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Topic: Xenopus

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	Xenopus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Xenopus are a clawed, carnivorous genus of African frog.
		Xenopus are a popular model system for gene and protein expression and knockdown studies.
		While Xenopus laevis is the most commonly used species for developmental biology studies, genetic studies can be complicated by their pseudotetraploid genome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xenopus (244 words)

	Xenopus -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Xenopus is a ((biology) taxonomic group containing one or more species) genus of (Any of various tailless stout-bodied amphibians with long hind limbs for leaping; semiaquatic and terrestrial species) frog.
		At 1 mm in diameter, Xenopus (A female gametocyte that develops into an ovum after two meiotic divisions) oocytes are very large cells which are easy for scientists to culture and use in experiments.
		Xenopus tropicalis provides a simpler model for genetic studies, having a ((genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number) diploid genome.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/x/xe/xenopus.htm (162 words)

	Xenopus laevis Embryo, Dorsalization
		Merriam, J.M., Rubenstein, A.B. and Klymkowsky, M.W. Cytoplasmically anchored plakoglobin induces a WNT-like phenotype in Xenopus.
		Miller, J.R., Rowning, B.A., Larabell, C.A., Yang-Snyder, J.A., Bates, R.L., and Moon, R.T. Establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis in Xenopus embryos coincedes with the dorsal enrichment of dishevelled that is dependent on cortical rotation.
		Overexpression of cadherins and underexpression of ß-catenin inhibit dorsal mesoderm induction in early Xenopus embryos.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/dorsal.html (1260 words)

	African clawed frog - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis, also known as platanna) is a species of South African aquatic frog of the genus Xenopus.
		A related species, Xenopus tropicalis, is now being promoted as a more viable model for genetics.
		Xenopus oocytes provide an important expression system for molecular biology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xenopus_laevis (538 words)

	Digimorph - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)
		Xenopus is highly aquatic and bears several adaptations for this environment, including a dorsoventrally flattened body, dorsally directed eyes, the presence of a lateral line system throughout life, and large muscular hindlimbs.
		Xenopus is a member of the Pipidae, a taxon defined as the most recent common ancestor of Xenopus, Silurana, Hymenochirus, Pseudhymenochirus, and Pipa, and all of its descendents (Ford and Cannatella, 1993).
		The usefulness of Xenopus as a model organism is due largely to the ease of maintaining breeding populations in the laboratory (Cannatella and De Sa, 1993).
	digimorph.org /specimens/Xenopus_laevis (411 words)

	NIH Guide: DEVELOPING THE POTENTIAL OF XENOPUS TROPICALIS AS A GENETIC MODEL
		In addition, Xenopus is well suited to identify novel expressed genes that regulate developmental processes, and it has been widely utilized to characterize the activities of genes that are broadly expressed across vertebrates.
		Xenopus’ advantages and wealth of research findings have been combined with molecular techniques, such as in situ hybridization, antisense oligonucleotides, dominant negative proteins, and expression cloning.
		Despite Xenopus’ advantages for cellular and molecular studies, it has not been used for classical genetic studies because the species of the Xenopus genus that has been used by researchers, X. laevis, is pseudotetraploid and has a long generation time (one — two years).
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HD-01-008.html (4455 words)

	Terry Gampper's Xenopus Page
		The close resemblance of these two species and other examples indicate that Xenopus diversity was occurring before the continents were separated.
		Under normal circumstances, Xenopus frogs never leave the water, although they have occasionally they have been known to migrate if their home pond dries up.
		Xenopus are multicolored, with their backs in various shades of olive gray with large gray blotches.
	tgampper.freeshell.org /xenopus (1010 words)

	Prion Disease: Xenopus Sequence
		Xenopus prion is the first species studied to have an imperfect 'invariant' region,106-126 in mammals (a new Chinese sheep sequence is also slightly anomalous: VVG
		Note that xenopus viewed as outgroup settles the nature of 11 ancestral residues, for example "codon 129" is M and YY occurred in the common amniote ancestor, not A or V and WW as in birds (newly determined ancestral values have a dot under the xenopus line).
		Xenopus prion or some fragment thereof may however be capable of forming a rogue conformation on its own (beyond the amyloidogenic propensity that almost every protein possesses); some support comes from software prediction of a alpah/beta ambivalent stretch precisely at the first beta strand and helix A:
	www.mad-cow.org /00/xenopus_prion.html (1042 words)

	Terry Gampper's Xenopus Page
		A frog in the genus Eoxenopoides, came on the scene in southwestern Africa at the beginning of the Tertiary (65 million years ago).
		By the Miocene, the range of Xenopus stretched from northern Africa to southwestern Africa.
		As the African continent moved northward, the range of Xenopus was restricted because hot, arid conditions developed in the north forcing the frogs to move south of the Sahara.
	hometown.aol.com /terryg7264/ACF (1002 words)

