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Topic: X86 assembly programming in long mode

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	16-bit x86 assembly programming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Flags are notably used in the x86 architecture for comparisons.
		The x86 architecture uses a process known as segmentation to address memory, and not a linear method as used in other architectures.
		In protected mode, the segment selector can be broken down into three parts: A 13-bit index, a TI bit that indicates whether the entry is in the GDT or LDT (which when loaded, looked up for the base), and a 2-bit RPL.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/X86_assembly_programming_in_real_mode (686 words)

	X86 Definition / X86 Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		x86 or Intel 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessorA microprocessor (abbreviated as µP or uP) is an electronic computer central processing unit (CPU) made from miniaturized transistors and other circuit elements on a single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) (aka microchip or just chip)....
		The architecture is named x86 because Intel used to give the earliest processors in this family numeric brand names ending in the sequence "86", the 8086The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel in 1978, which gave rise to the x86 architecture.
		Within various programming language directives it is additionally referred to as "i386"; this directive would inform the compiler to generate code only for the IA-32 instruction set.
	www.elresearch.com /X86 (672 words)

	64-bit x86 assembly programming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a 64-bit x86 mode introduced with AMD64.
		This should not be confused with IA-64, the Itanium assembly, which is incompatible with x86 assembly.
		AMD64 was built to be compatible with x86 assembly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/X86_assembly_programming_in_long_mode (83 words)

	X86 assembly language - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Most modern x86 processors translate their instructions to one or more RISC-like "micro-ops" before they execute them, allowing the substeps of complex instructions to be executed in parallel in a superscalar fashion, rather than just being able to execute instructions in parallel as the original Pentium could do.
		In 32-bit protected mode, with paging not enabled, the address in a segment descriptor is the physical address of the beginning of the segment, and the address calculated from the address of the beginning of a segment and the offset within that segment is a physical address.
		Long mode, as implemented in the AMD64 instruction set, is a mode that enables 64-bit addressing, 64-bit extensions of most registers and some new 64-bit registers as well.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/X86-assembly (4354 words)

	Learn more about X86 assembly language in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		There are mainly two different modes in which a x86 processor can work: real mode and protected mode.
		A typical software interrupt is (in real mode) interrupt 0x21 (the ISR that handles this interrupt gets the function number and all the parameters from the program and then it executes the selected DOS-function) and int3 (breakpoint, often used to enter some sort of software-debugger).
		Is the mode in which most modern operating systems run their code.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /x/x8/x86_assembly_language.html (1582 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| Optimizing C/C++ with Inline Assembly Programming \| May 23, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Assembly programming can be likened to "working without a net" where only the strong dare to venture because many of the tools familiar to C/C++ programmers—such as debuggers and memory tracers—suddenly become near worthless.
		Programming at the assembly level can be considered a tedious art form as there are usually numerous combinations of assembler instructions to complete a given function.
		Before jumping into assembly programming, there are some C programming enhancements that you can make use of, including loop stretching (Listing 2).
	www.ddj.com /dept/cpp/184401967 (2483 words)

	Jeff Duntemann's Assembly Language Books and Links
		In assembly language, if you know where your operands are, you're three quarters of the way to anywhere else you might want to be.
		Macros are a mechanism allowing code re-use in assembly work, and they foster a philosophy of "define once, use everywhere" that gives you the programmer another defense against both duplication of effort and the bugs that come of writing the same sequence of assembly instructions over and over again, which is dumb.
		Assembly language is also discussed in newsgroups with more specific focus, like game programming or virus technology, and there are some interesting things in alt.hacker.
	www.duntemann.com /assembly.htm (5264 words)

	x86 Assembly Language FAQ - General Part II
		In real mode, the value of the segment register is shifted left four bits to find the base address of the segment, and the size of the segment is always 64k.
		In protected mode, the value in the segment register is used as an index into a descriptor table located in memory, and the base address and size (which may be as small as 4 KB, or as large as 4 GB) from the descriptor table are loaded into the descriptor cache.
		After switching from protected mode to real mode, however, when you load the segment registers with their new values, the segment's base address is recalculated according to real mode rules, but the size limit is not changed.
	www.frontiernet.net /~fys/faq/gen2.html (5705 words)

	X86 Assembly/Bootloaders - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		A bootloader is the first piece of software run when the computer is turned on, and is responsible for loading the kernel into memory.
		Bootloaders are almost exclusively written in assembly language.
		For instance, when you start your computer with a floppy disk in the drive, and it gives you the error "Non-system disk or disk error", that's because the floppy disk isn't a valid boot disk.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/X86_Assembly/Bootloaders (480 words)

