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	Xenocrates (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Xenocrates may have thought the notion of a line could be made to work in the same way: beyond a certain point, divisions will no longer yield lines.
		Xenocrates' espousal of indivisible magnitudes has led to the conjecture that the pseudo-Aristotelian treatise On Indivisible Lines is at least in part an attack on him, and that the arguments recounted in its first chapter in favor of the claim that there are indivisible lines, which are rebutted in the sequel, might come from Xenocrates.
		Xenocrates is supposed to have divided the substances or entities into three groups: perceptible, intelligible, and believable (also referred to as ‘composite’ and ‘mixed’).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/xenocrates (3851 words)

	Xenocrates - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		XENOCRATES, of Chalcedon, Greek philosopher, scholarch or rector of the Academy from 339 to 314 B.C., was born in 396.
		In his ontology Xenocrates built upon Plato's foundations: that is to say, with Plato he postulated ideas or numbers to be the causes of nature's organic products, and derived these ideas or numbers from unity (which is active) and plurality (which is passive).
		Xenocrates, however, failing, as it would seem, to grasp the idealism which was the metaphysical foundation of Plato's theory of natural kinds, took for his principles arithmetical unity and plurality, and accordingly identified ideal numbers with arithmetical numbers.
	49.1911encyclopedia.org /X/XE/XENOCRATES.htm (1058 words)

	Xenocrates biography
		Xenocrates left Athens with Aristotle after Plato's death in 347 BC when they were both invited to Assos.
		The fact that Xenocrates was not an Athenian citizen became a sore point with the Macedonians and he was deemed to be illegitimate as an ambassador for Athens.
		Xenocrates' lifework consisted of producing a kind of codification - and thus of necessity, a transformation - of Plato's philosophy.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Biographies/Xenocrates.html (621 words)

	Xenocrates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Xenocrates (Ξενοκράτης) of Chalcedon (396–314 BC) was a Greek philosopher and scholarch or rector of the Academy from 339 to 314 BC.
		In 339, Xenocrates succeeded Speusippus in the presidency of the school, defeating his competitors Menedemus and Heraclides Ponticus by a few votes.
		Soon after the death of Demosthenes (fl 322), Xenocrates declined the citizenship offered to him at the instance of Phocion, and, being unable to pay the tax levied upon resident aliens, he was sold, or on the point of being sold, into slavery.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xenocrates (1151 words)

	Xenocrates - Readbiography.Net
		Biography of Xenocrates, read Xenocrates biography, who is Xenocrates, photos of Xenocrates news about Xenocrates
		Greek philosopher and scientist, born in Chalcedon on the Bosphorus.
		He wrote prolifically on natural science, astronomy, and philosophy, but singular fragments of this harvest survive.
	xenocrates.readbiography.net /xenocrates.asp (116 words)

	ARISTOTLE biography
		Xenocrates of Chalcedon (396-314 BC) was another influential member of Plato’s Academy, also the one to lead it after the death of Speusippus in 339, and until his own death.
		Xenocrates was not one to delight in life’s pleasures, so austere that Plato urged him to “sacrifice to the muses” as well.
		Xenocrates, who was to accompany him on the departure from the school at the death of Plato, was 12 years his senior.
	www.stenudd.com /myth/greek/aristotle/aristotle-05-academy.htm (3725 words)

	Middle Platonism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Perhaps the most important contribution of Xenocrates to the history of Platonism (and all of philosophy as well) is the doctrine that the Ideas are thoughts in the mind of the One (Dillon, p.
		Xenocrates made a distinction between practical and scientific wisdom, and taught that happiness is to be found in virtue and the means conducive to it (Zeller, p.
		Eudorus brought together the apparently opposing views of Xenocrates and Crantor regarding the origin of numbers; the former stating that they are produced by the One and the Dyad, the latter that they are produced in the mind of the World-Soul as he contemplates the Forms.
	www.iep.utm.edu /m/midplato.htm (8719 words)

	Xenocrates (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Winter 2004 Edition)
		Reconstruction of Xenocrates' views turns, as in the case of Speusippus, on Aristotle, and, again as in the case of Speusippus, this is made the more difficult by Aristotle's frequent failure actually to name Xenocrates when talking about his views.
		Xenocrates may have thought the notion of a line could be made to work in the same way: beyond a certain point, divisions will no longer yield lines.
		Xenocrates is supposed to have divided the substances or entities into three groups: perceptible, intelligible, and believable (also referred to as ‘composite’ and ‘mixed’).
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/win2004/entries/xenocrates (3864 words)

	From Plato to the Neoplatonists
		The teachings of Xenocrates also show a strong Oriental influence, and many of his ideas may be traced directly to their Eastern origin.
		Xenocrates regarded the soul as a "self-moving number" and maintained the doctrine of intuition and innate ideas.
		Xenocrates forbade the eating of animal food, not solely because of the cruelty inflicted upon the animals, but also "lest the irrationality of animal souls might thereby obtain a certain influence over us." This theory was elaborated 1800 years later by Paracelsus.
	wisdomworld.org /additional/ancientlandmarks/PlatoToNeoplatonists.html (2387 words)

