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	Chen Yuanyuan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chen Yuanyuan (Chinese: 陳圓圓; pinyin: Chén Yuányuán; WG: Ch'en Yüan-yüan) (1624 - 1681), born Xing Yuan (邢沅), a Ming Chinese, was a concubine of Wu Sangui, who broke into the fortress of Li Zicheng to rescue her.
		In the later years of ChongZhen she married Wu Sangui but was held hostage by the emperor in order for Wu Sangui (general of a great army) to obey to his promise--to save Ming dynasty.
		Wu opened China's land for the Qing dynasty and betrayed the Ming dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chen_Yuanyuan (358 words)

	Freefire Zone Forums - Wu Sangui - Villified Traitor, Opportunist, or Victim of Circumstances?
		Wu Sangui was born into a military family in the Ming province of Liaodong, in what was today's Liaoning province in southern Manchuria.
		Wu Sangui participated in the Ming attempt to raise the seige of Jinzhou, the first fortress guarding the route into China from Manchuria, in 1643.
		Wu Sangui was entrenched at Shanhaiguan, having marched to attempt to save the capital but stopped upon hearing news of the death of the emperor.
	www.freefirezone.net /showthread.php?t=5722 (1057 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Wu Sangui (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Wu was born in Gaoyou (高郵), Jiangsu Province to Wu Xiang (襄).
		Wu Sangui's son, Wu Yingxiong, married the fourteenth daughter of Shunzhi Emperor.
		Wu Sangui's reputation in contemporary China is as a traitor and opportunist, due his betrayal of both the Ming and the Qing.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=Wu_Sangui (506 words)

	Revolt of the Three Feudatories - TheBestLinks.com - Beijing, Mongol, Qing Dynasty, Taiwan, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In 1655, the Qing government granted Wu Sangui, a man to whom they were indebted for the conquest of China, both civil and military authority over the province of Yunnan.
		Thus, the only major threats remaining to the Qing forces were Wu Sangui himself in the southwest, and Zheng Jing, son of the Ming loyalist general Zheng Chenggong, who threatened the southwestern coastline from Taiwan.
		Wu Sangui died of natural causes in 1678 and his grandson Wu Shifan committed suicide in Yunnan in December 1681.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories.html (1046 words)

	www.China-Defense.com
		The main point of Hsi's account is that Wu Sangui defeated Li Zicheng without the Manchus' aid, since the Ming courtiers did not mention the appearance of the Manchus in the battlefield and it was reported that at the time the Manchus were in the vicinity of Shanhaiguan.
		Wu Sangui was aware of Li Zicheng's approach, and in response he badgered the Manchus to quickly enter the frontiers, but negotiations between the Ming and Qing commanders were only concluded a few days before the commencement of the battle.
		Wu Sangui arrayed his forces outside to the west of the Shanhaiguan fortress (the south-side faces the sea, and the north-side and east-side face Mongol and Manchu territories), and he gave battle to Li Zicheng's army.
	www.china-defense.com /history/1644/1644-10.html (1219 words)

	www.China-Defense.com
		A native of Liaodong (of the present-day province of Liaoning), Wu Sangui was the son of the frontiers general Wu Xiang.
		Descriptions of Wu Sangui or his military career were scanty, although it is known that Wu Sangui was the Ningyuan garrison commander and one of Hong Chengchou's eight subordinate generals when the Ming court sent Hong to lift the Manchu siege of Jinzhou in 1643.
		Wu Sangui and Tang Tong were among the few Ming commanders in the rear who were able to escape the Manchu ambush.
	www.china-defense.com /history/1644/1644-5.html (484 words)

	Manchu Qing Dynasty - Part I -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Wu Sangui forcefully broke out of the city to charge at the Manchu forces and rescued his father at the wound to his nosebridge in the course of killing a Manchu general.
		Wu Sangui, a Ming general at Ningyuan, was on his way to Peking to rescue the Ming emperor, but he stopped at Shanhaiguan Pass when he heard of the fall of the capital.
		After Manchus were invited by Wu Sangui the gatekeeper for Shanhaiguan Pass, the Manchus used the slogan of 'Restoring Ming Dynasty' to call for cooperation among Ming Chinese remnant armies in the wars against the peasant rebels.
	www.uglychinese.org /manchu.htm (14213 words)

	brief history of china - Qing - world history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Wu appealed to the Manchu lord Dorgon and together they ejected Li, who was eventually reduced to scrounging and was killed by peasants in Hubei.
		Wu Sangui went to Yunnan, where prince Yong-li was active, and he soon took charge forcing Yong-li to seek asylum in Burma.
		However, Wu Sangui was not above imperial pretensions himself and in 1673 he proclaimed a kingdom invoking the Ming emperors, but he died in 1678 and his project did not prosper.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /c/china9.htm (814 words)

