping, charting and geodetic requirements.
		Current geodetic realizations of the geocentric reference system family ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System) maintained by the IERS are geocentric, and internally consistent, at the few-cm level, while still being metre-level consistent with WGS 84.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/WGS_84 (1839 words)

	Geodetic system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Geodetic systems or geodetic datums are used in geodesy, navigation, surveying by cartographers and satellite navigation systems to translate positions indicated on their products to their real position on earth.
		The systems are needed because the earth is not a perfect sphere.
		The main reason that there are a number of datums is that before the advent of GPS positioning, national map making organisations did not have a common surveying reference point and only produced maps for their locality.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geodetic_system (309 words)

	[No title]
		Before the advent of manmade satellites, geodetic positions in surveying were determined separately, either horizontally in two-dimensions as latitudes and longitudes or vertically in the third dimension as heights or depths.
		Geodetic Reference Systems and Reference Frames Using the satellites orbiting around the Earth, the determination of geodetic positions became three-dimensional, either as rectangular (X, Y, Z) coordinates or converted to geodetic (latitude, longitude, ellipsoidal height) coordinates using an Earth-centered ellipsoid.
		The geodetic reference system used by deployed GPS augmentations (the Maritime Differential GPS and the Nationwide Differential GPS (NDGPS)) is the NAD 83.
	chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov /bathytopo/DennisWeb/tutor.doc (3508 words)

	Unit 015 - The Shape of the Earth
		Geodetic datums define the reference systems that describe the size and shape of the earth, and the origin and orientation of the coordinate systems used to map the earth.
		Geodetic datums and the coordinate reference systems based on them were developed to describe geographic positions for surveying, mapping, and navigation.
		Plane and geodetic surveying uses the idea of a plane perpendicular to the gravity surface of the earth, the direction perpendicular to a plumb bob pointing toward the center of mass of the earth.
	www.ncgia.ucsb.edu /education/curricula/giscc/units/u015/u015.html (1884 words)

	Sect_2.1.4
		World Geodetic System 1984 is defined and maintained by the U.S. National Mapping and Imaging Agency (NMIA), formerly known as the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), as a global geodetic datum (D.M.A., 1991).
		Reference systems are periodically redefined, for various reasons, such as when the primary tracking technology changes (for example when the TRANSIT system was superseded by GPS), or if the configuration of ground stations alters radically enough to justify a recomputation of the global datum coordinates.
		The WGS84 system is the most widely used global reference system because it is the system in which the GPS satellite coordinates are expressed in the Navigation Message (section 3.3.3).
	www.gmat.unsw.edu.au /snap/gps/gps_survey/chap2/214.htm (1885 words)

	Geodetic Datum Overview
		Geodetic datums define the size and shape of the earth and the origin and orientation of the coordinate systems used to map the earth.
		The geodetic latitude (there are many other defined latitudes) of a point is the angle from the equatorial plane to the vertical direction of a line normal to the reference ellipsoid.
		The geodetic longitude of a point is the angle between a reference plane and a plane passing through the point, both planes being perpendicular to the equatorial plane.
	www.colorado.edu /geography/gcraft/notes/datum/datum.html (1532 words)

	Feature Article - Earthly Configurations - Point of Beginning v2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As military and non-military geodetic communities were in constant demand for better accuracy, a new World Geodetic System was needed because WGS 72 couldn’t provide sufficient data coverage.
		The Geodetic Reference System of 1980 (GRS 80), consequently WGS 84, was developed, which coincides with the true center of the Earth whose ellipsoid surface yields an average fit of the geoid.
		Geodetic latitude and longitude are derived from algorithms utilizing the parameters, a, b and f, which define the ellipsoid (see Figure 1 on page 49).
	www.pobonline.com /CDA/ArticleInformation/Article/1,9169,86471,00.html (1602 words)

	World Geodetic System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the late 1950s the United States Department of Defense began to develop the needed world system to which geodetic datums could be referred and compatibility established between the coordinates of widely separated sites of interest.
		The sole contribution of satellite data to the development of WGS 60 was a value for the ellipsoid flattening which was obtained from the nodal motion of a satellite.
		The defining parameters of the WGS 66 Ellipsoid were the flattening (1/298.25), determined from satellite data and the semimajor axis (6,378,145 meters), determined from a combination of Doppler satellite and astro- geodetic data.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/world_geodetic_system (1519 words)