	Ethics of the Hellenistic Era by Sanderson Beck
		Xenocrates (396-314 BC) was head of the Academy in Athens from 339 BC for 25 years until his death.
		Xenocrates went as a diplomat to Macedonia, and Philip said he was the only man he could not bribe.
		Xenocrates lived simply, studying and teaching; it was said that he left the Academy only once a year to attend the Dionysian tragedies.
	www.san.beck.org /EC23-Hellenistic.html (20398 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1293 (v. 3) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Besides some short fragments of his writings there is extant a little essay by Xenocrates, Uepl tt}s cbrb twv 'Evt-Spwv Tpo<^)7)s, " De Alimento ex Aquatilibus," preserved by Oribasius ; which is an interesting record of the state of Natural History at the time in which he lived.
		Xenocrates is mentioned, among Pliny's authorities, as a writer on the toreutic art (de to- reutice), and in that of book xxxv., as a writer on metal-work in general (de metallica disciplina).
		have Xenocrates^ and the reasons assigned by Junius for altering it are insufficient.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/3627.html (888 words)

	Xenocrates: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		...and of these, it is the academies of Xenocrates and Ammonius, the first and the fourth...follow in the footsteps therefore of Xenocrates and Ammonius, and do not deny that Plato...introduces the term in a discussion of Xenocrates.
		A.D. 70): "Athurqas...literature, and is possibly a corruption of Xenocrates of Aphrodisias (1st cent.), as suggested...
		There is some evidence that Speusippus and Xenocrates, Platos successors at the Academy, viewed Platos account of the demiurge as standing in a causal, rather than temporal, relation...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/xenocrates.jsp (679 words)

	John Dillon - The Heirs of Plato: A Study of the Old Academy (347-274 BC) - Reviewed by Voula Tsouna, University of ...
		In any event, for Xenocrates (as for Speusippus) the Soul is immortal, and it is the mediator between the intelligible and the sensible worlds, containing within itself elements which belong to both these realms.
		Xenocrates attempts to solve that problem by postulating that each number of the tetraktys (the active counterpart to the âEverflowingâ) does double duty: it serves both as the foundation of natural numbers and as a Form, namely, two stands as Form of Line, three of Plane, and four of Solid (111-112).
		Xenocratesâ mathematical model testifies to his desire to formalize all levels of reality and to work out their mutual relations (131).
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=1401 (4030 words)

	313 B.C. - events and references
		Chaeron was a pupil of Plato and Xenocrates, and is said to have been made tyrant of Pellene by Alexander.
		Xenocrates converts Polemon from a dissolute life to the study of philosophy.
		The death of the philosopher Xenocrates, who is succeeded as head of the Academy by Polemon.
	www.attalus.org /bc4/year313.html (293 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1292 (v. 3) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Our information with regard to the Ethic of Xenocrates is still more scanty than that respecting his Dialectic and Physic.
		While, however, Xenocrates (and with him Speusippus and the other philosophers of the older Academy appear to have coincided, Cic.
		According, therefore, as what belongs to the intermediate region is adapted to bring about or to hinder the good, Xenocrates appears to have designated it as good or evil, probably with the proviso, that by misuse what is good might become evil, and vice versa, that by virtue, what is evil might become good.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/3626.html (938 words)

	XENOCRATES - Online Information article about XENOCRATES
		Xenocrates, however, failing, as it would seem, to grasp the See also:
		Xenocrates was not in any sense a See also:
		Arcesilaus, the founder of the so-called Second Academy, gave a new direction to the studies of the school.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /WIL_YAK/XENOCRATES.html (1567 words)

	Diogenes Laertius: Life of Xenocrates, from Lives of the Philosophers, translated by C.D. Yonge
		BY DIOGENES LAERTIUS, TRANSLATED BY C.D. XENOCRATES was the son of Agathenor, and a native of Chalcedon.
		They add also, that Philip said afterwards, that Xenocrates was the only one of those who had come to him who was incorruptible.
		One was an ancient tactician, a fellow citizen, and very near relation of the philosopher of whom we have been speaking; and there is extant an oration of his which is scribed, On Arsinoe, and which was written on the death of Arsinoe.
	classicpersuasion.org /pw/diogenes/dlxenocrates.htm (694 words)