	Add new comment \| All Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		These generals, most notably Wu Sangui, had helped build the Qing Dynasty, and were rewarded with large, almost-independent fiefs, and held the Manchu title of prince.
		By 1681, Wu was dead and Geng and Shang had been captured and executed, along with their sons.
		Wu Sangui's son fought on for another 32 years but presented no real threat to the Qing Empire.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=comment/reply/130 (6838 words)

	Prince of Gui - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		However, as Wu Sangui's troops exerted a further pressure against his at that time current location, the Prince of Gui eventually retreated to Kunming in Yunnan in 1659 and into Burma in 1661, seeking refuge from the Burmese King.
		It is said that he scorn Wu Sangui in his last momment stating that he betray his people and native dynasty, and prompts Wu to kill him faster by stating that he is disgust in seeing a "Traitor's face".
		Wu Sangui was thrown into embarrassment and personally raged to do the execution on him personally.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Prince_of_Gui (433 words)

	What if Wu Sangui didn't surrendar Shanhaiguan - China History Forum, online chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Wu sangui is stuck between Ming and Li zicheng army.
		Nevertheleses, Wu's army was a decisive piece, a keystone that shifted the momentum towards the side of the Qing.
		Wu was wise and savvy enough to see that he would not maintain his status under the control of Li; on the other hand, siding with the Manchus would make him their guide to the central plains, and give him prestige far greater than that bestowed upon Hong Cheng Chou.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=5124 (1285 words)

	Wu Sangui - China History Forum, online chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		But, Wu's family loyalty is not well attested (in 1644, Li Zicheng held many members of Wu's family hostage; but Wu attacked anyway, and his kin were slaughtered, his father dying before his own eyes).
		Wu Sangui's unexplained hesitation allowed the Qing to gather trustworthy troops under loyal Manchu generals, and begin to slowly push the rebels back.
		After Wu Sangui died, of apparently natural causes, his son Wu Shifan continued the war until at last surrounded, he committed suicide, in 1681, I believe.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2840&st=15 (869 words)

	Revolt of the Three Feudatories: 1681
		The three (Wu Sangui, Shang Kexi, and Geng Jimao) were named as princes by the Qing court and each was given the equivalent of an (almost) independent domain.
		Wu grew conceited and began to live lavishly instead of focusing on Ming restoration.
		Shang's son surrendered a year after that because Wu was trying to assimilate their territories under himself, and in 1678 he declared himself Emperor, but died that same year.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/China/3Feudatories.CP.html (636 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Biographical Database :: Imperial China- (?- 1644) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Wu was born in Gaoyou (高郵;), Jiangsu Province to Wu Xiang (襄).
		Wu Sangui's son, Wu Yingxiong, married a sister of Emperor Kang Xi.
		Wu Sangui is often being called a traitor/opportunist by the common Chinese folks, due to his betrayal to both Ming and Qing.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/bio.1imp.html (6755 words)

	phorum - Chinese Culture Forum at Asiawind - The History of Taiwan (03)
		Wu Sangui heard news that his father, Wu Xiang (§dÁ¸), was captured by Li Zicheng.
		Wu Sangui agreed to surrender and was marching back to Beijing.
		However, when he heard the news that his favourite concubine, Chen Yuanyuan was kidnapped by the rebel leader, Wu Sangui changed his mind and retreated back to Shanhaiguan.
	www.asiawind.com /forums/read.php?f=2&i=3283&t=3280 (855 words)

	Was Wu Sangui really a traitor?
		Li had Wu Sangui's father executed at the palace gates and took 陳圓圓 with him before fleeing from the combined forces.
		Wu Sangui then became 平西王 until he was removed by Emperor Kangxi.
		The people Wu Sangui let past the gate became the government of three centuries - anyone who fought against them might just as easily be termed "traitor".
	www.chinese-forums.com /showthread.php?p=30117 (1130 words)

	Summary and Evaluation of China, Korea & Japan to 1875 by Sanderson Beck
		The martial emperor Wu Di began ruling at age 16 and often during his 54-year reign had his army fighting the barbarian Xiongnu in the northwest; other military campaigns attacked Korea, Manchuria, and Mongolia.
		Wu Di established an imperial university for the study of the classics, but in the second half of his reign the Legalists had more influence than the Confucians.
		By the 4th century Buddhism was spreading rapidly in China, and Wu Di of Liang patronized it in the 6th century.
	www.san.beck.org /3-13-Summary.html (16017 words)

