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Topic: X-ray astronomy

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Astronomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Astronomy (Greek: αστρονομία = άστρον + νόμος, astronomia = astron + nomos, literally, "law of the stars") is the science of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere, such as stars, planets, comets, aurora, galaxies, and the cosmic background radiation. Although classical astronomy was one of the seven key subjects taught at medieval universities in Europe, observational astronomy was mostly stagnant in medieval Europe until XIII century, when lived astronomers and astrologers as Johannes de Sacrobosco, in England, and Guido Bonatti from Forlì, in Italy. Powerful gamma rays can, however be detected by the large air showers they produce, and the study of cosmic rays can also be regarded as a branch of astronomy. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Astronomy   (1913 words)

gamma-ray astronomy on Encyclopedia.com X rays and some gamma rays are produced throughout the universe by the same catastrophic astrophysical events, such as supernovas and black holes, and gamma-ray astronomy can be considered an extension of X-ray astronomy to the extreme shortwave end of the spectrum. Gamma rays from outside the Milky Way have been found emanating from radio galaxies (galaxies whose radio emissions constitute an extraordinarily large amount of their total energy output), Seyfert galaxies (galaxies with extremely bright cores—called Active Galactic Nuclei [AGN]—that are strong emitters of radio waves, X rays, and gamma rays), and supernovas. Gamma rays are shorter in wavelength and hence more energetic than X rays (see gamma radiation) but much harder to detect and to pinpoint. www.encyclopedia.com /html/g1/gammaray.asp   (1039 words)

Gamma-ray astronomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Gamma-ray astronomy is the astronomical study of the cosmos with gamma rays. Long before experiments could detect gamma rays emitted by cosmic sources, scientists had known that the universe should be producing these photons. So gamma-ray astronomy could not develop until it was possible to get our detectors above all or most of the atmosphere, using balloons or spacecraft. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy   (811 words)

X-ray astronomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia X-ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy, which deals with the study of X-ray emission from celestial objects. Nowadays, X-ray astronomy is part of space research and X-ray detectors are placed in satellites. This very hot gas emits X-rays by thermal bremsstrahlung emission, and line emission from metals (in astronomy, 'metals' often means all elements except hydrogen and helium). en.wikipedia.org /wiki/X-ray_astronomy   (1345 words)

X-ray astronomy on Encyclopedia.com X-RAY ASTRONOMY [X-ray astronomy] study of celestial objects by means of the X rays they emit, in the wavelength range from 0.01 to 10 nanometers. Since X rays could not be observed from ground-based telescopes, V-2 rockets launched from White Sands, N.Mex., occasionally carried telescopes to study solar X-ray emissions. Before it burned out, the unexplained object was the brightest source of X rays and gamma rays in the sky, radiating more energy in 10 seconds than the sun does in 24 hours. www.encyclopedia.com /html/x/xrayastr.asp   (1134 words)

UCR News: Solar power farm begins gamma ray astronomy Gamma rays are of great interest to astrophysicists because they offer clues to some of the mysteries in the universe, such as the birth of a galaxy, the possibility of supersymmetric dark matter, violent gamma ray bursters, and the supernova of a dying star. Gamma rays are at the extreme high end of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes ordinary visible light, radio waves and X-rays. Second, because the gamma rays are so energetic, these particles in the air showers move faster than the speed of light in the atmosphere. www.newsroom.ucr.edu /cgi-bin/display.cgi?id=37   (881 words)

Nobel Prize rewards neutrino astrophysics and X-ray astronomy (October 2002) - News - PhysicsWeb Riccardo Giacconi was one of the pioneers of X-ray astronomy. X-ray astronomy is now one of the most active areas of astrophysics and two large observatories - Chandra and XMM Newton - have been launched in recent years. Since X-rays from the Sun and other sources are absorbed by the atmosphere, X-ray astronomy can only be carried out from space. physicsweb.org /article/news/6/10/7   (509 words)

Descrip X-ray astronomy differs from optical and radio astronomy in many ways: each photon is precious; X-ray observations cannot be done from the ground; and optical elements are very hard to make. Introduction to the basic techniques of radio astronomy, to the various emission mechanisms at radio wavelengths, and to radio studies of astronomical phenomena. Our study of radio astronomy will begin with the nature and operation of receivers at radio frequencies, and the problem of noise, a key issue in radio astronomy. www.haverford.edu /physics-astro/course_materials/astr322b/Descrip.htm   (726 words)

Matrix Astrology Software : Non Visual Astronomy - X-ray X-ray astronomy is experiencing rapid growth similar to that of high-energy particle physics in the 1960's. The gamma-ray astronomy (at even higher frequencies) is just now getting to the point of locating discrete sources and the coming years will see this branch of non-optical astronomy providing us with its unique perspective. However we choose to view the emergence of the non-optical astronomy, it has changed forever our way of viewing ourselves and our universe and has extended our window into space (in both directions) until what we now have is a panorama of light. www.thenewage.com /resources/aphysical/nvxray.asp?orig=   (962 words)

