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	John Wyclif biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Wyclif was born at Ipreswell (modern Hipswell), Yorkshire, England, between 1320 and 1330; died at Lutterworth (near Leicester) December 31, 1384.
		Wyclif was summoned before William Courtenay, Bishop of London, on Feb. 19, 1377, in order "to explain the wonderful things which had streamed forth from his mouth." The exact charges are not known, as the matter did not get as far as a definite examination.
		Wyclif's fundamental principle of the preexistence in thought of all reality involves the most serious obstacle to freedom of the will; the philosopher could assist himself only by the formula that the free will of man was something predetermined of God.
	john-wyclif.biography.ms (6998 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: John Wyclif
		It is impossible to understand Wyclif's popularity, the weakness of the ecclesiastical authorities, or even the character of his teaching, without taking into account the extraordinary condition of the country at the end of the fourteenth century.
		What is, however, characteristic of Wyclif is the argument, half-feudal and half-theological, with which he supports his attack on the clergy and the monks; yet though connected with his name it was in part borrowed from Richard Fitz-Ralph, an Oxford teacher and vice-chancellor, who had since become Archbishop of Armagh.
		On the other hand, Wyclif resembled the Protestant Reformers in his insistence on the Bible as the rule of faith, in the importance attributed to preaching, and in his sacramental doctrine.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15722a.htm (2429 words)

	Jan Hus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Catholic Church did not condone such uprisings, and Hus was excommunicated in 1411, condemned by the Council of Constance, and burned at the stake.
		This is wholly the doctrine of Wyclif (Sermones, iii.
		Hus conceded his veneration of Wyclif, and said that he could only wish his soul might some time attain unto that place where Wyclif's was.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jan_Hus (3683 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
		Wyclif frequently complained that the pope and cardinals were "in league with the enemies of the English kingdom"544 and the papal registers of the Avignon period, which record the appeals sent to the English king to conclude peace with France, almost always mention terms that would have made France the gainer.
		John Wyclif, called the Morning Star of the Reformation, and, at the time of his death, in England and in Bohemia the Evangelical doctor,554 was born about 1324 near the village of Wyclif, Yorkshire, in the diocese of Durham.
		Wyclif declared the crusade an expedition for worldly mastery, and pronounced the indulgence "an abomination of desolation in the holy place." Spenser’s army reached the Continent, but the expedition was a failure.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/history/6_ch05.htm (16759 words)

	Schaff's account of Wyclif and the Lollards
		Wyclif, who was not present, made another use of the occurrence, and declared that the Lord sent the earthquake "because the friars had put heresy upon Christ in the matter of the sacrament, and the earth trembled as it did when Christ was damned to bodily death."
		Wyclif’s chief service for his people, next to the legacy of his own personality, was his assertion of the supreme authority of the Bible for clergy and laymen alike, and his gift to them of the Bible in their own tongue.
		Thorpe’s assertion that Wyclif was the greatest clerk of his time evoked from Arundel the acknowledgment that he was indeed a great clerk and, by the consent of many, "a perfect liver," but that many of the conclusions of his learning were damned, as they ought to be.
	www.bible-researcher.com /wyclif1.html (15137 words)

	Jan 03 - Article - John Wyclif's legacy - Roger Fay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		John Wyclif’s ministry was exercised in the context of a dominant mediaeval Roman Catholicism.
		Wyclif was in no doubt: ‘Were there a hundred popes and all the friars turned into cardinals, their opinion in matters of faith should not be accepted except in so far as it is founded upon Scripture’.
		Wyclif realised that while it was impossible for each parish to have a priest ‘teaching both in deed and sermon the faith of Christ’;, an itinerant ministry could still convey the gospel everywhere to the downtrodden people.
	www.evangelical-times.org /Articles/Jan03/jan03a14.htm (1433 words)

	Chaucer, Wyclif, Hus, and Chelcicky by Sanderson Beck
		Wyclif studied the original teachings of Jesus and objected to church rituals; he could not agree with the doctrine of the Eucharist transubstantiation that the spiritual presence of the Christ also made the physical bread his body.
		Wyclif believed it was a fundamental sin to withhold the scriptures from the laity, and he held that the first duty of a priest is to make them known in the mother-tongue of the people.
		Wyclif was also disgusted by the crusade Norwich bishop Henry de Spenser was preparing for Urban VI against the Avignon Pope Clement VII in 1383 and wrote tracts condemning the clerics, curates, prelates, priests, and monks who are enemies of peace and maintainers of war in order to perpetuate their possessions and rob poor tenants.
	www.san.beck.org /GPJ11-Chaucer,Wyclif.html (5074 words)

	The Lollards \| The Anabaptist Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Wyclif was an academic rather than a revolutionary, an establishment man rather than a radical, who seems to have had no intention of launching a movement that would challenge the religious and political status quo.
		Wyclif was a philosopher as well as a theologian, and many of his earlier writings are concerned with complex metaphysical issues as he entered into contemporary debates.
		Wyclif’s expressed intention was not to start a new movement or to plant new churches, but simply to fill what he saw as a gap in the established churches.
	www.anabaptistnetwork.com /node/view/28 (2024 words)

