X-ray crystallography

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Topic: X-ray crystallography

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	Crystallography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		X-ray crystallography is the primary method for determining the molecular conformations of biological macromolecules, particularly protein and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.
		Crystallography (from the Greek words crystallon = cold drop / frozen drop, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and graphein = write) is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids.
		Crystallography covers the enumeration of the symmetry patterns which can be formed by atoms in a crystal and for this reason has a relation to group theory and geometry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crystallography (1430 words)

	X-ray crystallography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of X-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice.
		Biological X-ray crystallography is to date the most prolific discipline within the area of Structural biology; out of the ~35000 protein structures solved, X-ray crystallography is responsible for ~29000.
		Today X-ray crystallography is used by pharmaceutical companies to determine specifically how drug lead compounds interact with their protein targets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/X-ray_crystallography (1423 words)

	X-ray Crystallography-2
		If the path difference (ABC) for the diffracted rays 1 and 2 is exactly one wavelength then they will reinforce each other by constructive interference.
		The intensity of a particular diffracted ray is proportional to the density of atoms defining the plane in the structure.
		This is a general truth for all face-centered lattices irrespective of the crystal system and it can be generalized by saying that all observed (non-extinct) reflections have (hkl) values where all the digits are either odd or even.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /courses/g360/xray992.html (1500 words)

	MS&E 448: Crystallography and X-Ray Diffraction
		Have the students understand, through a combination of lecture and laboratory exercises, the principle methods of materials analysis by X-ray diffraction, and to be able to apply them to specific materials analysis problems.
		Introduce concepts of symmetry, symmetry operations, and geometric crystallography and have the students be able to apply these concepts to diverse problems in materials science and engineering.
		Crystallography, including symmetry operations and point- and space-group symmetry; crystallographic calculations; properties of common crystal structures of engineering materials.
	www.engr.wisc.edu /mse/courses/mse448.html (474 words)

	X-ray Crystallography Core Facility
		The purpose of the X-ray Crystallography Core Facility is to provide equipment, training, assistance, and technological innovation for determining 3D atomic structures of proteins and other macromolecules.
		The X-ray Crystallography Core Facility is located in the Molecular Biology Institute with a total area of 1200 square feet.
		The compressors and water recirculating coolers used to remove heat from the x-ray generators are kept in a separate room to isolate the noise from the rest of the Facility.
	www.doe-mbi.ucla.edu /Facilities/xray.html (413 words)

	Macromolecular X-Ray Crystallography Facility
		X-ray crystallography is providing investigators with powerful insights into the structure of macromolecules, and Boston University School of Medicine's (BUSM) state-of-the-art instrumentation is enabling investigators to push the boundaries of this probe.
		Boston University School of Medicine's X-ray Crystallography Facility, administered by the Department of Biophysics, includes a high intensity rotating anode Rigaku RU 300 X-ray generator and a Rigaku X-AXIS II automated area detector system that is based on image plate technology.
		The X-ray crystallography system is controlled a Digital Equipment VAX Station 4000/90 computer workstation that uses X-AXIS software to control instruments, collect data, produce graphical displays, process data and carry out reduction.
	www.bumc.bu.edu /Dept/Content.aspx?departmentid=284&PageID=180 (425 words)

	X-ray crystallography at subatomic resolution
		Ultra high resolution structure determination opens a new frontier in macromolecular crystallography; observing protonation states and shifts to standard geometry shows that protein structures are not rigid entities on which functionally active residues are linked, but active machineries in which most residues play an active role for the fine tuning of the mechanism.
		In contrast to the IAM model where all atoms of a molecule or protein are supposed to be neutral with a spherical valence electron distribution (promolecule), the valence charge density is modelled by a sum of multipolar pseudo atoms lying at atomic positions.
		At the end of the refinement, the static deformation electron density of the average peptide residue (figure 7) is in almost quantitative agreement with that derived from an triple zeta HF calculation on a single monopeptide [8].
	www.europhysicsnews.com /full/16/article1/article1.html (2478 words)

