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	Xenophyophore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Xenophyophores are marine protozoans, giant single-celled organisms found throughout the world's oceans, but in their greatest numbers on the abyssal plains of the deep ocean.
		Xenophyophores may be an important part of the benthic ecosystem by virtue of their constant bioturbation of the sediments, providing a habitat for other organisms such as isopods.
		The xenophyophores themselves also play commensal host to a number of organisms—such as isopods (e.g., genus Hebefustis), sipunculan and polychaete worms, nematodes, and harpacticoid copepods—some of which may take up semi-permanent residence within a xenophyophore's test.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xenophyophorea (658 words)

	Xenophyophore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Xenophyophores are marine protozoans, giant single-celled organisms found exclusively on the floor of the deep ocean.First described as sponges in 1889 and later as amoeboids, xenophyophores are now in their own phylum of Protista, the Xenophyophora.
		Xenophyophores are essentially lumps of viscous fluid called cytoplasm containing numerous nuclei distributedevenly throughout.
		As they occur in all the world's oceans in greatnumbers, xenophyophores could be indispensable agents in the process of sediment deposition and in maintaining biological diversity in benthic ecosystems.
	www.therfcc.org /xenophyophore-240284.html (368 words)

	Encyclopedia: Xenophyophore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The xenophyophore cell itself is organised as a series of branching tubes, which in the eternal quest for excess jargon, are referred to as granellare.
		Xenophyophores also produce long branching strings of faecal matter (stercomare) that are retained in the test.
		Xenophyophores appear to be a significant part of the benthic ecology, with large numbers of organisms living on, in and around the microenvironments created by test aggregations.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Xenophyophore (1727 words)

	Read about Xenophyophore at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Xenophyophore and learn about Xenophyophore here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		First described as sponges in 1889 and later as amoeboids, xenophyophores are now in their own
		Research has shown that areas dominated by xenophyophores have 3-4 times the number of crustaceans,
		As they occur in all the world's oceans in great numbers, xenophyophores could be indispensable agents in the process of sediment deposition and in maintaining
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Xenophyophorea (391 words)

	XENOPHYOPHORE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Stannomida Xenophyophores are marine protozoans, giant single-celled organisms found exclusively on the floor of the deep ocean.
		Abundant but poorly understood, xenophyophores are delicate organisms with a variable appearance; some may resemble flattened discs, angular four-sided shapes, or like frilly or spherical sponges.
		It is licensed under the GNU free documentation license.
	www.yotor.org /wiki/en/xe/Xenophyophore.htm (387 words)

	Palaeos Eukarya: Rhizaria: Xenophyophorea
		Xenophyophores, immobile shell-making mud-stickers, however, brazenly ignore all requirements of general microbial decency by attaining sizes not merely macroscopic, but positively enormous (at least by unicell standards).
		This is because xenophyophores are restricted to the deep sea, not usually regarded as a prime holiday destination.
		Like benthic Steptoes, xenophyophores surround themselves with all sorts of junk they find lying around, which they use to make their shells, stuck together with a cement of polysaccharides.
	www.palaeos.com /Eukarya/Units/Rhizaria/Xenophyophorea.html (1311 words)

	Xenophyophore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Local environmental conditions—such as current direction and speed—may play a part in influencing these forms.
		Local population densities may be as high as 2,000 individuals per 100 square metres, making them dominant organisms in some areas.
		More xenophyophore photos, with a map of their habitat
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xenophyophore (658 words)

	Full publications
		Tendal, O.S. Stannophyllum setosum sp.n., a remarkable xenophyophore (Rhizopodea, Protozoa) from the eastern Pacific.
		Gooday, A.J. and O.S. Tendal, 1988.: New xenophyophores (Protista) from the bathyal and abyssal north-east Atlantic Ocean.
		Tendal, O.S. "The xenophyophore fauna of the North Atlantic: diversity, taxonomic composition, and distribution patterns".
	www.zmuc.dk /inverweb/staff/Ole_S_Tendal/ost_pub.htm (3728 words)