	THE TARGET LOCATION - USAF INTELLIGENCE TARGETING GUIDE
		Geodetic coordinates (geodetic latitude, geodetic longitude, and geodetic height) define the position of a point on the surface of the Earth with respect to the reference spheroid.
		The World Geodetic System (WGS) provides the basic reference frame and geometric figure for the earth, models the earth gravimetrically, and provides the means for relating positions on vari-ous local geodetic systems to an earth- centered, earth- fixed (ECEF) coordinate system.
		Due to the development of systems with greater precision, it is critical that the accuracy of the target coordinate be commensurate with the strike system CEP.
	www.fas.org /irp/doddir/usaf/afpam14-210/part13.htm (1841 words)

	Geodesy Page by James Q. Jacobs
		This system was adopted at the XVII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG).
		The geodetic longitude is L and the altitude above the ellipsoid is H. The earth is shaped near to an oblate spheroid, an ellipse in cross-section.
		The direction of geodetic vertical is the local outward normal to the ellipse surface and independent of ellipse numerical parameters.
	www.jqjacobs.net /astro/geodesy.html (1801 words)

	Geology - collegetextbooks.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Because of the inability of the large geodetic systems such as the North American Datum (NAD), European Datum (ED), and Tokyo Datum (TD), to provide a basis for expression of inter- continental geodetic information, a unified world system became essential.
		The Department of Defense, in the late 1950's began to develop the needed world system to which geodetic datums could be referred and compatibility established between the coordinates of widely separated sites of interest.
		The need for a new world geodetic system is generally recongnized by the geodetic community within and without the Department of Defense.
	www.collegetextbook.net /geo_e.shtml (1378 words)

	The Natural Area Coding System
		The Natural Area Coding System is a new geodetic system with its origin at the earth gravity center and axis extending to the infinitely distant universe.
		The system divides the whole range of longitude (0 - 360 degrees), latitude (0 - 180 degrees) and altitude (from the earth center to the infinite outer space) into 30 discrete divisions respectively, each of which is named by one character from the character set according to the order of the characters.
		The number of characters to be used in a character string of a NAC representing the geodetic point is determined by the required resolution or the resolution of the original coordinates of the longitude, latitude and altitude.
	www.nacgeo.com /nacsite/documents/nac.asp (2093 words)

	World Geodetic System 1984 - Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A geodetic datum transformation is a mathematical rule used to transform surveyed coordinates given in Reference Frame 1 into coordinates given in Reference Frame 2.
		ETRS89 is a geocentric reference system fixed to the stable part of the European plate and identical to ITRS89 at the epoch 1989.0, with geographical co-ordinates based on the GRS80 ellipsoid.
		It was agreed that the high accuracy geodetic reference ETRF be used as the realisation of WGS 84 for civil aviation in Europe (refer 4.1.3 in the EUROCONTROL Standard 'Surveying of Navigation Facilities').
	www.wgs84.com /wgs84/wgs84.htm (1736 words)

	Notes on GPS
		The so-called `World Geodetic System 1984', amongst other things, defines an ellipsoid (a three-dimensional ellipse) which is the currently accepted `best fit' for the overall shape of the Earth.
		The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid is a world-wide system.
		A world geodetic system is a consistent global coordinate system which allows an unambiguous representation of positional information.
	www.buzzplus.com /gps.html (1965 words)

	IM AK-300-00-001 - GPS Datum and Coordinate System Settings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		There are several hundred geodetic datums in existence, and a change in datums can result in a change of ground location from 2 cm to more than 200 miles, depending on the to and from datums involved.
		There are also many different coordinate systems using different units of measure (e.g., degrees, meters, feet, radians) and different points of origin on the globe.
		When using your GPS receiver to navigate to previously determined coordinates, the datum and coordinate system on your receiver should be set to match that of the source.
	www.blm.gov /nhp/efoia/ak/2000fo-im/im00-001_300.html (286 words)

	FlightGear Flight Simulator
		Geodetic coordinates are represented by longitude, latitude, and elevation above sea level.
		However, the geodetic latitude does not precisely correspond to the angle (in polar coordinates) from the center of the earth which the geocentric coordinate system reports.
		The origin of this coordinate system is the center of the earth.
	www.flightgear.org /Docs/Scenery/CoordinateSystem/CoordinateSystem.html (594 words)

	World Geodetic System 1984
		Prior to 1st January 1999, the co-ordinate reference system used in South Africa as the foundation for most surveying, engineering and geo-referenced projects and programmes, was the Cape Datum.
		In addition to these flaws and distortions, most national geodetic networks do not have the centre of their reference ellipsoids co-incident with the centre of the Earth, thus making them useful only for their area of application.
		Since the 1st January 1999, the official co-ordinate system for South Africa is based on the World Geodetic System 1984 ellipsoid, commonly known as WGS84, with the ITRF91 (epoch 1994.0) co-ordinates of the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Telescope used as the origin of this system.
	w3sli.wcape.gov.za /Surveys/Mapping/wgs84.htm (2072 words)