	X-RAY Crystallography
		To perform x-ray crystallography, it is necessary to grow crystals with edges around 0.1-0.3 mm.
		The 3D location of atoms within a unit cell can be listed as their x, y, z Cartesian Coordinates.
		The dimensions of a unit cell can be described with 3 edge lengths (a,b,c) and 3 angles (alpha, beta, gamma).
	www.stolaf.edu /people/hansonr/mo/x-ray.html (866 words)

	Crystallography, X-Ray
		Crystallography 101 is an interactive Web tutorial on X-ray crystallography by Bernhard Rupp, Professor emeritus of Molecular Structural Biology at the University of California.
		The current lines of research include: crystallographic analysis of platelet receptors and their ligands; design of O6Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase inhibitors; crystallography of drug/ligand complexes; strategic engineering of morphinone reductase and PETN reductase for biotransformation and biosensor applications; crystal structures of three b-helical acetyltransferases; structure of calreticulin; and the structure of E.
		Research is focused on the study of the structure and function of proteins and combines the techniques of molecular biology, protein crystallography and molecular graphics and modelling.
	bioresearch.ac.uk /browse/mesh/D018360.html (1062 words)

	X-ray crystallography on Encyclopedia.com
		Through X-ray crystallography the chemical structure of thousands of organic, inorganic, organometallic, and biological compounds are determined every year.
		In the 1960s, the capabilities of X-ray crystallography were greatly improved by the incorporation of computer technology.
		A year later Lawrence Bragg successfully analyzed the crystalline structures of potassium chloride and sodium chloride using X-ray crystallography, and developed a rudimentary treatment for X-ray/crystal interaction (Bragg's Law).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/Xraycrys.asp (392 words)

	Judging X-ray Model Quality
		A full treatment of x-ray crystallography goes beyond the scope of this tutorial.
		Unfortunately, the phase information, which would all be kept in good order by a lens, is lost when the rays strike and expose the film.
		For this purpose, they must measure precisely the intensity of each diffracted ray and its angle of emergence from the crystal (or equivalently, its position on the film).
	www.usm.maine.edu /~rhodes/SPVTut/text/STut09aTN.html (1123 words)

	X-ray Crystallography Shared Service
		The x-ray crystallography facility is operated jointly by the University of Maryland at Baltimore School of Pharmacy and the University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center.
		The purpose of the X-ray Crystallography Shared Service is to provide equipment, training, assistance, and technological innovations for determining three-dimensional structures of protein and other macromolecules to understand the structural basis for biological function and dynamics.
		The process of getting final protein structure thought X-ray crystallography is difficult.
	www.umgcc.org /research/xray.html (236 words)

	The X-ray Crystallography Facility - Institute of Organic Chemistry - University of Zurich
		The X-ray Crystallography Facility in the Organic Chemistry Institute of the University of Zürich is an analytical service laboratory which uses X-ray diffraction to determine the three-dimensional, single-crystal structures of small molecules.
		It comprises lectures in the basic theory of crystallography, as well as extensive hands-on practical experience involving crystal mounting, data collection, solving and refining a structure and exposure to a range of problems that can be encountered during a structural analysis.
		A one-semester graduate course in small-molecule crystallography is offered every year.
	www.oci.unizh.ch /service/cx/xlab.html (871 words)

	Bunsen Learner At the School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh
		X-ray crystallography is a technique in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analysed to reveal the nature of that lattice.
		X-ray crystallography allows us to be able to determine the precise atomic positions and therefore the bond lengths and angles of molecules within a single crystal.
		Like other techniques, crystallography has its limitations as it only produces an average picture of a structure.
	www.chem.ed.ac.uk /bunsen_learner/bunsen_xray.html (611 words)

