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	Outline of the Japanese Writing System
		Although all the principal writing systems of the world began with pictures, these were in almost all cases simplified to abstract symbols that were eventually used for their sound values, giving rise to the major alphabet systems of the world.
		This method of writing is referred to as 万葉仮名 man'yōgana because it was used extensively in the 万葉集 man'yōshū, an eighth-century anthology of Japanese poems.
		Kanji are used to write the core of the Japanese vocabulary.
	www.kanji.org /kanji/japanese/writing/outline.htm (0 words)

	Writing System Declaration
		The writing system declaration or WSD is an auxiliary document which provides information on the methods used to transcribe portions of text in a particular language and script.
		We use the term writing system to mean a given method of representing a particular language, in a particular script or alphabet; the WSD specifies one method of representing a given writing system in electronic form.
		A writing system declaration is a distinct auxiliary document, separate from any transcription for which it is used.
	www.tei-c.org /P4X/WD.html (6172 words)

	Writing - MSN Encarta
		Writing can be achieved in either limited or full systems, a full system being one that is capable of expressing unambiguously any concept that can be formulated in language.
		Limited writing systems are generally used for purposes such as keeping accounts or as mnemonic devices for recalling significant facts or conveying general meanings.
		Such systems are characterized by a high degree of ambiguity because there is no fixed correspondence between the signs of the writing system and the language represented.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573431/Writing.html (850 words)

	MESOAMERICAN WRITING SYSTEMS
		Pictographic writing systems are designed to "represent words, ideas, or groups of words or ideas by means of elements that visually portray their associated meanings (for example a box for a house, or a stick figure for a human being)" (Id. at 605).
		Ideographic writing systems represent words, ideas or groups of same "by means of elements whose relationship to their meanings are less, or not at all obvious" (Id.).
		The structure of Zapotec writing was a kind of hieroglyphic writing in vertical columns and often with numerals (Marcus 1980:113).
	www.angelfire.com /ca/humanorigins/writing.html (3251 words)

	Japanese Writing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Not the least of these challenges was the fact that when writing Japanese characters, you must follow a specific order and direction of the strokes in order to be understood by a native reader of Japanese.
		Several times when trying to communicate through writing, I was met with blank looks of incomprehension, because what to me looked like the character for "water" looked to the average Japanese person like a scribbled mess.
		These two basic writing systems share most rules, but lengthening vowel sounds and making consonant sounds harder are done differently in the two sets.
	members.aol.com /writejapan (0 words)

	African Writing Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Specifically, writing is a means by which people record, objectify, and organize their activities and thoughts through images and graphs.
		Writing is a means to inscribe meanings that are expressed through sounds.
		This means that writing facilitates the proper recording and transmissions of events and deeds from one generation to another.
	www.library.cornell.edu /africana/Writing_Systems/Amharic.html (75 words)

	Writing Systems
		The Early Aramaic alphabet is an extremely ancient writing system derived from the Phoenician alphabet, a consonant-based writing system, during the 10th or 9th centuries BC.
		The Chinese writing system is well-suited for the language because the same words are pronounced quite differently in different parts of China.
		A syllabary is a writing system consisting of symbols representing syllables which usually consist of a consonant + vowel or a single vowel.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/november/writingsystems.htm (1468 words)

	Index of languages by writing system
		This is a list of the languages featured on Omniglot arranged by the writing systems with which they are written.
		This is not an exhaustive list of all the languages written with each writing system.
		The most widely used writing systems are the Latin, Cyrillic and Arabic alphabets.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/languages.htm (265 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Writing Systems
		Writing was used for record keeping to correctly count agricultural products, for keeping the calendar to plant crops at the correct time.
		And writing was used for religious purpose (divination and communicating with the supernatural world) and socio-political functions (reinforcing the power of the ruling elite).
		While it is true that writing systems appear to develop in agricultural and urban cultures, by no means it is a requirement for civilization.
	www.ancientscripts.com /ws.html (355 words)