	X86 Assembly/Global Descriptor Table - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		The GDT is pointed to by a special register in the x86 chip, the GDT Register, or simply the GDTR.
		Each is 8 bytes long and contains information on the starting point of the segment, the length of the segment, and the access rights of the segment.
		Each separate program will receive, from the operating system, a number of different memory segments for use.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/X86_Assembly/Global_Descriptor_Table (249 words)

	x86 Assembly Language FAQ - General Part I
		This is the x86 Assembly Language FAQ for the comp.lang.asm.x86 and alt.lang.asm newsgroups.
		Assembly language is very flexible and powerful; anything that the hardware of the computer is capable of doing can be done in assembly.
		cpuid3c.asm - this is an assembly program equivalent to cpuid3b.c.
	www.frontiernet.net /~fys/faq/gen1.html (3870 words)

	Linux Assembly Language Programming - $31.49 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In Linux Assembly Language Programming, Bob Neveln explains all the key features of x86 assembly language in the context of the Linux operating system and the C language.
		Assembly language is language which gives the programmer direct control over the computer.
		Assembly code, on the other hand, is intrinsically platform-dependent and is justifiably regarded with caution for just this reason.
	www.informit.com /title/0130879401 (964 words)

	Stendahl's Programming Links
		Programming Optimization - A overview of different techniques that can be useful in optimizing programs.
		Programming in C - A bunch of documents useful for C programmers.
		Introduction to C Programming - Intended to teach C to people already familiar with Pascal, but could be useful even if you don't know Pascal.
	alumni.imsa.edu /~stendahl/comp/links.html (2213 words)

	x86 Assembly Language FAQ - General Part 1/3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		From: raymoon@ms1.dgsys.com (Raymond Moon) Newsgroups: alt.lang.asm, comp.lang.asm.x86 Subject: x86 Assembly Language FAQ - General Part 1/3 Date: 21 Mar 2000 23:02:28 GMT Message-ID: <8b8v24$n7i$1@news.dgsys.com> Reply-To: raymoon@moonware.dgsys.com Summary: This is the FAQ for the x86 Assembly Language programmers for the alt.lang.asm and comp.lang.asm.x86 newsgroups.
		Introduction and Intent This is the x86 Assembly Language FAQ for the comp.lang.asm.x86 and alt.lang.asm newsgroups.
		Protected Mode Programming 13.1 PMODE Tutorials, FAQ, and other reference documentation Protected Mode Basics by Robert Collins http://x86.ddj.com/articles/pmbasics/tspec_a1_doc.htm Excellent starting tutorial with source code.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/assembly-language/x86/general/part1 (3183 words)

	Mr. Speaker » Blog Archive » Hacking Windows Pinball
		The catch is that machine level instructions are presented as assembly code - a very low level programming language which is bloody hard to understand.
		When the program is running, and hits a breakpoint, it will stop executing instructions, and give control back to the debugger.
		My guess was that the program would need to get the key code of the key you pressed, so I started looking in memory for where that might happen.
	mrspeaker.webeisteddfod.com /2006/01/07/hacking-pinball (3760 words)

	Pentium and Pentium Pro Architectures
		The x86 processors also have control registers that are not used in project 1, and thus omitted in this document.
		With the segmented memory mode, memory appears to a program as a group of independent address spaces called segments.
		The simplest way to learn assembly programming is to compile a simple C program into its assembly source code as a template.
	www.uio.no /studier/emner/matnat/ifi/INF3150/h04/annet/pc-arch.html (2083 words)

	x86 Assembly Language FAQ - General Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Summary: This is the FAQ for the x86 Assembly Language programmers for the alt.lang.asm and comp.lang.asm.x86 newsgroups.
		This particular section of the FAQ is part one of three parts that contain x86 assembly language information common to all assemblers.
		These articles with source code is available on his web site: Part 1: http://www.x86.org/ddj/Sep96/Sep96.html Part 2: http://www.x86.org/ddj/Nov96/Nov96.html 9.4 Grzegorz Mazur's x86 CPU Identification Grzegorz has a series of hypertext articles that explain x86 CPU identification algorithms developed by him.
	webster.cs.ucr.edu /Articles/X86FAQ/gen1.html (3159 words)

	assembly - internet resources (embedded assembly language) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This document is intended to be a tutorial, showing how to write a simple assembly program in several UNIX operating systems on IA32 (i386) platform.
		This is a course in assembly language programming of the MIPS processor.
		There are a lot of assembly programming tutorials online, but this tutorial will focus on Windows programming in x86 assembly.
	www.eg3.com /WebID/software/assembly/blank/tutorial/a-z.htm (581 words)