	John Wyclif, Translator and Controversialist
		John Wyclif (also spelled Wycliffe, Wycliff, Wicliffe, or Wiclif) was born in Yorkshire around 1330, and was educated at Oxford, becoming a doctor of divinity in 1372.
		Wyclif's last political act was in 1378, when he argued that criminals who had taken sanctuary in churches might lawfully be dragged out of sanctuary.
		Today, the Wyclif Foundation, named in his honor, is committed to translating the Bible into all the languages spoken anywhere in the world.
	justus.anglican.org /resources/bio/27.html (710 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lollards
		The name given to the followers of John Wyclif, an heretical body numerous in England in the latter part of the fourteenth and the first half of the fifteenth century.
		There is no allusion in these conclusions to Wyclif's doctrine that "dominion is founded on grace," yet most of the early Lollards taught in some form or another that the validity of the sacraments was affected by the sinfulness of the minister.
		Wyclif gave some kind of philosophic basis to this point of view in his doctrine of "dominion," though he applied it more to the property and authority of the clergy than to their sacramental powers.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09333a.htm (2939 words)

	Books by Anne Hudson - English Wycliffite Sermons Volume 3 - 019812774x books and search
		Wyclif was summoned before William Courtenay, Bishop of London, on Feb. 19, 1377, in order "to explain the wonderful things which had streamed forth from his mouth."The exact charges are not known, as the matter did not get as far as a definite examination.
		Among the propositions which Wyclif, at the direction of the government, worked out for parliament was one which speaks out distinctly against the exhaustion of England by the Curia.Wyclif tried to gain public favour by laying his theses before parliament, and then made them public in a tract, accompanied by explanations, limitations, and interpretations.
		Wyclif believed that the Bible ought to be the common possession of all Christians, and needed to be made available for common use in the language of the people.National honour seemed to require this, since members of the nobility possessed the Bible in French.
	academicpublications.com /47654_anne-hudson_019812774xenglishwycliff... (6610 words)

	John Wyclif - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		In the university there was friction between "nations"; in Oxford there were two of these--the northern or "Boreales" and southern or "Australes," each of which had its procurator chosen by the corps or nation.
		A family whose seat was in the neighborhood of Wyclif's home-- Bernard Castle-- had founded Balliol College, Oxford to which Wyclif belonged, first as scholar, then as master.
		This last did not happen till twelve years afterward, when at the command of Pope Martin V they were dug up, burned, and the ashes cast into the river Swift which flows through Lutterworth.
	www.free-definition.com /John-Wyclif.html (7003 words)

	Eldrbarry's Reformation Class: Wyclif and Hus
		Wyclif studied at Oxford become a prominent theologian influenced by St. Augustine's writings, and Rector of Lutterworth in 1374.
		Wyclif's On Civil Lordship in 1376 expressed the viewpoint that power whether religious or civil was God's to extend to faithful stewards as was the usage of temporal property.
		It is for their views on the nature of the Church and on the sole authority of Scripture that John Wyclif and John Hus are considered to be forerunners of the Protestant Reformation.
	www.eldrbarry.net /heidel/wyclfhus.htm (1420 words)

	§17. The Lollards; Wyclif’s Personality. II. Religious Movements in the Fourteenth Century. Vol. 2. The End ...
		It is certain that, while like him in denying transubstantiation, the later Lollards were not like him in their positive view of the Eucharist; his views upon endowment might reappear again and again in parliament, but had no permanent effect.
		Hus was simply a disciple of Wyclif, and his works were mainly copies of Wyclif’s; this revival of Wyclifite teaching led to the condemnation of forty-five selected errors at the council of Constance (4 May 1415).
		A survey, then, of Wyclif’s life and works, as they can be estimated now, shows that much at one time assigned to him was not really his.
	www.bartleby.com /212/0217.html (1009 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jan Hus
		Hus was a strong partisan on the side of the Czechs, and hence of the Realists, and he was greatly influenced by the writings of Wyclif.
		Secure of the royal protection, Hus continued the agitation in favour of Wyclif, but at the end of August he was summoned to appear in person before the pope.
		Hus meanwhile openly defended Wyclif, and this position he maintained especially against John Stokes, a licentiate of Cambridge, who had come to Prague and declared that in England Wyclif was regarded as a heretic.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07584b.htm (996 words)

	Theology WebSite: Church History Study Helps: John Wyclif (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Wyclif conceded in his book "On the Power of the Pope" (1379) that the visible church may well have an earthly leader, if such a one truly emulates Peter in apostolic simplicity and poverty.
		The fundamental doctrines of the Protestant reformers, however, owed little of their substance to the doctrines of Wyclif (or Hus), and were far more radical in their break with traditional teaching.
		Nevertheless, insofar as Wyclif and a great number of "orthodox" thinkers of the late Middle Ages were already confronting the same central issues that the Protestant reformers were to confront, they may be justly called "forerunners" of the Reformation.
	www.theologywebsite.com /history/wyclif.shtml (776 words)

