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	War reparations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		War reparations refer to the monetary compensation intended to cover damage or injury during a war.
		In the end, war victims in many countries were compensated by the property of Germans, that were expelled after World War II (see Expulsion of Germans after World War II).
		Others point to the fact, that post-World War II reparations were calculated on basis of the damages caused by Germans during World War I. After Franco-Prussian war, reparations amount was set to fixed value.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/War_reparations (1119 words)

	reparations - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		The Lausanne Pact of 1932 substituted a bond issue for the reparation debt, but Adolf Hitler repudiated the debt, and German payments were not resumed until after 1953.
		Reparations were also demanded in treaties with Germany's allies in the war—Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey—but the amounts were never set and nothing was collected.
		Racism and reparations: the time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-reparati.html (702 words)

	First World War.com - Weapons of War - Rifles
		The single-shot, bigger-bore rifle was the subject of extensive research and development in the latter portion of the nineteenth century, with the result that the major powers introduced new models that were small-bore, bolt-action weapons capable of firing multiple rounds from a spring-loaded clip inserted into a rifle magazine.
		Curiously, despite the intense interest in enhancing rifle capabilities in the years immediately preceding World War One no real developments were introduced during the actual war years - when ordinarily the reverse would be expected to be the case.
		At one stage during the war the Austro-Hungarian army gave consideration to using the German Mauser rifle in preference to the Steyr-Mannlicher, before concluding that it was inferior in design to their own weapon.
	www.firstworldwar.com /weaponry/rifles.htm (1491 words)

	First World War.com - Feature Articles - The Causes of World War One
		The explosive that was World War One had been long in the stockpiling; the spark was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
		Almost immediately following her defeat by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, together with the humiliating annexation by the newly unified Germany of the coal-rich territories of Alsace and Lorraine, the French government and military alike were united in thirsting for revenge.
		To this end the French devised a strategy for a vengeful war upon Germany, Plan XVII, whose chief aim was the defeat of Germany and the restoration of Alsace and Lorraine.
	www.firstworldwar.com /origins/causes.htm (4287 words)

	REPARATIONS DEBATE
		Reparations for the harm inflicted on a race or class of people have gradually become more accepted in both national and international legal systems.
		Thus reparations should be undertaken not as attonement for previous wrongdoing, but as just rewards for long term contributions to the modern world.
		Reparations thus become a broader attempt to redress the historical relationship between Africa and Europe.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v2/v2i4a1.htm (1518 words)

	The Legal Claim for German Reparations to the Herero Nation
		The petition was a demand for reparations resulting from the near extermination of the Herero by the Germans during the Herero War of 1904-07.
		The war, although not well known in a world of far more deadly wars, was among the twentieth century's bloodiest colonial wars, killing at least sixty thousand of the eighty-thousand Herero and resulting in the German seizure of all Herero lands and cattle.
		The concept of reparations is rooted in natural law, the common law, and international law; it is an equitable principle that the beneficiary of an ill-gotten gain should make restitution, both as an act of contrition and good will, but also simply to restore the victim to some part of their previous life.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/06hrights/GeoRegions/Africa/Nambia01.htm (3655 words)

	Reparations for Afro Americans
		World War II reparations and restitutions have been directed to large groups that had not been permanently damaged, psychologically or economically by their WWII experiences and have been properly assisted in gaining livelihoods during the last 50 years.
		The arguments against reparations are based partly on the fear that the total bill for reparations will be staggering and topple the financial structure of the country.
		Reparations are based upon the collective legal responsibility of the American system and not on its individual citizens.
	www.alternativeinsight.com /Reparations-Slavery.html (5685 words)

	World War I reparations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The war reparations that Entente demanded from Germany was 226 billion Reichsmark in gold (around £11.3 billion), then reduced to 132 billion Reichsmark.
		Signed after the Franco-Prussian War, France took huge loans in order to pay the reparations by 1873, because the Treaty conditions allowed the German Army to occupy France until the war reparations were paid.
		Germany paid very little of the reparations and the hyper-inflation of the early 1920s was a result of the political and economic instability of post-Kaiserreich Germany, widely known as the Weimar Republic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/World_War_I_reparations (377 words)

	World Federalism Speech
		The World Federalists are only trying to change the relationships between nations; they are not attempting to change their language, culture, or traditions.
		There isn't a reason in the world why we can't do this internationally." This situation was not true in our country in the years from 1776 to 1787 when our thirteen States were loosely organized in a confederation where each state retained its absolute sovereignty and could declare war on its neighbor.
		After World War I, "reparations" and "disarmament" were the prime subjects for international discussion, and the idea of a union of nations gradually died.
	homepage.mac.com /cejjrmd/worldfederalismspeech.html (1892 words)

	Reparations-WWII
		Contrary to reparations provided in the surrender agreement that ended World War I, the WWII victors did not demand reparations in their unconditional surrender agreement.
		The success in obtaining reparations for WWII victims has implications on the claims for reparations for persecution of Black people and the injustice of slavery in the United States.
		One serious failure of the World War II reparations and restitutions is that they have not been specifically directed to large groups that had been permanently damaged, psychologically or economically, by their WWII experiences or had not been properly assisted in gaining livelihoods during the last 50 years.
	www.alternativeinsight.com /Reparations-WWII.html (1759 words)