	Mapping with GPS Data
		National geodetic systems such as the North American Datum (NAD), the European Datum (ED) and the Tokyo Datum (TD) are intended to describe the shape of the earth over limited areas and are inadequate describing the shape of the earth over intercontinental distances.
		In the '50s, the Department of Defense began to develop a world system to which national systems could be related, creating a reference system for global navigation and measurement.
		The purpose for state plane systems is to give surveyors a method for creating maps with minimal scale distortion that would be tied to a single national coordinate system.
	ares.redsword.com /gps/old/sum_map.htm (1731 words)

	Imaging Notes - Eye on Quality - January / February 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mathematically, a geodetic horizontal datum is defined by a reference ellipsoid and its position and orientation to the Earth Centered Earth Fixed System (ECEF) terrestrial reference frame (Figure 1).
		In the physical sense, a geodetic datum is defined by a set of geodetic control points and their coordinates.
		An example of global-to-global datum transformation is the NAD 83-WGS 84 transformation, consisting of a shift and rotation of their respective geocentric coordinate systems (Figure 3).
	www.imagingnotes.com /janfeb00/jf00eoqu.htm (776 words)

	SIA - The WGS-84
		The WGS-84 (World Geodetic System) is a world geodetic system associated with a reference ellipsoid, adopted by ICAO, and usually associated with the global positioning system called GPS.
		This system is materialized on ground through a system of measured points (ETRS 89 for Europe, RGF 93 for France).
		Each system at least has 4 stations or support points, including the main point R1 attached to the geodetic system.
	www.sia.aviation-civile.gouv.fr /html/wgs84-uk.htm (504 words)

	Geoscience Australia: Geodesy - World Geodetic System [WGS]
		From time to time an earth-centred reference system is adopted which is a best fit for the whole earth, based on the latest information.
		The reference system adopted in 1980, known as the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) was used by the United States Defense Mapping Agency as the basis for the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84), which is currently used for the GPS satellite navigation system.
		The World Geodetic System 1972 (WGS72) was the third earth-centred reference frame developed by the United States Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) to support its activities (previous versions were WGS60 and WGS66).
	www.ga.gov.au /nmd/geodesy/datums/wgs.jsp (381 words)

	[No title]
		World Geodetic System 1984 % We look for the coordinates (phi2,lambda2) and % the reverse azimuth az2.
		World Geodetic System 1984 % Unknowns are the distance s (in meters) and the mutual % azimuths (in degrees).
		See Kai Borre (1993): Landmaaling, Table 5.3 % %S452UTM Conversion of system 1945 to UTM, zone 33 % See Borre (1993): Landmaaling, Table 5.4 % %TOGEOD Computing geodetic coordinates % latitude, longitude, height given Cartesian % coordinates X,Y,Z, and reference ellipsoid % values semi-major axis (a) and the inverse % of flattening (finv).
	kom.aau.dk /~borre/geodesy/contents.m (674 words)

	GPS Waypoints World Geodetic System 1984
		The co-ordinate reference system, used in South Africa as the foundation for all surveying, engineering and geo-referenced projects and programmes, is the Cape Datum.
		January 1999, the official co-ordinate system for South Africa will be based on the World Geodetic System 1984 ellipsoid, commonly known as WGS84, with the ITRF91 (epoch 1994.0) co-ordinates of the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Telescope used as the origin of the system.
		The earth's physical surface is a tangible one encompassing the mountains, valleys, rivers and surface of the sea.
	www.gpswaypoints.co.za /FAQ_world_geodetic_system_1984.htm (1511 words)

	ch11-5.htm
		One obtained a better estimate of the size and shape of the reference ellipsoid to use for a world geodetic system, and a good start on tying a number of existing networks together by using satellite triangulation.
		] requirements for greater accuracy in geodetic measurements, not so much in the positioning of strategic locations around the world relative to each other as in the determination of higher order harmonics of the earth's gravitational field, which would affect the orbits of navigation and photographic satellites and the accuracy of long-range missiles.
		And the precise determination of the earth's field was of major scientific interest, being directly related to the structure and processes within the earth's crust and mantle, which in turn were probably connected with the causes of tectonic plate motions and continental drift.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4211/ch11-5.htm (1513 words)

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