	John Wyclif
		Ab 1380 entsandte Wyclif Wanderprediger, um seine religiösen Auffassungen in England zu verbreiten.
		Seine Lehren fanden in weiten Teilen der Bevölkerung Anklang und beeinflussten den Aufstand der englischen Bauern von 1381 maßgeblich.
		Wyclif zog sich deshalb zurück, übersetzte 1383 als Erster das Neue Testament ins Englische, und starb 1384 in seiner Pfarrei Lutterworth; mehrere verbliebene Anhänger wurden verfolgt und hingerichtet.
	www.heiligenlexikon.de /BiographienJ/John_Wyclif.htm (339 words)

	Robert Alyngton
		Alyngton was probably the first to ameliorate Wyclif's theory of predication by dividing predication into formal predication (praedicatio formalis) and remote inherence (inhaerentia remota) or predication by essence (praedicatio secundum essentiam).
		Remote inherence is grounded in a partial identity between subject and predicate, which share some but not all metaphysical constituents, and does not demand that the form signified by the predicate term be directly present in the entity signified by the subject term.
		The foundation is the main component, since it (i) joins the relation to the underlying substances, (ii) lets the relation link the substrate to the object, and (iii) transmits some of its properties to the relation.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/alyngton (2417 words)

	John Wyclif: Morning Star of the Reformation
		Wyclif then received his Doctorate, at which point in time he would have been as young as 40 or as old as 54.
		Wyclif extended this idea of lordship and goodness to the secular realm, enlarging the government’s power even further as it was able to seize the property of unrighteous laymen as well.
		Wyclif also saw the need for preachers who related God’s Word to the people in their own language, so he trained itinerant preachers and equipped them with partial translations of the Bible to accomplish this task.
	www.thirdmill.org /files/english/html/ch/CH.h.McLaughlin.Wyclif.html (3548 words)

	real life canterbury tales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		A Yorkshireman by birth, Wyclif studied and taught theology and philosophy at Oxford.
		This first and literal translation of the Latin Vulgate Bible into English was mainly the work of his followers, notably Nicholas Hereford; the smoother revision of c.1395 was directed by Wyclif's follower John Purvey.
		In England the Lollards (see Lollardy) formed the link between Wyclif and the Protestant Reformation; on the Continent he was a chief forerunner of the Reformation, through his influence on Jan Huss, the Bohemian reformer, and through Huss on Martin Luther and the Moravians."
	wyclif.net (286 words)

	Wyclif, John. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Wyclif Bible is a great landmark in the history of the Bible and of the English language.
		In England the Lollards (see Lollardry) formed the link between Wyclif and the Protestant Reformation; on the Continent he was a chief forerunner of the Reformation, through his influence on Jan Huss, the Bohemian reformer, and through Huss on Martin Luther and the Moravians.
		1972); K. McFarlane, John Wycliffe and the Beginnings of English Nonconformity (1953); J. Stacey, John Wyclif and Reform (1964); J. Carrick, Wycliffe and the Lollards (1977); L. Hall, The Perilous Vision of John Wyclif (1983).
	www.bartleby.com /65/wy/Wyclif-W.html (401 words)

	Wyclif's Bible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		WYCLIF'S BIBLE, the earlier version, of which the New Testament was completed about the year 1380, and the Old Testament in 1382.
		Wyclif was assisted by others in his translation, and notably by Nicholas Hereford in the Old Testament.
		The later Wycliftte version was the work apparently of John Purvey, a friend and follower of Wyclif, who commenced it after his master's death and completed it about the year 1388.
	www.christianlibrary.org.au /cel/documents/wyclif.html (170 words)

	The Latin Works of John Wyclif
		John Wyclif (1324 -1384) has been variously described as “the morning star of the Reformation” and as a preacher of “lying insanities in the ears of many.” In his time, he was both England’s most eminent theologian and its first heresiarch.
		His commitment to the reform of the 14th-century church and to the enterprise of vernacular theology contributed to nearly a century of religious dissent in late medieval England and to England’s first popular heretical movement, known as the Lollards.
		This site intends to make Wyclif’s Latin corpus—now accessible only in the decaying late-19th-century editions of the defunct Wyclif Society—more widely available to a general scholarly audience.
	www.georgetown.edu /departments/medieval/wyclif/index.html (168 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: John Wyclif: On the Sacrament of Communion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Medieval Sourcebook: John Wyclif: On the Sacrament of Communion
		Wyclif's Trialogus is a long treatise in the Scholastic style on various subjects which he believed were being wrongfully taught in the Catholic Church.
		If you do reduplicate the document, indicate the source.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/wyclif-euch.html (378 words)

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