	World War I
		The Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Prusso-Danish War of 1864, the Franco-Austrian War of 1859, and the Balkan Wars of the early twentieth century had all seen armies assemble, armies march, a pitched battle or two, one army in retreat or dissolution, and a peace treaty signed.
		As the war settled into stalemate, generals called for greater and greater commitments of resources to the front: if battles could not be won by strategy, perhaps they could be won by the sheer weight of men, metal, and explosives committed to the front.
		The final stages of World War I saw the end of three dynasties and three empires, and the first seizure of power by disciples of what was to become the most murderous of the totalitarian ideologies of the twentieth century--Communism.
	econ161.berkeley.edu /TCEH/Slouch_WWI10.html (3577 words)

	JURIST - Schuck: Slavery Reparations - A Misguided Movement
		The post-World War II reparations that Germany paid to Israel, although criticized by many as insulting and inadequate “blood money,” were far more successful and helped to launch the new state.
		The most attractive model for fl reparations is the program for the Japanese interned during World War II.
		My point, then, is not that giving reparations to the descendants of fl slaves would require, legally or otherwise, that they be given to the descendants of liquidated Native-Americans or near-enslaved coolies, much less that the former should not be first in line.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /forum/forumnew78.php (1964 words)

	Workers World June 6, 2002: Reparations & Black Liberation
		The reparations struggle began with the military defeat of the Confederacy at the hands of the Union Army at the end of the Civil War.
		Reparations became a very important focus in the Black struggle for the right to self-determination.
		The call for reparations, along with equating Zionism with racism, compelled the U.S. and Israeli governments to withdraw their high-level delegations from the conference.
	www.workers.org /ww/2002/reparations0606.php (1285 words)

	CCC - Rebuilding Iraq: Debt, Reparations, and Reconstruction
		Two wars and a decade of sanctions later, GDP is not $400 billion but $30 billion—per capita income is $2000 at best.
		In short, not only is the country staggering under one of the world's highest debt burdens, but the situation is even worse because a significant proportion of loans made no contribution to the country's debt servicing capability.
		In April 2003 after initial reluctance, the World bank and the IMF agreed to play the normal role in Iraq's redevelopment "at the appropriate time." They are sending a fact-finding mission to the country.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /rsepResources/si/june03/middleEast.asp (4865 words)

	Spain Debates Civil War Reparations \| World Latest \| Guardian Unlimited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The bill, proposed by the Socialist government in July, would also ban symbols and references to the Franco regime in public buildings and asks local and regional governments to rename streets or plazas that are named after Franco or refer to his regime.
		The law says all victims of the Civil War and the Franco dictatorship will have a year to request reparations from an ad hoc commission that was created to draw up the bill.
		On Thursday, while the reparations debate was taking place in parliament, the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory filed a complaint at the National Court, asking it to investigate the disappearance of 30,000 people during the Civil War and Franco's dictatorship.
	www.guardian.co.uk /worldlatest/story/0,,-6281323,00.html (441 words)

	Outbreak of WWII (Nick, Meghan)
		After the first World War, Europe was in shambles and the US came out far ahead of the other countries involved in the War.
		Germany was forced to give reparations or payments to France and other European Countries because of Germany's wrong doings in World War I. The reparations that Germany had to pay created a bitterness in the country that helped fuel the rise of a second World War.
		Perhaps the important factor in the outbreak of World War II was the ideology of Germany.
	www.uni.edu /schneidj/webquests/CauseswwII/outbreakwwii.html (1020 words)

	World War One - Treaty of Versailles
		In 1919, Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson from the US met to discuss how Germany was to be made to pay for the damage world war one had caused.
		Reparations - Germany was to pay for the damage caused by the war.
		Reparations - Austria was to pay reparations but went bankrupt before the rate could be set.
	www.historyonthenet.com /WW1/versailles.htm (842 words)

	Iraq War & World War 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Of course, in both wars, the Iraqi Army was badly outgunned by their opponents and, it would have been akin to suicide for them to really try to put up a fight.
		In one area - tank warfare - the Germans were masters in World War II and won many battles with this weapon including the Blitzkrieg against France in 1940.
		Iraq War and World War 2 Conclusions: The Iraq War is not in the same league as World War 2, and Saddam Hussein is no Hitler, and the comparisons being made between the two wars and the two men are ridiculous.
	vanrcook.tripod.com /IraqWar.htm (1434 words)

	Reparations
		At the end of the First World War the Allies demanded from the Central Powers compensation for all the damage tat was done during the conflict.
		Allied Reparations Committee was set up and in 1921 it reported that Germany should pay £6,600.000 million in annual instalments.
		Unemployment continued to grow in Germany and in 1931 it was decided to suspend all payments of reparations.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /GERreparations.htm (377 words)