NASA - X-ray Astronomy In the last 40 years or so, astronomers have begun to study X rays from the cosmos: this is X-ray astronomy. X rays are a type of light that has a much shorter wavelength than visible light. X rays are at a higher octave, well beyond the soprano range. www.nasa.gov /mission_pages/astro-e2/astronomy   (827 words)

gamma-ray astronomy through multiwavelength experiment The TACTIC telescope array comprises a 349-pixel imaging telescope located at the center of an equilateral triangle of 20m side and 3 vertex elements positioned at the corners of the triangle. Recently the telescope was optimized and a gamma ray signal at a high statistical significance of 11 s was detected from the Crab Nebula in 103 hr of on-source observations during Dec-Feb (2003-04). Gamma ray telescope array TACTIC set up by the division at Mt. Abu, Rajasthan has been deployed for the observation of various putative TeV gamma ray sources since the year 2000. www.barc.ernet.in /pg/nrl-harl/tactic.html   (221 words)

AST 443: X-ray and Gamma Ray Astronony Gamma ray burst identifications required a synergy between gamma rays (where the bursts are very bright) and X-rays (where the source can be localized). X-rays and gamma rays probe some of the most energetic phenomena in the universe. Because these detectors are sensitive to higher energy X-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays, which can penetrate the detector walls, these detectors must be shielded. www.ess.sunysb.edu /fwalter/AST443/xrga.html   (1600 words)

gamma-ray astronomy Much of the radiation detected comes from collisions between hydrogen gas and cosmic rays in our Galaxy. Gamma rays are difficult to detect and are generally studied by use of balloon-borne detectors and artificial satellites. Study of celestial objects that emit gamma rays (energetic photons with very short wavelengths). www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0024810.html   (194 words)

Gamma-Ray Astronomy As astronomers obtained the first precise measurements of gamma radiation from the centre of our galaxy, the Milky Way, they were surprised to find a high density of gamma-ray sources. Unlike most other sciences which are based on experimentation, astronomy is a science of observation. Even though cosmic rays have nothing to do with the electromagnetic radiation, they are difficult to distinguish from gamma-rays in detectors. isdc.unige.ch /Outreach/Science/science.html   (2455 words)

Gamma Ray Astronomy Cerenkov light generated by a VHE gamma ray or a charged cosmic ray is incident on the ground in the form of a light pool extending over a radius of about 120 meters and lasting for about 5-10 ns. The images generated by a Gamma Ray primary is smooth and compact while that by a charged particle is irregular and extended. Long before experiments could detect gamma rays by cosmic sources, scientists had known that the universe should be producing these photons. www.tifr.res.in /~pnbhat/vhe.html   (994 words)

NUI, Galway, Department of Physics The Gamma-Ray Astronomy Group is part of the VERITAS Gamma-Ray Collaboration (formerly the Whipple Gamma-Ray Collaboration) based at the Smithsonian Institution's Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory near Tucson, Arizona. Observations of gamma rays from extragalactic sources, made by the Whipple Collaboration, have been used to determine the maximum density of infrared radiation in intergalactic space. A cosmic ray interacting with a gas nucleus high in the atmosphere initiates a "shower" of charged particles and lower energy gamma rays down through the atmosphere. www.nuigalway.ie /faculties_departments/physics/rg_gamma   (1023 words)

UNH Hosts National Symposium on Gamma Ray Astronomy Gamma rays occupy the highest energy range in the electromagnetic spectrum, well beyond visible light, ultraviolet and X-rays. Other meeting highlights include the revelation that the gamma rays emanating from the galactic center may actually originate from an exploding star that ventured too close to a supermassive black hole. Presentations include new work on black holes, gamma ray bursts and supernova remnants and preparations for the upcoming solar maximum, a year-long period of increased solar activity. www.unh.edu /news/archive/1999/august/cd_19990816gammaray.html   (506 words)

Eric Kolaczyk: Gamma-Ray Astronomy. Measurements in gamma-ray astronomy typically are taken by satellite instruments, and come in the form of photon arrival times, directions, and energies. Gamma rays are the highest-energy form of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma ray photons (i.e., "pieces" of light) have energies ranging from roughly 50 keV to 1+ TeV. math.bu.edu /people/kolaczyk/grastro.html   (151 words)

X-ray Astronomy Satellites & Missions In early 2000 X-ray astronomy suffered from the loss of Astro-E, which was to provide high resolution spectroscopy through innovative X-ray micro-calorimeters. In fact, none of the satellites launched in the 1960s were dedicated to cosmic X-ray astronomy... The first orbiting mission which was dedicated to celestial X-ray astronomy was Uhuru, launched in 1970. imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/sats_n_data/xray_missions.html   (871 words)

X-Ray Astronomy One of the major projects of the X-ray astronomy group at MPE in the 1990's was ROSAT (launched 1st June 1990) which provided the first all-sky survey with an imaging X-ray telescope in the 0.1 - 2.4 keV energy band. X-ray astronomy deals with phenomena which occur at the end of the stellar lifetimes: supernova explosions, neutron stars, and stellar black holes. Far outside our own Galaxy, the X-ray sky is dominated by active galaxies (radio galaxies, Seyfert galaxies, and quasars) with accreting supermassive black holes in their centers and by clusters of galaxies, the largest physical formations of our universe. www.mpe.mpg.de /xray/home.php   (219 words)