	Xenopus
		Xenopus tropicalis (the pipid frog) is an ideal vertebrate model system for developmental biology.
		The Xenopus tropicalis genome is currently being sequenced at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI) in Walnut Creek, CA.
		After the selection of large insert clones for sequencing, shotgun libraries are produced at the JGI and the clones drafted to an average depth of 10x.
	www-shgc.stanford.edu /finishing/xenopus.html (242 words)

	Xenopus Care, Health & Disease: A Brief Overview
		Xenopus laevis on a large scale in the laboratory.
		Xenopus laevis: Rearing and Breeding the African Clawed Frog.
		Xenopus laevis used in laboratory experiments: prevention by use of antiseptic surgical techniques and antibiotic supplementation.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/biology/faculty/kelley/webessay/frog_disease_site.html (1850 words)

	American Zoologist: Transgenic Xenopus: Microinjection Methods and Developmental Neurobiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Xenopus is the African clawed frog and has been a common inhabitant of biological laboratories since its use for pregnancy testing in the 1950s.
		In particular neuroscientists have found it useful for the expression of receptors, channels and ion pumps as they often display their normal pharmacological and electrophysiological characteristics, and it is possible to study assembly and membrane insertion as well as function.
		Xenopus does not lend itself to genetic studies and so it is not possible to mutate genes to inactivity.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3746/is_199709/ai_n8779960 (861 words)

	Xenopus oocytes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The oocyte from the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis is an often used functional expression system.
		The use of Xenopus oocytes for the functional expression of plasma membrane proteins.
		RNA transcripts are synthesized from linearized plasmids encoding the desired protein using using the message machine kit (Ambion) according to the recommendation of the manufacturers.
	www.cx.unibe.ch /~sigel/xenopus.html (384 words)

	Developmental Biology: Xenopus as a Model System
		His student, John Gurdon, brought attention to Xenopus by demonstrating that transplantation of tadpole intestinal epithelial nuclei into enucleated eggs could promote development to the adult, thus extending Briggs and King's earlier nuclear transplantation research that utilized Rana pipiens.
		Another impetus for investigators to adopt Xenopus came in 1971, when Gurdon and his colleagues demonstrated that the Xenopus oocyte will translate messenger RNA injected into it (Gurdon et al., 1971).
		Attempts to inject genes to be expressed in the embryo were frustrated by the fact that they do not integrate into the frog chromosomes during cleavage and are then unequally distributed in embryonic cells and, therefore, are always expressed mosaically.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/frogsrus.html (1632 words)

	JGI X. tropicalis v3.0 Home
		In fact, Xenopus has become a major vertebrate model for the cellular and developmental biology research that is supported by most of the Institutes of the NIH.
		Leading researchers in the Xenopus research community were invited to discuss the overall planning and strategies for sequencing the Xenopus tropicalis genome.
		In addition, a Xenopus tropicalis genome project advisory board was set up to insure an accurate and timely exchange of information between the JGI and the research community.
	genome.jgi-psf.org /Xentr3/Xentr3.home.html (411 words)

	amaya
		Xenopus laevis was the first species within this group to be extensively studied and became the standard to compare other species within the genus
		Its chromosome number is 36, and based on karyotype morphology and the formation of bivalents during meiosis, it was classified as a diploid species.
		In this system it will be possible to overlay this rich embryological history with the power of genetic manipulations, creating an armamentarium of approaches as we look toward revealing a new generation of concepts about vertebrate embryonic development.
	faculty.virginia.edu /xtropicalis/overview/amaya.html (1809 words)

	Developmental Staging in Xenopus laevis
		Xenopus is at once elegantly simple and infinitely complex--I found it a wonder to study.
		Meanwhile, in developmental biology I was struggling with the staging of Xenopus tadpoles.
		The South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis is widely used as a model organism in developmental biology because its transformation from zygote to tadpole can be easily observed in the laboratory.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /people/balom/StagingTable/Preface.html (540 words)

	Jumping Frog Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This phylogenetic study of early mediators of cellular immunity is complemented by an extensive study of the molecular and genetic evolution of NK receptor families.
		We have recently established Xenopus as an important model to study immunity against emerging ranavirus infection in amphibians and evaluate the contribution of immunocompromised animals in the dissemination and progression of the diseases.
		These data establish Xenopus as a useful laboratory model system to further investigate fundamental mechanisms of viral immunity in ectothermic vertebrates and to better understand the role of host susceptibility factors in the actual emergence of viral pathogens.
	www.urmc.rochester.edu /smd/mbi/robert (1401 words)