	Jubilee Research: Worldnews: What Will Be the Model for Peace in Postwar Iraq
		Even without punitive war reparations, the financial burden on Iraq already poses a big obstacle to reconstruction.
		The fog of finance is almost as thick as the fog of war in Iraq, but analysts have pieced together a balance sheet that looks, well, wildly out of balance.
		There could be additional claims after this war, and much of the country's infrastructure will need to be rebuilt or repaired.
	www.jubileeresearch.org /worldnews/asia/iraq030403.htm (879 words)

	Trenches on the Web - Special: The Great War in Numbers
		The Great War in Numbers was contributed by Michael E. Hanlon
		Nations declaring war on one or more of the Central Powers 35.
		Reparations demanded by Allied Powers in dollars 82,400,000,000.
	www.worldwar1.com /sfnum.htm (503 words)

	eleven
		Thomas McKittrick approached Orvis Schmidt, Treasury representative on the Currie Mission to Switzerland, in February 1945 and explained to him that the BIS sought to remain neutral during the war by dealing with high-level German financial officials from the Reichsbank, whom McKittrick considered to be cool to the Nazi regime.
		Faced with mounting evidence of collaborationist activities at the BIS during the war, Treasury Secretary Fred Vinson proposed to the new British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Hugh Dalton, to formulate plans to liquidate the BIS.
		It concluded that the BIS accepted looted gold, aided the Reichsbank in salvaging assets threatened by blocking in neutral countries, was dominated by Axis interests, continued to pay dividends to occupied countries in spite of inevitable confiscation by the Nazis, and furnished financial intelligence to the Reichsbank.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /documents/eleven.htm (1622 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Poland rejects reparations call
		The Polish government has said it will not seek World War II reparations from Germany, rejecting parliament's calls to reopen the controversial issue.
		The non-binding resolution in the Polish parliament - the Sejm - was commonly seen as a response to claims from a small group of Germans for ancestral property lost when Poland's borders shifted westwards at the end of the war.
		Polish Foreign Minister Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz said such a move would serve as a reminder to "all those who forgot what World War II was, what its effects and consequences were".
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/3657144.stm (390 words)

	Germans demand war reparations - The Washington Times: World - August 10, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		GENEVA — In what might seem an act of monumental nerve, a group of Germans is seeking compensation from Poland for property lost at the end of World War II.
		The war began with Germany's invasion of Poland, which it ruled in brutal fashion and made home to its most infamous concentration camps.
		But at the end of the war about 12 million Germans were ousted from regions ceded to Poland under Soviet pressure, mainly in East Prussia and eastern Germany, and the former owners are now seeking restitution or financial compensation.
	washingtontimes.com /world/20040809-100626-2784r.htm (610 words)

	BEAN COUNTING IN BAGHDAD
		Two wars and a decade of sanctions later, GDP is not $400 billion but $30 billion, and per capita income is $2,000 at best.
		Making matters worse, not only is the country staggering under one of the world's highest debt burdens, but a significant proportion of loans also made no contribution to the country's debt servicing capability, as they were contracted for purely military-related purposes.
		Similarly, reparations imposed on Iraq will probably not vary significantly from Resolution 1483's mandated 5 percent of oil revenues—depending on the likely range of oil revenues of $15-$22 billion, this adds another budgetary cost of $750 million to $1.25 billion annually.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2003/issue3/jv7n3a4.html (5228 words)

	Boston.com \| Boston Globe Online \| Nation \| The Secret History of World War II
		Rhode Island is just a skirmish in one of the last battles of World War II, part of a movement to settle scores, exact reparations, or just set the record straight as the geriatric ''greatest generation'' ages into oblivion.
		And on the horizon is one of the most ambitious and potentially inflammatory efforts of all: scouring the untapped trove of intelligence files for fresh evidence of war crimes and war criminals from a nation widely viewed as less contrite than Germany has been about Axis atrocities.
		The commission is operating under the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act of 1998, a byproduct of a renaissance in exacting World War II reparations that began in 1996, when lawyers successfully sued Swiss banks for pocketing the accounts of Jews killed by the Nazis.
	graphics.boston.com /globe/nation/packages/secret_history/index3.shtml (600 words)

	Neal R. Axton - Information Scientist
		Made at Budapest as well as Steyr, and known as the Repetier Gewehr M95, this was the principal Austro-Hungarian rifle of World War 1.
		It was also used in large quantities by the Italians, who had received them from the Austrians as World War 1 reparations.
		In World War 2 it was also used by the Bulgarians, Yugoslavs and to some extent by the Greeks.
	polaris.gseis.ucla.edu /naxton/m95.htm (245 words)

	Asia Times - Asia's most trusted news source for the Middle East
		Perhaps the least mentioned issue is the reparations of US$200 billion that Iraq allegedly owes, mostly to Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, from the first Gulf War of 1991.
		Giandomenico Picco, who was the UN official in charge of it, remembers that the commission was composed of three European historians, who, as well as wanting to remain anonymous, for reasons of personal safety, decided unequivocally that Iraq was the aggressor.
		In his speech to the UN in September 2002, the president very clearly put aggression against Iran in the litany of charges against Saddam, to the joy, albeit temporary, of President Mohammad Khatami of Iran, who was sitting in the audience.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Middle_East/FA30Ak01.html (931 words)

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