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Topic: Written language

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	Written Language Corpora
		Written Language Corpora, collections of text in electronic form, are being collected for research and commercial applications in natural language processing (NLP).
		Written Language Corpora have been used to improve spelling correctors, hyphenation routines and grammar checkers, which are being integrated into commercial word-processing packages.
		Written language corpora provide a spectrum of resources for language processing, ranging from the raw material of the corpora themselves to finished components like computational grammars and lexicons.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /HLTsurvey/ch12node4.html (1556 words)

	Chinese written language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cantonese is unique among non-Mandarin regional languages in having a written colloquial standard, used in Hong Kong and by non-Standard Mandarin speaking Cantonese speakers overseas, with a large number of unofficial characters for words particular to this variety of Chinese.
		Written colloquial Cantonese does exist however, and Cantonese is unique among non-Mandarin regional languages in having a widely used written colloquial standard.
		Due to their unique block, square nature and the morphologically inactive nature of the language, Chinese characters are generally written without spaces at word boundaries, and can be written either horizontally or vertically and from right to left or left to right, or from top to bottom or bottom to top.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_written_language (3534 words)

	Written language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Written language is an invention, whereas spoken language has evolved along with homo sapiens.
		Written language always appears as a complement to a specific natural language (English, French, American Sign Language, etc.) and no purely written languages (with the exception of computer languages, which are not natural languages) exist.
		Nevertheless many extinct languages are in effect purely written, since the written form is all that survives.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Written_language (139 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Chinese written language
		Since the May Fourth Movement of 1919, the formal standard for written Chinese was changed to baihua, or Vernacular Chinese, which, while not completely identical to the grammar and vocabulary of modern spoken Mandarin, was based mostly on modern spoken Mandarin.
		Standard written Chinese spoken aloud using Cantonese pronunciation (usually with some colloquial words substituted in) serves as an acrolect used in newscasts and other formal contexts.
		The Chinese written language employs the Han characters (漢字/汉字 pinyin hànzì), which are named after the Han culture to which they are largely attributed.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Chinese_written_language (1543 words)

	Chinese Language Facts
		The Chinese language (spoken in its standard Mandarin form) is the official language of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China, one of four official languages of Singapore, and one of six official languages of the United Nations.
		The terms and concepts used by Chinese to think about language are different from those used in the West, partly because of the unifying effects of the Chinese characters used in writing, and partly because of differences in the political and social development of China in comparison with Europe.
		China language mapMost linguists classify all of the variations of Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family and believe that there was an original language similar to Proto Indo-European from which the Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman languages descended.
	www.languagehelpers.com /languagefacts/chinese.html (1603 words)

	LSA: About Linguistics
		The spoken and written forms of a given language tend to correspond on one or more levels and may influence each other—as when 'through' is spelled 'thru'.
		Written language is associated with political and economic power, admired literature, and educational institutions, all of which lend it high prestige.
		Written language, because of its permanence and standardization, shows slower and less sweeping changes; the spelling of English has changed much less than its pronunciation since Chaucer's time.
	www.lsadc.org /info/ling-fields-write.cfm (659 words)

	Turkish Language
		Turkish is written with the Latin alphabet and is the language of 90 percent of the population in Turkey.
		The Turkish language is spread over a large geographical area in Europe and Asia; it is spoken in the Azeri, the Turkmen, the Tartar, the Uzbek, the Baskurti; the Hogay, the Kyrgyz, the Kazakh, the Yakuti, the Guvas, and other dialects.
		The most important result of the positive studies made up until the present related to the Turkish language is the fact that the ratio of the use of Turkish words in the written language, which was 35-40 percent prior to 1932, has reached around 75-80 percent at the present.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /info/facts/Language.htm (465 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Written literature and orature are the main means by which a particular language transmits the images of the world contained in the culture it carries.
		Language is thus inseparable from ourselves as a community of human beings with a specific form and character, a specific history, a specific relationship to the world.
		The shadows and language of tribal poets and novelists could be the new ghost dance literature, the shadow literature of liberation that enlivens tribal survivance.
	www.english.emory.edu /Bahri/Language.html (1417 words)

	Odin Archive - Small country with two written languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The primary language of all cities is Bokmål; the same applies to the relatively thickly populated areas surrounding the Oslo fjord and the lowlands of Eastern Norway.
		Normalized Nynorsk is hence usually not the spoken language in the local communities where it is the teaching language and is mainly used in places where the inhabitants hail from different parts of the country.
		The written language followed Danish pronunciation, and in these cases Knudsen wanted Norwegian spelling to correspond to the pronunciations which in his time were customary in refined daily conversation, i.e.
	odin.dep.no /odin/engelsk/norway/history/032005-990497/index-dok000-b-n-a.html (2947 words)