MIT Astrophysics: X-ray Astronomy X-ray astronomy was born 30 years ago with the discovery, during a brief sounding-rocket experiment, of a bright celestial X-ray source over and above the diffuse X-ray background. Today, X-ray astronomy has evolved into a mature science alongside optical and radio astronomy. The X-ray band typically serves as a "filter" to reveal astronomical objects in which some of the most highly energetic processes in the universe are taking place. web.mit.edu /physics/research/areasofresearch/astrophysics/x-ray_astronomy.html   (491 words)

NRL - X-ray Astronomy The rapid development of X-ray astronomy, combined with developments in infrared, ultraviolet, and cosmic-ray investigations, led in the 1970s to the utilization of satellites for high-energy astronomy research. / NRL / Accomplishments / Astronomy / X-ray Astronomy These findings suggested the possibility that the source of the X rays was a neutron star, a densely packed body of neutrons formed from the collapse of a star. www.nrl.navy.mil /content.php?P=XRAYASTRO   (351 words)

1. X-Ray Astronomy X-ray astronomy has changed our view of the universe and revealed it to be full of explosive, high energy phenomena. Because the earth's atmosphere is opaque to X-rays, X-ray astronomy is a relatively young field. These early observations did not seem promising for X-ray astronomy as the sun is not a very strong X-ray emitter so any detectable extrasolar source would have to be much more luminous. lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov /users/audley/diss/node4.html   (557 words)

X-Rays In astronomy, things that emit X-rays (for example, black holes) are like the dentist's X-ray machine, and the detector on the satellite is like the X-ray film. We use satellites with X-ray detectors on them to do X-ray astronomy. The Earth's atmosphere is thick enough that virtually no X-rays are able to penetrate from outer space all the way to the Earth's surface. imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov /ems/xrays.html   (1021 words)

NRL - Astronomy X-ray Astronomy - NRL astronomers made the first positive identification of discrete sources of stellar X rays in 1963. HIIS provided the first measurements of the ionic charge state of solar energetic Fe ions at very high energies; provided new observations of trapped anomalous cosmic rays; and collected a sample of 'ultraheavy' galactic cosmic rays roughly three times larger than accumulated in earlier experiments. OSSE - NRL's Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE) was launched aboard NASA's Compton Gamma Ray Observatory in 1991 and reentered Earth's atmosphere in June, 2000. www.nrl.navy.mil /content.php?P=ASTRONOMY   (170 words)

Zoom Astronomy Glossary: X - Z X-ray binary stars are a special type of binary star in which one of the stars is a collapsed object such as a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole. X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation (between ultraviolet light and gamma rays in wavelength, frequency, and energy) - basically, it's light that is way past the blue-violet end of the visible spectrum - we cannot see it. If the astronomy term you are looking for is not in the dictionary, please e-mail us. www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/glossary/indexx-z.shtml   (491 words)

X-ray Astronomy - Advanced Level The quest of X-ray astronomy is to be able to detect a weak source against a fairly strong background. In the 1970s, dedicated X-ray astronomy satellites, such as Uhuru, Ariel 5, SAS-3, OSO-8, and HEAO-1, developed this field of science at an astounding pace. Prior to the introduction of imaging optics into X-ray astronomy, the most sensitive X-ray instruments consisted of collimated detectors with large collecting areas. msowww.anu.edu.au /~brian/P2023/ass2/history_xray.htm   (1234 words)

Gamma-Ray Astronomy and Pulsars -ray astronomy is at the starting point and it is believed that it will open a door to new fields, probably full of new physics. astronomy has experimented a big development thanks to the Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). astronomy by satellites and ground-based telescopes are end-of-20th century newcomers. www.gae.ucm.es /~marcos/tesina/html/node3.html   (492 words)

Active Skim View of: VI. Gamma-Ray Astronomy Measurements of the diffuse component of Galactic gamma rays provided information on the distribution of cosmic rays in the Galaxy and demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining a high-contrast picture of this important aspect of Galactic structure from future observations that will be made with improved sensitivity and angular resolution. The spectrum of the diffuse component of extragalactic gamma rays was measured over the energy range from one to several hundred MeV by instruments on Apollo 15, Apollo 17, and SAS-2. Search for sources of gamma rays with the unique characteristics expected from black holes, such as very short bursts signaling the final evaporation events of small black holes. www.nap.edu /nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309033349&chap=43-54   (889 words)

Gamma Ray Astronomy With Muons (ResearchIndex) For sources with hard gamma ray spectra there is a relative `enhancement' of muons from gamma ray primaries as compared to that from nucleon primaries. All shower gamma rays above the photoproduction threshold contribute to the number of muons N, which is thus proportional to the primary gamma ray energy. Abstract: Although gamma ray showers are muon-poor, they still produce a number of muons sufficient to make the sources observed by GeV and TeV telescopes observable also in muons. citeseer.ist.psu.edu /264412.html   (284 words)

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