	Xenophyophore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Stannomida Taxobox-end Xenophyophores are marine protozoans, giant cell (biology) organisms found exclusively on the floor of the deep ocean.
		Xenophyophores are essentially lumps of viscous fluid called cytoplasm containing numerous cell nucleus distributed evenly throughout.
		In this way, the organisms form structures which project from the sea floor, this characteristic also explains their name, which may be translated from the Greek language to mean bearer of foreign bodies.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Protista/Xenophyophore.html (403 words)

	Xenophyophores -
		However, Xenophyophores are benthic deep sea organisms i.e.
		Scientists still have much to learn about the organisms that live in the ocean depths, and this includes the Xenophyophores where various aspects of their life cycle and ecology are not fully understood.
		Xenophyophores are known to be quite numerous on the sea floors despite the little we know about them.
	microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artnov98/xeno1.html (868 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Xenophyophore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The image may be one of a large 20-cm wide Xenophyophore.
		As benthic particulate feeders, xenophyophores normally sift through the sediments on the sea floor.
		and excrete a slimy substance; in locations with a dense population of xenophyophores, such as at the bottoms of oceanic trenches, this slime may cover large areas.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/05lostcity/logs/july27/media/xeno2.html (86 words)

	Talk:Xenophyophore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The bit about xenophyophores being the largest protozoa seems kind of questionable, since it depends on whether you count the Mycetozoa.
		Saying they are the largest single-celled organisms compounds the problem, since it's even less clear on whether to include them, as both xenophyophores and Mycetozoa are multinucleate.
		I'd like to suggest dropping the superlative, though I don't know as much about the group as the author (Hadal).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Xenophyophore (197 words)

	Rotten Tomatoes Forums - Dent's Denizens of the Deep #2
		Xenophyophores were seen a long time before they were properly identified.
		In the case of xenophyophores, the reverse is true.
		For a new, previously unknown phylum, xenophyophores have proved surprisingly common.
	www.rottentomatoes.com /vine/showthread.php?t=210940 (1096 words)

	e-Prints Soton - Associations between living benthic foraminifera and dead tests of Syringammina fragilissima ...
		The xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima is abundant in a bathyal region of the NE Atlantic (950 m water depth) characterised by large numbers of 100 m wide sandy mounds (the Darwin Mounds).
		Foraminifera associated with the xenophyophore tests were generally more abundant than those inhabiting the surrounding sediments, although species richness and diversity were not significantly different.
		Four distinct microhabitats, inhabited by particular foraminiferal species, were present within the complex structure of the xenophyophore tests: (1) Within the tests, in the remains of the organic tubes (granellare) that enclose the protoplasm in live xenophyophores (various monothalamous foraminifera, e.g., the elongate organic-walled Nemogullmia sp.).
	eprints.soton.ac.uk /12445 (399 words)

	Science News: Corals without boarders: it's cold, dark, and there's no help from live-in algae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On the Darwin Mounds, scientists have found that the Lophelia have unusual neighbors, little-known creatures called xenophyophores.
		A xenophyophore looks like a grimy version of the irregular sponges sold in bed-and-bath shops.
		The xenophyophores, however, actually are unusually large, unicellular organisms, and the residents of the Darwin Mounds rank as giants among giants, single-cell organisms that can reach 20 centimeters in diameter.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_6_166/ai_n7068967 (1488 words)

	Citebase - The distribution of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima in the northeast Atlantic and its influence ...
		Citebase - The distribution of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima in the northeast Atlantic and its influence on the diversity of bathyal foraminiferal assemblages
		The distribution of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima in the northeast Atlantic and its influence on the diversity of bathyal foraminiferal assemblages
		@misc{hughes-0000-, author = {J A Hughes and A J Gooday}, title = {The distribution of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima in the northeast Atlantic and its influence on the diversity of bathyal foraminiferal assemblages}, url = {http://www.citebase.org/cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:6035}, year = {0000} }
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:6035 (216 words)