	Language in India
		Language development, in general terms, refers to the "expansion of the child's lexicon and the proliferation of syntactic structures" (Dore 1979:130), after the acquisition of the language.
		If the child is exposed to the written Tamil simultaneously, three sets of rules, one pertaining to the spoken variety, another pertaining to the written variety, and the third providing a link between the two, have to be mastered.
		As language development is directly concerned with the proliferation of syntactic structures, we notice a rapid growth of the spoken variety in the initial stages of language acquisition.
	www.languageinindia.com /junjulaug2001/conceptdiglossic.html (1913 words)

	LDRC - Articles - Origins of Written Language.
		The use of pictograms can still be found today, used by many native cultures, but also found in mainstream cultures as road signs, on public bathroom doors, and used to represent a place to eat, to sleep, to fill your gas tank, or make a phone call.
		The Phoenicians system was considered inefficient by the Greeks; their language was more complex and not easily interpretable with the Phoenician system.
		Languages such as Hebrew and Arabic are written without vowels; vowel sounds are predicted by the context of words and other letters.
	www.ldrc.ca /contents/view_article/152 (1432 words)

	Egyptian Writing System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The language consists of approximately 121 bi-literals, 75 tri-literals, and various determinants and phonetic complements.
		The majority of the language was written from right to left except for occasional specific purposes.
		The language had to be deciphered in two ways; first it had to be transliterated from symbols to orthographic text and then translated into English.
	www.library.cornell.edu /africana/Writing_Systems/Hieroglyphics.html (290 words)

	Asperger Syndrome:Dysgraphia
		Margaret J. Kay, Ed.D. The term dysgraphia has customarily been used to refer to a disorder of written language expression in childhood as opposed to a disorder of written language acquired in adulthood.
		Written language is the graphomotor execution of sequential symbols to convey thoughts and information.
		Remediation strategies for early elementary age children with written language problems include writing readiness exercises, instruction and practice using appropriate pencil grip, formation of symbol skills, practice to increase fluency, and direct instruction to improve writing organization.
	www.udel.edu /bkirby/asperger/dysgraphia_mjkay.html (1405 words)

	English Language Arts
		Students need to be able to use language appropriately for a broad range of functions and perceive the functions for which others use language.
		Oral language is the foundation skill that students bring to school.
		Throughout the school years, oral language is both a means whereby students learn about reading and is a goal of literacy instruction.
	www.ncpublicschools.org /curriculum/languagearts/elementary/olang2 (1015 words)

	Abstracts of Papers about Oral/Written Differences
		Punctuation and the Prosody of Written Language, by Wallace Chafe.
		Based on Chafe's study of punctuation and the prosody of written language, this paper discusses ways that punctuation reflects both a reader's and writer's "internal voice." The paper offers insights for teachers and learners about the assumptions that lie behind the use of punctuation in writing.
		She argues that there is no linear progression in written language development; rather, written language emerges most strongly when it is embedded within a child's total symbolic repertoires, including drawing, playing, singing, dancing, and storytelling.
	www-gse.berkeley.edu /research/ncswl/reportslanguage.html (646 words)

	Japanese language - spoken and written language used mainly in Japan
		The Japanese language (Nihongo 日本語) is a spoken and written language used mainly in Japan.
		Native Japanese text is typically written in a combination of the first three: Kanji, which is an adaptation of Chinese ideograms, and Hiragana and Katakana, which are syllabaries derived from simplified kanji.
		Humble language is used to talk about oneself or one's own group (company, family) whilst honorific language is mostly used when describing the interlocutor and his group.
	www.japan-101.com /language/japanese_language.htm (3227 words)

	Chinese language and dialects from ALS International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The written forms of Chinese include a traditional alphabet and a simplified Chinese (Pinyin), which was originated in 1948 after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, to make the written lanuage more accessible to the general population.
		Mandarin is the official language for both mainland China (known as Pu-Tong-Hua) and Taiwan (known as Guo-Yu) in spite of the huge political differences between the two countries.
		Yue, including the well-known Cantonese (the language of Guangzhou -also known as Canton) is spoken in many part of the Chinese Diaspora, particularly Hong Kong and overseas Chinese settlements in the United States, Europe and South-east Asia..
	www.alsintl.com /languages/chinese.htm (821 words)

	Halfbakery: Written Sign Language
		I think that what he/she is saying is that a by-product of using sign language is that certain gestures may contain meaning (which could perhaps a source of humour) that is additional, and not necessarily related to, the actual meaning of the word for the sign.
		Literacy (in written English) in 'native' BSL speakers is often lower than the English speaking population as a whole as for them, it is a second language and the structure/grammer is very different to what they are used too.
		The written language would only ever be used by other signers, and even then only when the target audience was exclusively deaf people who could read it.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Written_20Sign_20Language (3154 words)