	Macromolecular X-Ray Crystallography
		The purpose of the X-ray crystallography core facility is to provide equipment, training, assistance, and technological innovations for determining three-dimensional structures of proteins and other macromolecules.
		The X-ray Crystallography Facility is a Yale University School of Medicine core facility.
		The facility is dedicated to X-ray diffraction and crystallographic studies and utilizes state of the art technology to understand the structural basis for biological function.
	cellserv.med.yale.edu /imaging/xray (320 words)

	General Chemistry Online: Glossary:
		A cathode ray tube that focuses energetic streams of electrons on a metal target, causing the metal to emit x-rays
		Element 54, a colorless, inert gas used to fill cathode ray tubes.
		A substance which is not normally found in a living thing.
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/glossary/x.shtml (166 words)

	AECOM CSB X-Ray Crystallography
		Synchrotron radiation permits the use of smaller and more easily obtained crystals than can be used with conventional x-ray crystallography, and also boosts relevant signals while minimizing noise.
		The CSB is currently constructing a new crystallography beamline with vastly greater brightness than the current bending magnet lines at X-9A and X-9B.
		Synchrotron protein crystallography is one of biomedicine's most important techniques to uncover the details of molecular structure.
	www.aecom.yu.edu /home/csb/crystal.htm (271 words)

	NMR, synchrotrons & X-ray crystallography for pharmaceutical rsearch glossary
		X-ray crystallography is an experimental technique that exploits the fact that X-rays are diffracted by crystals.
		Crystallography is essential for studying the 3-D structure of these biomolecules and for revealing some of the mechanisms of their biological activity.
		However, the structures solved by crystallography are static: they are a snapshot image of the molecule's motion and chemical activity.
	www.genomicglossaries.com /content/nmr_email.asp (5667 words)

	X-Ray Crystallography
		X-ray diffraction crystallography has become a major tool for chemistry and biochemistry.
		Keyword(s): X-ray ; Vector ; Crystallography ; Crystallographic
		The similarities end when the scattered light is to be combined to form the image; the X-ray worker does not have the lenses or sharply curved mirrors possessed by the optician working with visible light to reconstruct the image.
	www.dekker.com /sdek/238276468-18709453/abstract~db=enc~content=a713548055~words= (309 words)

	X-ray Crystallography
		Mark Lively, Roy Hantgan and Fred Perrino, formed the X-ray Crystallography Steering Committee in late 2000 to oversee facility development and faculty recruitment in X-ray crystallography.
		Mallett has provided the critical momentum as well as expertise for the development of the WFUSM Crystallography facility for the past three years, and he will also manage the facility for at least the initial year of his faculty appointment at WFUSM.
		In 1999 a 200 ft2 laboratory was added, conveniently located with respect to the space now dedicated to the Protein Crystallography facility, that provides a controlled, limited-access environment for protein crystallization experiments.
	www1.wfubmc.edu /biochem/Facilities/Xray (763 words)

	X-Ray Crystalography in the Boston University's Department of Physiology and Biophysics
		The second system is based on a Rigaku RU300 rotating anode generator and R-AXIS II imaging plate detector mounted on a 2-theta stage, with the x-ray beam focused by a double focusing mirror collimation system.
		These instruments are part of the Boston University Core Facility for Macromolecular Crystallography directed by Dr.
		A variety of computer workstations and softwares are available in the Department for data processing and structure determination.
	biophysics.bumc.bu.edu /researchfacility/xraycryst (228 words)

	StructuralGenomix: X-ray Crystallography
		The process by which we solve protein structures is high-throughput X-ray crystallography, a multi-step technique that yields detailed three-dimensional protein structures.
		SGX has removed bottlenecks in the crystal structure determination process by incorporating state-of-the-art approaches to traditional crystallography using both automation and parallelization of computational and experimental methods.
		By creating homology sets that travel through the pipeline together, SGX significantly increases the odds of coming up with solved structures for a given target.
	www.stromix.com /technology/crystallography.html (400 words)