	A novel ring-like complex of Xenopus proteins essential for the initiation of DNA replication -- Kubota et al. 17 (9): ...
		Xenopus sperm chromatin was incubated in mock- or Sld5-depleted extracts in the presence of
		Xenopus Cut5 or Sld5 was immunodepleted from the extracts, and chromatin was assembled in the depleted extracts at 23°C for 45 min.
		are ALRWEYG, DYGEFE, and KKNSQH; a fragment of Xenopus Psf1 was
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/17/9/1141 (6947 words)

	Xenopus links and miscellania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Xenopus in assays for developmental aberrations caused by unknown factors in Minnesota waters
		Xenopus is an aquatic frog, and one would suspect that it doesn't use its tongue to catch poor flies.
		Xenopus is known as a clawed frog (and its name means "weird foot" in Greek).
	www.average.org /~pruss/OtherXsites.html (218 words)

	Ecology of Xenopus laevis by John Measey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The animal was already well known by native peoples throughout sub-Saharan Africa as a source of protein and an aphrodisiac or fertility medicine (Kobel et al., 1996).
		Being aquatic throughout their life Xenopus are easy to keep and are resistant against disease and infection.
		Little has been added on the subject of feeding and diet in Xenopus since the observations made by Leslie (1890), who wrote; "Unlike other frogs, it feeds in the water, on insects, small fishes, or even young and larvae of its own kind, and is apparently unable to feed out of that element.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /presents/FocusOn/frogs/XENOPU.htm (462 words)

	Home Page for Darcy Kelley's Lab
		We are using a related frog species, Xenopus tropicalis, with a more tractable genotype and generation time, to identify the downstream targets of androgen action that lead to the masculine behavioral phenotype.
		Kelley, D.B. and Tobias, M.L. 1999 The vocal repertoire of Xenopus laevis.
		The ontogeny of androgen receptors in the CNS of Xenopus laevis frogs.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/biology/faculty/kelley (2168 words)

	Xenopus cDNA Library Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Note: this is a Xenopus Gene Collection library.
		NOTE: based on EST sequencing of several thousand clones from this library, there appears to be a low level of mouse background in this library; please use care when evaluating sequences from this library.
		This primary, microquantity library is normalized to Cot5 (non-normalized primary library is NICHD_XGC_Te2) and was constructed by Express Genomics (Frederick, MD).
	image.llnl.gov /image/html/xenopuslib_info.shtml (4213 words)

	Two distinct Staufen isoforms in Xenopus are vegetally localized during oogenesis -- ALLISON et al. 10 (11): 1751 -- RNA
		Xenopus Staufen expression in adults is largely confined to reproductive tissues.
		XStau granules and particles in Xenopus oocyte lysates: 200 µL stage V/VI S10 extract was fractionated through a Superose 6 HR 10/30 column at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, and 0.3- mL fractions collected.
		Alarcon, V.B. and Elinson, R.P. RNA anchoring in the vegetal cortex of the Xenopus oocyte.
	www.rnajournal.org /cgi/content/full/10/11/1751 (7714 words)

	Replication Origins in Xenopus Egg Extract Are 5-15 Kilobases Apart and Are Activated in Clusters That Fire at ...
		Xenopus sperm nuclei were incubated in Xenopus egg extract supplemented with BrdUTP for either (A and B) 40 min, (C–L) 45 min, (M–T) 50 min, or (U–W) 60 min.
		Xenopus sperm nuclei were incubated in Xenopus egg extract supplemented with BrdUTP for either (A) 45 min or (B) 60 min.
		Xenopus sperm nuclei were incubated in Xenopus egg extract supplemented with BrdUTP for 50 min.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/152/1/15 (6861 words)

	The adaptor molecule FADD from Xenopus laevis demonstrates evolutionary conservation of its pro-apoptotic activity -- ...
		The adaptor molecule FADD from Xenopus laevis demonstrates evolutionary conservation of its pro-apoptotic activity -- Sakamaki et al.
		Kroll, K.L. and Amaya, E. (1996) Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation.
		Mangurian, C., Johnson, R.O., McMahan, R., Clothier, R.H. and Ruben, L.N. (1998) Expression of a Fas-like proapoptotic molecule on the lymphocytes of Xenopus laevis.
	www.genestocellsonline.org /cgi/content/full/9/12/1249 (6497 words)

	Two Myogenin-related Genes Are Differentially Expressed in Xenopus laevis Myogenesis and Differ in Their Ability to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Arrows indicate the Xenopus myogenin hybridization signals (estimated to 1500 and 1300 nucleotides on the basis of the relative migration of the 18 S and 28 S rRNAs, respectively; not shown on the autoradiogram).
		XmyogU1 and XmyogU2 Differ in Their Abilities to Activate the MHC Adult Isoform-- We used the Xenopus animal cap assay to compare the specificity of each MRF for the transactivation of muscle structural genes.
		In this assay, synthetic Xenopus MyoD, Myf5, MRF4, XmyogU1,
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/2/1139 (5603 words)

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