	Japanese Writing
		However, since knowledge of Chinese was limited, the Japanese soon adapted the Chinese style of writing to the Japanese language—by the seventh century AD, the Japanese were writing Japanese using the Chinese style of writing.
		In the history of Japanese writing, the syllabic characters used in the Manyoshu, a collection of poetry from the eigth century, is a cornerstone in the history of writing in Japan.
		It's use of certain characters to represent syllables (rather than the free-for-all in normal Japanese writing) was known as the Manyo kana, the "Manyoshu borrowed words," and became the basis for formal rules of writing syllables in kana.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ANCJAPAN/WRITING.HTM (0 words)

	Eri Takase - Japanese Writing - Japanese Calligraphy
		This article describes the origin of the Japanese writing system and serves as an introduction to this complex and yet very beautiful language.
		When the Japanese began to adopt the Chinese writing system in the fifth century, the Chinese writing system was already standardized and was twenty centuries old.
		The early attempts at adopting the Chinese writing system for Japanese met with many very difficult to overcome problems and the earliest solutions often avoided the problem by using Chinese syntax.
	www.takase.com /Library/Background.htm (0 words)

	Japanese Writing System
		At the time, the Chinese writing system of kanji was considered too difficult for women, as it required years of study.
		Once the two forms of kana, hiragana and katatkana, were developed, the three writing systems were used independently of each all the way into the eighteen hundreds.
		It is a writing system of aesthetic quality that by itself explains a great deal of the history of the Japanese.
	www.csuchico.edu /~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/fall97/mat-wite.htm (1435 words)

	The German Writing System
		The second, The Classification of Writing Systems, divides the writing systems according to their nature, not their age.
		The later chart argues that all writing systems are a mixture of phonetic and semantic symbols and there is no such thing as a 'pure' writing system.
		The latest attempt to change the writing system is directly related to the grammar and spelling reform proposed in 1992.
	f99.middlebury.edu /RU232A/STUDENTS/cbeyer/writingrev.html (772 words)

	Ethiopian Writing System - Baye Yimam
		Even though this writing system is basically a syllabic system, the vowels inside each phoneme are not represented by a number of vowels but by a single vowel.
		In all the writing systems, there is always a difference between a sound and the symbol that represents it.
		The characters in their writings were not given roles based on their ethnic identity but by their contribution to the themes the writers want to pass through these literary works.
	www.ethiopians.com /bayeyima.html (6639 words)

	Greek Writing System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Glagolitic, an earlier Slavic writing system, was also apparently based on Greek.
		Although at all times the main use of the Greek alphabet has been the writing of the Greek language (in its various forms), there are also some interesting cases where a largely unmodified Greek alphabet has been used within the Greek, or the Orthodox, culture area, to write non-Greek languages.
		The primary writing systems of the southern variety of Albanian, Tosk, were long based on Greek.
	www.writingsystems.net /systems/greek/languages.htm (0 words)

	NL23_3: Aromanian Writing System
		The Aromanians started writing in their language in a more systematic way, a little over 100 years ago, and the first writings were associated with the national movement that contributed to the opening of Romanian schools in Macedonia.
		Consequently, what is presently known as the "traditional" system of writing Aromanian is actually a system that consists of (i) several "traditional" alphabets in which several characters have diacritical signs, not always the same, and (ii) different ways for writing the same words.
		If the progress in the writing of this book is satisfactory, a new meeting of the type we had in 1997, can be held somewhere in Macedonia, sometimes in the year 2002 or slightly later, to discuss and eventually change the rules stated in the book.
	www.farsarotul.org /nl23_3.htm (5080 words)

	[No title]
		SignWriting, although used by hundreds of people today, is still a writing system in its infancy, since more years are needed to solidify writing grammar and teaching people to read and write.
		The early attempts at adopting the Chinese writing system for Japanese met with many very difficult to overcome problems and the earliest solutions often avoided the problem by using Chinese syntax.
		When the Chinese writing system was first introduced, the various clans had begun to form a central government under the leadership of what would become the imperial family.
	www.lycos.com /info/writing-system.html (564 words)

	Vietnamese Writing System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The system was developed by Portuguese Jesuit missionaries in the 17th century.
		The writing system tries to show not only distinctions in sound that are found in the standard Hanoi dialect but also those in other dialects.
		Despite the overwhelming prestige of Chinese writing, the Vietnamese managed along the way to develop a system to write their own language.
	www.cjvlang.com /Writing/writviet.html (2047 words)