	Bio750: X-Ray Diffraction/Crystallography
		Cameras for recording X-ray diffraction patterns manage precise orientation of crystals and film in a variety of geometries; 2 are popularly used for protein crystallography.
		The Intensity of the diffracted ray for a set of (h,k,l) is larger if many atoms lie on the set of planes described by h,k,l.
		Diffraction occurs when the pathlength of a ray reflected off of 2 planes of the same set is equal to the wavelength (1.54 A for Cu K
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /TFrey/Bio750/Bio750X-Ray.html (2723 words)

	Penn State X-ray Crystallography Core Facility
		The X-ray Crystallography Core Facility is located on the east side of the 5th floor of the Crescent (Room C5722).
		The Protein X-ray Crystallography Core Facility is hosted by the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
		Services provided by the Facility include: aid in crystallization, x-ray characterization of crystals, x-ray data collection, processing and quality analysis of data, and structure determination and display.
	www.hmc.psu.edu /xraycore (309 words)

	SIGS: X-Ray Diffraction Interest Group
		In addition to the 18 groups, macromolecular crystallography has been integrated into more and more laboratories that are not specialized in X-ray diffraction.
		The first protein crystallography on campus was carried out in the 1960s with a structure determination of g-chymotrypsin, followed by a series of studies on antibodies and their Fab fragments, both alone and in complex with antigens.
		Fiber diffraction experiments on muscle were initiated in the 1970s (Podolsky and Yu) and continue fruitfully today.
	tango01.cit.nih.gov /sig/home.taf?_function=main&SIGInfo_SIGID=96 (179 words)

	ICDD > Resources > Weblinks - International Centre for Diffraction Data
		Crystallography and Minerals - Crystallography groups in mineralogy are composed of 32 classes of symmetry.
		Laboratory for Chemical Crystallography - Department of Chemistry at the University of Basel
		To illustrate these symmetry elements, example crystalline forms for each symmetry class are represented by a JAVA applet.
	www.icdd.com /resources/websites.htm (747 words)

	X-Ray Crystallography in Genome Projects
		Working at the Macromolecular Crystallography Facility, one of the world's premier x-ray beamlines for protein crystallography, Kim and his colleagues were able to resolve the structure of their hyperthermophile protein to within 1.7 angstroms.
		"X-ray crystallography can give us the 3-D structure of a protein from which we can often predict the protein's molecular function (its biochemical and biophysical roles)," says Kim.
		Essential to his group's success, Kim says, was the use of Berkeley Lab's Advanced Light Source (ALS), a synchrotron that produces beams of x-rays and ultraviolet light for scientific research.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/genome-crystallography.html (962 words)

	XRayView: A Teaching Aid for X-Ray Crystallography
		The Ewald construction, the sphere of reflection, the limiting sphere, and the effects of wavelength and mosaicity are key concepts that must be mastered before X-ray crystallography can be understood and applied.
		Students are often intimidated by this method's apparent complexity, and I have found that experience in observing diffraction effects greatly facilitates students' appreciation of key concepts.
		A firm grasp of Bragg's law (Bragg, 1913) and the reciprocal lattice (see Ewald, 1921; Bernal, 1926) is central to an understanding of crystallography.
	phillips-lab.biochem.wisc.edu /xrayviewuse.html (651 words)

	X-Ray Crystallography
		X-ray crystallography is the most powerful tool in the structural analysis of crystalline solids.
		The methods developed for small molecule crystallography have to be adapted to large supramolecular systems, thus making the analysis of such structures demanding and, when successful, rewarding.
		The size of the structures to be solved are comparable to small proteins (up to MW 10000), yet protein crystallographic techniques cannot be applied to supramolecular systems.
	www.dekker.com /sdek/71068315-20810899/abstract~db=enc~content=a713539207 (273 words)

	x-ray
		State of art diffractometers and goniometers for all scattering experiments for crystallography by means of x-ray, synchrotron, neutron scattering and laser light scattering.
		Custom Built Crystallography systems conforming to special user needs for use with x-ray, Neutron, Synchrotron and Laser Radiation.
	www.geocities.com /saicindia/xray.html (209 words)

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