	Mu
		Xenocrates was another colleague who followed Speusippus in that position.
		[Xenocrates] the third way of putting it is the worst, that Ideal and the mathematical are the same number, phaneron d' ek toutOn kai hoti cheirista legetai ho tritos tropos, to einai ton auton arithmon ton tOn eidOn kai ton mathEmatikon, because this must combine two errors in one opinion.
		Others [Xenocrates] do differently, make the principle of these singular [as befits Ideas], tEn de kata to hen archEn alloi allOs tithesi tOn toioutOn, although in these there seem to be countless impossibilities and fictions and contradictions of good sense.
	www.morec.com /classics/mu.htm (9599 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.12.24
		The biography of Xenocrates which Dillon provides is more complete than the ones he gives for Speusippus and Polemo, as dictated by the source material, and the discussion of his philosophy more thorough.
		For allegorizing, Dillon cites Aetius' remark that the tendency to treat the Olympians as natural forces was passed from Xenocrates to the Stoics (p.
		The chapter concludes with the assessment that Xenocrates was lacking in stylistic merit (according to Diogenes Laertius), conceded much to Aristotle, yet still exercised more influence over subsequent Platonists than his predecessor.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2003/2003-12-24.html (1942 words)

	Xenocrates
		If the extant authorities are to be trusted, Xenocrates recognized three grades of cognition, each appropriated to a region of its own -- viz.
		Of Xenocrates's logic we know only that with Plato he rejected the Aristotelian list of ten categories as a superfluity.
		Valuing philosophy chiefly for its influence upon conduct, Xenocrates bestowed special attention upon ethics.
	www.nndb.com /people/063/000107739 (1023 words)

	TMTh:: XENOCRATES OF CHALCEDON
		Xenocrates prepared the works of Plato for publication by the Academy.
		Xenocrates ascribed particular importance to mathematics, and wrote many treatises on mathematics and astronomy.
		He solved the problem of combinatorial analysis, finding for example, that the number of syllables that can be written with the letters of the Greek alphabet is 1,002,000,000,000.
	www.tmth.edu.gr /en/aet/2/98.html (196 words)

	Numenius and Greek Sources of Justin's Theology
		Xenocrates, however, claimed that there are no separate numbers from sensible things.
		The other was the feminine divinity, that had a role of the Mother of Gods and ruled over the gods beneath the heaven -- she was the Soul of the Universe.
		Clement of Alexandria ascribed to Xenocrates the distinction between Zeus the supreme God, the Father, and the other inferior God, the Son.
	www.socinian.org /Numenius2.html (3330 words)

	Xenocrates Biography
		The idea inasmuch as it is a law of universal mind which in particular minds produces aggregates of sensations called things is a "determinant" and as such is styled "quantity" and perhaps "number"; but the ideal numbers are distinct from arithmetical numbers.
		If the extant authorities are to be trusted Xenocrates recognized three grades of cognition each appropriated to a region of its own--viz knowledge opinion and sensation having for their respective objects supra-celestials or ideas celestials or stars and infra-celestials or things.
		D. Van de Wynpersse De Xenocrate Chalcedonio (Leiden 1822)
	www.ebiog.com /biography/5326/xenocrates/bio.htm (1113 words)

	Xenocrates - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Xenocrates : E Cobham Brewer, The Reader's Handbook [home, info]
		Xenocrates : Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition [home, info]
		Xenocrates : FOLDOP - Free On Line Dictionary Of Philosophy [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofind.cgi?word=Xenocrates (118 words)

	Oxford Scholarship Online: The Heirs of Plato (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He discusses the careers of the Academy's chief figures, in particular, Speusippus, Xenocrates, and Polemo, the three successive heads in the period generally known as ‘The Old Academy’;.
		Dillon's main thesis is that these philosophers set the agenda for the major intellectual traditions that were to follow: Speusippus stimulated developments in what became known as ‘Neopythagoreanism’, which itself was to prove fruitful for ‘Neoplatonism’; Xenocrates initiated much of what we call ‘Middle Platonism’; while Polemo anticipated the chief ethical doctrines of the Stoics.
		Dillon proposes to argue that the basis of all later Platonism, and to some extent Stoicism as well, is laid down during the period in question by a series of innovations in, and consolidations of, Plato's teachings; furthermore, Dillon considers how, and how much, of the philosophy of Aristotle was absorbed into Platonism.
	www.oxfordscholarship.com /oso/public/content/philosophy/0198237669/toc.html (375 words)

	[No title]
		They both elaborated further on the existence of cosmic principles stated by Plato in his Philebus. Eventually such speculations led to the abandonment of the theory of Ideas as separate entities and to postulating the Ideas as the thoughts of the divine intellect.
		As Pythagoras ascribed a great role to the numbers and Plato described the cosmos as an expression of geometrical and mathematical regularities, it seems that Speusippus and Xenocrates substituted numbers for the Ideas just fusing the ideal and mathematical entities.
		Xenocrates, however, claimed that there are no separate numbers from sensible things. Xenocrates's philosophy constitutes an important transition to Middle Platonism.
	www.socinian.org /files/Numenius.doc (2010 words)

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