	Writing for Web Class - Online
		Understand the career potential of writing and editing for the web.
		Develop, research, and write an article for publication on the web.
		Dave White is a writer and webmaster whose work is published on the web, in print, and on TV and radio.
	www.hwg.org /services/classes/writingfortheweb.html (709 words)

	Writing system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Writing systems are conceptual systems, as are the languages to which they refer.
		The invention of the first writing systems is roughly contemporary with the beginning of the Bronze Age in the late Neolithic of the late 4th millennium BC.
		As languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Writing_system (2786 words)

	Japanese writing system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"writing of the gods' age") have been found, some vaguely pictographic, some runic in appearance, and some very close to Korean Hangul, none have been conclusively proven to be genuine, and no definitive evidence of any native Japanese writing system that predates the introduction of Chinese is known to exist.
		Eventually a system called kanbun (漢文) was developed, which used both Chinese characters (kanji) and something very similar to Chinese grammar, but often with diacritic marks placed alongside the Chinese text to give hints as to the Japanese equivalent.
		In addition, the practice of writing horizontally in a right-to-left direction was generally replaced by left-to-right writing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japanese_writing_system (1940 words)

	Elkarîl Writing
		Elkarîl writing-- consisting of columns of grimacing faces-- may look at first like it is logographic; but in fact it is an alphabet, and indeed mostly featural.
		Writing systems always have a preferred mode, and that of Elkarîl is carving in stone.
		This is reflected in writing as well: the face has a neutral expression for i (the middle ground in the full vowel series), becomes steadily sadder as the vowel backs to u, or steadily angrier as the vowel lowers to ê.
	www.zompist.com /elkwrite.htm (1476 words)

	The cuneiform writing system (Babylonian and Assyrian cuneiform texts)
		Writing is one of the essentials and characteristics of civilization.
		The writing of the number 2 is merely two horizontal strokes, in cursive writing written with 'pen down' in between.
		The writing system was born, basically as pictograms.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /bxpoma/akkadeng/cuneiform.htm (2415 words)

	The Tigrinya Writing System
		The Tigrinya writing system is one variant of what is often referred to as the "Ethiopic" writing system or "Ethiopic syllabary".
		It is a slight variant of the writing system used for Amharic and for Ge'ez [gɨʔɨz], the classical language still in use as the liturgical language of Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Christians.
		As a result, the writing system is usually displayed as a two-dimensional matrix in which the rows contain units beginning with the same consonant and the columns contain units ending in the same vowel.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/ling202/WritingSystem.html (587 words)

	Chinese Language: History of Chinese Writing System
		The Chinese writing system was the one unifying element that brought all these languages into one standard written language.
		Also, this writing system was much easier to use with pens, brushes and paper, which is part of the reason it was adapted as the main Chinese calligraphy method.
		Because this writing system uses a single character to represent a word or phrase, there are literally thousands of symbols.
	www.char4u.com /article_info.php?articles_id=2 (538 words)

	Mesopotamia Glossary: Cuneiform
		This complicated writing system dominated Mesopotamia until the century before the birth of Christ; the Persians greatly simplified cuneiform until it represented something closer to an alphabet.
		This writing would be formed by laying the length of the reed along the wet clay and moving the end nearest the hand from one side to another to form the hooks.
		Writing allowed laws to be written and so to assume a static and independent character; history became more detailed and incorporated much more of local cultures' histories.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/GLOSSARY/CUNEI.HTM (405 words)

	Ethiopic writing system. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Ethiopic [2] writing system has its origins in the same ancestral writing systems as those of European alphabets, namely the Semitic scripts that proliferated in the Middle East more than three thousand years ago (Coulmas 1989).
		The Ethiopic system is used on a large scale in the representation of three Semitic languages, all confined to Ethiopia and Eritrea (the latter being formerly part of Ethiopia but now an independent state).
		It could indeed be regarded as an advantageous economy in the writing system since in pronunciation C+/ɨ/ and C+zero (ie, vowelless consonant) alternate fairly freely without affecting meaning; the /ɨ;/ tends to creep in between two consonants to maintain the Consonant-Vowel pattern with lack of consonant clusters that prevails throughout Ethiopian languages.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j19/ethiopic.php (4960 words)

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