	Written Language and Spoken Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bourdieu's work does not always distinguish between written and spoken language, but it is clear from his writing that the kinds of controls he talks about (above and elsewhere) are primarily of the written kind, though control of spoken language, i.e.
		That the French state is much better at controlling a linguistic marketplace of written language, rather than spoken language, however, is clear even from the above presentation.
		Given what else he says about the evaluation of linguistic products' it is also clear that written tokens of language will be more harshly evaluated than will spoken ones, and because they are also scarcer, they have higher symbolic value.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/540/handouts/french/dirigism/node8.html (173 words)

	Jewish Language Research Website
		Their languages have differed by as little as a few embedded Hebrew words or by as much as a highly variant grammar.
		There are descriptions of over a dozen Jewish languages (accessible in map and list forms), including fundamentals of their history, linguistics, and literature.
		The Jewish Language Research Website is produced and edited by Sarah Bunin Benor and maintained by Tsuguya Sasaki.
	www.jewish-languages.org (472 words)

	Sequoyah's Talking Leaves
		Realizing a key to development of the Cherokee Nation was a written language, Sequoyah began work on a graphic representation of the Cherokee language.
		Sequoyah's written language was not the first example of the concept.
		The leaders of the tribe felt that this written language was the work of the devil, and to force him to stop they ordered Ridge to remove the tops of his fingers.
	ngeorgia.com /history/alphabet.html (533 words)

	LDLD: Portuguese. Written Language. English Phoneme-Grapheme Connections with Portuguese.
		The interaction between two language phonic systems may occur from L1 to L2 (from a student’s first language to a second/additional language, usually English in the USA) or from L2 to L1 (from English to a student’s first language).
		This understanding is especially important for teachers of CLD students (at the beginning stages of second/new language acquisition) who come to English having already acquired reading skills in alphabetic languages such as Portuguese or Spanish.
		Decoding and encoding (reading and spelling) miscues in English by Portuguese-speaking children are very predictable when educators are knowledgeable about the specific phoneme and grapheme characteristics of the student’s native language and how these may influence his or her reading and spelling in English.
	www.ldldproject.net /languages/portuguese/written/phonics.html (456 words)

	Amazon.ca: A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language: Books: J. A. Haywood,H. M. Nahmad,John A. Haywood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The explanations and examples are very clear--as clear as they can be in a language as different from English as Arabic is. I have friends who are forced to learn with other books in their classes, and repeatedly turn to Haywood to understand what's really going on.
		It is the most useful grammar of the written language for students at a basic to high intermediate level (most of my lecturers refer to it too!).
		As a 'teach-yourself' course in conjunction with the companion volume 'a Key to a New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language', which is how I first approached it, I think it is an excellent course for learning classical and modern written Arabic, tho' some may find it dry.
	www.amazon.ca /New-Arabic-Grammar-Written-Language/dp/085331585X (1305 words)

	German language and Germany by ALS International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The earliest written records of any Germanic language are isolated words and names cited by Latin authors of the 1st century B.C. From 200 A.D., Germanic carved inscriptions are found using a 24-letter “runic” alphabet.
		A “standard” form of German was evolved in early modern times, at first as a written language modeled on that of the German translation of the Bible made by Martin Luther in the early 1500’s.
		In the eighteenth century, a standard spoken from of German (“Hochsprache”), based on the written language, came into use with the establishment of theaters by the many German-speaking princely courts.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/german.htm (1482 words)

	Development of Written Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Understanding the developmental sequence of written language is essential to the analysis of written language development for students in the elementary years.
		Following is a developmental schema of the stages of written language.
		As students become more familiar with how written language is organized, they will abandon the 'and connection' and will organize their written text using sentences.
	cps.uwsp.edu /Courses/EDUC310/Background/develop.asp (644 words)

	The History of Written Language
		Basically hagiographic and ecclesiastical works were written in Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri.
		In the X-XII centuries during the golden ages of Georgian State System, Mkhedruli was developed mostly, in which secular works were written.
		E.g.: Ecclesiastical Books were written in old letters, but Kings' orders, secular documents and books were written in Mkhedruli.
	members.tripod.com /ggdavid/georgia/language/bookhist.htm (418 words)

	Stages of Written Language Development
		These are written lines of letters that have letter characteristics but they are misshapen and written randomly, even covering the page.
		Most of the words the children use are written correctly, some add punctuation.
		They organize their words in lines with spaces between the words; and, they move from left to right, and from the top of the page to the bottom.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~leej/development-written.html (183 words)

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