	New Scientist Archive - This Week - As large as life
		Scottish researchers working a kilometre beneath the surface of the North Atlantic have recovered what they believe to be the largest single-celled organism ever seen.
		The sponge-like protozoan, a xenophyophore of the species
		The recovered specimen is being examined by a xenophyophore expert, Andrew Gooday of the Southampton Oceanography Centre.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg16021573.700.html (145 words)

	High levels of natural radionuclides in a deep-sea infaunal xenophyophore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		High levels of natural radionuclides in a deep-sea infaunal xenophyophore
		While debate continues about the disposal of man-made radioactive wastes in the deep sea, one deep-sea rhizopod is storing naturally occurring radionuclides to high concentrations in its home centimetres below the floor of the Izu−Ogasawara Trench.
		The hadal infaunal xenophyophore Occultammina profunda fills its test, a network of sediment tubes, with spherical micro-packages of waste (stercomes) containing 450−520 d.p.m.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v320/n6060/abs/320354a0.html (320 words)

	e-Prints Soton - The distribution of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima in the northeast Atlantic and its ...
		e-Prints Soton - The distribution of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima in the northeast Atlantic and its influence on the diversity of bathyal foraminiferal assemblages
		In the future it will become an official university service, but until then should be considered volatile.
		Hughes, J.A. and Gooday, A.J. The distribution of the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima in the northeast Atlantic and its influence on the diversity of bathyal foraminiferal assemblages.
	eprints.soton.ac.uk /6035 (152 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer
		We will collect animals living along cracks of highly sculpted and porous carbonate structures to correlate community composition with concentrations of chemicals in the venting fluids.
		Some of the larger organisms we've found include an Aurelia Jelly Fish, a Black Coral, and a Xenophyophore.
		We will also examine stable isotopic signatures of the collected fauna to assess what the animals are feeding on and their trophic relationships.
	www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/05lostcity/logs/july27/july27.html (724 words)

	NOAA's Coral Reef Data Discovery Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They construct complex, golf-ball-sized tests from sand and sediment grains.
		xenophyophore - a giant protozoan protist (Syringammina fragilissima), up to 25 cm in diameter, that inhabits deep-sea habitats.
		Large aggregations of xenophyophores appear on the Darwin Mounds
	www8.nos.noaa.gov /coris_glossary/index.aspx?letter=x (283 words)

	Foraminiferans by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - Reefkeeping.com
		Deposit feeding in selected deep-sea and shallow-water benthic foraminifera.
		Gooday, A. Xenophyophores (Protista, Rhizopoda) in box-core samples from the abyssal northeast Atlantic Ocean (BIOTRANS area): Their taxonomy, morphology, and ecology.
		Direct observation of episodic growth in an abyssal xenophyophore (Protista).
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2003-07/rs/index.php (3706 words)

	PAGE-453 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The laboratory also covers a wide range of fields of research related to the evolutionary morphology, e.g.
		Swinbanks, D. and Shirayama, Y. (1986) High levels of natural radionuclides in a deep-sea infaunal xenophyophore.
		Shirayama, Y. (1997) Biodiversity and biological impact of ocean disposal of carbon dioxide.
	ddb.libnet.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp /bull/html/page453.html (589 words)

	Publications
		S., D. Swinbanks and Y. Shirayama (1982): A new infaunal xenophyophore (Xenophyophoria, Protozoa) with notes on its ecology and possible trace fossil analogues.
		and Y. Shirayama (1986): High levels of natural radionuclides in a deep-sea infaunal xenophyophore.
		and Y. Shirayama (1986): A model of the effect of an infaunal xenophyophore on 210Pb distribution in deep-sea sediment.
	www.seto.kyoto-u.ac.jp /yshira/gyouseki_e.html (1327 words)

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