	Zhuang 015 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Wu Sangui consolidated Manchu control of Yunnan, followed the fugitives into Burma and captured the tattered remnants of the Ming court.
		Wu Sangui had good relations with minority leaders in his conquest of the Southern Ming and dispatched elite units to the aid of his allies in Guangxi.
		The disorder of the wars against Wu Sangui had the same effect as had the earlier campaigns against the southern Ming remnants.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /as/resources/zhuang/zhuang15.htm (4274 words)

	Qing Empire 1644-1799 by Sanderson Beck
		Wu Sangui was appointed military governor of devastated Yunnan; Geng Jimao was transferred to Fujian, where his father had been prince; and Shang Kexi governed Guangdong.
		Wu Sangui rebelled in December; he proclaimed a new Zhou dynasty, and hundreds of officials in the south defected to his side.
		Wu Jingzi (1701-54) was from a scholarly family in the province of Anhui.
	www.san.beck.org /3-8-QingEmpire1644-1799.html (13185 words)

	Wikinfo \| Qing Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Wu caught between two enemies decided to cast his lots with the Manchus and made an alliance with Dorgon, regent to the then six-year old Shunzhi, son of Hong Taiji who had passed away the year before.
		Even though the rebel forces were routed, Wu's army was so weakened by the day's fighting that he had no choice but to join the Manchus forces as they captured Beijing on June 6 and began their conquest of the whole of China.
		The chief of whom was Wu Sangui who was given the provinces Yunan (云南), and Guizhou (贵州).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Qing_Dynasty (3820 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Wu Sangui
		MSN Encarta - Search Results - Wu Sangui
		Wu Sangui (1612-1678), Chinese general, commander of the army stationed in northern China during the late Ming dynasty.
		Wu Han (1909-1969), Chinese historian and writer, whose play Hai Rui ba guan (The Dismissal of Hai Rui from Office, 1961) was interpreted as a...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Wu_Sangui.html (104 words)

	Qing1
		Wu Sangui who had destroyed the army of the rebel Li Zicheng and then had chased the Ming loyalists to
		Wu Sangui and the military governor of Fujian, Geng Jingzhong (?-1682) rebelled openly and won over several other governors, including the son of Shang Kexi named Shang Zhixin, for their cause.
		After Wu Sangui had died in 1676 the Qing army successfully recaptured the southern and southwestern provinces.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~inaasim/Mingqing04/Qing2.htm (1149 words)

	huang 016 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This movement was quickened by the acceleration of the cycle of disasters, and by the political events of the seventeenth century which brought larger numbers of Chinese immigrants into the region, such as the fall of the Ming, the rebellion of Wu Sangui, the Qing occupation, and the Muslim revolts in Yunnan.
		Wu Yongzhang presents evidence that the Yi Xue were also intended to draw in the children of minority elites, in addition to local Han students.
		This is a not uncommon statement in many of the references to ancestral data for all clans, and we understand it to be an admission of local origins, and that moreover the clan has refused to simply present a spurious genealogy, a very easy matter by the mid-Qing era.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /as/resources/zhuang/zhuang16.htm (10799 words)

	China and Inner Asia Sessions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Wu Weiye (1609–1672) was a groundbreaking figure in Chinese literature for inaugurating a new poetic style known as the Meicun ti.
		Wu’s sequence of long narrative songs/ballads in the seven-syllabic line (gexing) conveys the Ming-Qing dynastic upheaval, with emphasis on human predicaments in the face of national and personal crises.
		I focus on Wu’s famous verse "Ballad of Yuanyuan," which has been customarily construed as a bitter sarcasm against the turncoat general Wu Sangui and sympathy for the unintentional femme fatale Chen Yuanyuan.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2005abst/China/C-72.htm (1330 words)

	wu sangui - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		wu sangui - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Wu was born in Gaoyu (高郵), Jiangsu Province to Wu Xiang (襄).
		He died of illness in Hengzhou, Hunan province, and was succeeded by his grandson Wu Shifan (吳世藩).
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Wu-Sangui (110 words)

	Articles - Ming Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Hong Wu emperor paid special attention to the irrigation of farms all over the empire, and in 1394 a number of students from Kuo-tzu-chien were sent to all of the provinces to help develop irrigation systems.
		Hong Wu emperor took great care over the whole project and in his instruction to the ministers told them that the code of laws should be comprehensive and intelligible, so as not to leave any loophole for sub-officials to misinterpret the law by playing on the words.
		Seizing their chance, the Manchus crossed the Great Wall after Ming border general Wu Sangui opened the gates at Shanhai Pass, and quickly overthrew Li´s shortlived Shun Dynasty.
	www.ranau.net /articles/Ming_Dynasty (4065 words)

	Wu Sangui: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Wu Sangui (Chinese (Any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China; regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system)
		Wu was born in Gaoyu (高郵), Exception Handler: No article summary found.
		and was succeeded by his grandson Wu Shifan (吳世藩).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/wu_sangui (893 words)

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