	x86 Assembly Language FAQ - General Part III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This particular section of the FAQ is part three of three parts that contain x86 assembly language information common to all assemblers.
		Kurt I. Groenbech’s Alab Homepage http://www.nano.no/~espeng/alab/ Home page for the Assembler Laboratory that is an IDE for assemblers Christian Kurzke’s Advanced x86 Assembly Programming http://wwwcip.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/user/cnkurzke/hwkmcs/index.html Excerpts from lessons given at Adalbert Stifter Gymnasium in 1989 Bob Richardson’s PC Assembly Language Page http://lexitech.com/bobrich/ Eighteen topics taken from his SELFIN PC Assembly Language Group.
		Some programs skipped the jump at f000:fff0 and went directly to the second address which is the start of the reset procedure in ROM BIOS.
	webster.cs.ucr.edu /Articles/X86FAQ/gen3.html (4201 words)

	x86 Assembly Language FAQ - Borland TASM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		From: raymoon@ms1.dgsys.com (Raymond Moon) Newsgroups: alt.lang.asm, comp.lang.asm.x86 Subject: x86 Assembly Language FAQ - Borland TASM Date: 21 Mar 2000 23:04:17 GMT Message-ID: <8b8v5h$n7i$5@news.dgsys.com> Reply-To: raymoon@moonware.dgsys.com Summary: This is the FAQ for the x86 Assembly Language programmers for the alt.lang.asm and comp.lang.asm.x86 newsgroups.
		The key (questionable) disadvantage, of course, is that MASM style assemblers cannot assemble Ideal mode programs.
		Ideal mode permits member names to be duplicated in different structures.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/assembly-language/x86/borland (1829 words)

	Paul Hsieh's Assembly Lab
		The main purpose of this page is for people who already know the some assembly and C to see why it is often very beneficial to use a direct assembly implementation over a pure C implementation.
		If the input strings are fairly long (which is when performance will matter) on a Pentium, the asm code will execute at a rate of 1.5 clocks per byte, while the C compiler takes 3 clocks per byte.
		The problem is that the address mode of x86 processors require 32 (or 16) bit registers, so some kind of byte -> dword (or word) conversion also happens.
	www.azillionmonkeys.com /qed/asmexample.html (5391 words)

	January 2003 Laboratory Notes
		This course, along with the use of this manual, attempts to achieve three major objectives.
		First, to give the student a fundamental understanding of the principles and techniques of machine-level programming.
		This manual contains both lab-specific information as well as general programming information to the end of achieving the stated goals.
	courses.ece.uiuc.edu /ece390/books/labmanual (225 words)

	[No title]
		To assemble a program on the Debug, the "a" (assemble) command is used;
		In any program it is necessary to move the data in the memory and in the CPU
		This program is good for changing the form of the cursor.
	thsun1.jinr.ru /~alvladim/man/asm.html (12201 words)

	ARM ASSEMBLER PROGRAMMING; tutorial, resources, and examples
		However, in the 'old days' when 64Mb was an unimaginable amount of memory, we had a 26bit Program Counter; the other bits being mode bits and processor flags (PSR).
		A lot of the detail relates to programming the ARM within the RISC OS environment, but it should also serve as a general resource for those programming the ARM under any system.
		The reason why the pages are in with the assembler stuff is long and tedious.
	www.heyrick.co.uk /assembler (1132 words)

	x86 Assembly Language FAQ - TASM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Obtainable by ftp at hobbes.nmsu.edu:/os2/32bit/program as well as ftp-os2.cdrom.com and CompuServe ------------------------------------------------------------------ This is a standalone 32 bit OS/2 Ideal mode program, the simplicity of which will make converts of DOS programmers dealing with interrupts and segments.
		Freelib v3.0 is a library of 200 routines that may be useful for assembly language programming.
		7.1 TENIE REMMEL’S ASSEMBLY SNIPPETS CODE COLLECTION The Assembly Snippets is a large collection of assembly language code and other information.
	webster.cs.ucr.edu /Articles/X86FAQ/tasm.html (1798 words)

	Welcome to The Programmer's Link \ Assembly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		X86 and Pentium Programming Tips and Info - also optimization info
		Assembly Language Programming II - winter 96 - Course + Assembly examples
		Assembly Language Tutorial - Very nice introduction to assemply programming
	www.cs.umanitoba.ca /~michaelw/assmlink.html (207 words)

	26. WWW Assembly HomePages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Top Document: x86 Assembly Language FAQ - General Part 3/3
		David Lindauer's LADSoft Computer Page http://www.ladsoft.com PMODE Information Windows assembly demos for TASM MSDOS Demo/utility programs Jan Wagemakers' Linux and Assembler Home Page http://bewoner.dma.be/JanW/eng.html Brennan's Guide to Inline Assembly http://www.rt66.com/~brennan/djgpp/bgtia.html Information on ATandT syntax Dr.
		Alex Verstak Programming Page http://members.tripod.com/~averstak/ Much disk structure, e.g., boot, FAT, directory and filenames — short and long Contributor: Raymond Moon, raymoon@moonware.dgsys.com Last changed: 20 Feb 2000
	www.faqs.org /faqs/assembly-language/x86/general/part3/section-1.html (784 words)

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