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Topic: Xenotransplantation

	Xenotransplantation Action Plan
		Xenotransplantation is any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human recipient of either (a) live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source, or (b) human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues or organs.
		The development of xenotransplantation is, in part, driven by the fact that the demand for human organs for clinical transplantation far exceeds the supply.
		Although the potential benefits are considerable, the use of xenotransplantation raises concerns regarding the potential infection of recipients with both recognized and unrecognized infectious agents and the possible subsequent transmission to their close contacts and into the general human population.
	www.fda.gov /cber/xap/xap.htm (264 words)

	Xenotransplantation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of cells, tissues or organs from one species to another such as from pigs to humans.
		Xenotransplantation offers a potential treatment for end-stage organ failure, one of the most important health problems facing the industrialized world today.
		A worrisome element of xenotransplantation is the potential for infectious disease to spread from the donor animal, which is called xenozoonosis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xenotransplantation (923 words)

	Of Pigs, Primates, and Plagues: Xenotransplantation Critique (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		While some researchers and animal research advocates are optimistic about xenotransplantation's potential, others are calling for a moratorium on the technology, which they say threatens public health and the environment, has an appalling track record, and is both expensive and unnecessary.
		Xenotransplantation is riskier and promises to be even more expensive than human-to-human transplantation ($250,000 per operation in 1995, not including the hidden costs of breeding, housing, feeding, medicating, testing, transporting, rendering, and disposing of the waste and remains of herds of transgenic animals).
		Breeding animals for xenotransplantation would create a host of environmental problems (including soil and groundwater contamination) associated with the disposal of animal waste, and the carcasses of genetically modified animals and their offspring.
	www.mrmcmed.org.cob-web.org:8888 /pigs.html (1767 words)

	U.S. Public Health Service Guideline on Infectious Disease Issues in Xenotransplantation
		Xenotransplantation research brings to the fore certain challenges in assessing the potential impact of science on society as a whole, including the role of the public in those assessments.
		Xenotransplantation product recipients who may wish to consider reproduction in the future should be aware that a potential risk of transmission of xenogeneic infectious agents not only to their partner but also to their offspring during conception, embryonic/fetal development and/or breast-feeding cannot be excluded.
		Xenotransplantation products should not be obtained from source animals imported from any country or geographic region where transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are known to be present in the source species or from which the USDA prohibits or restricts importation of ruminants or ruminant products due to concern about transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5015a1.htm (15571 words)

	Xenotransplantation - Journal Information
		Xenotransplantation provides its readership with rapid communication of new findings in the field of organ and tissue transplantation across species barriers.
		While xenotransplantation still has a considerable way to go before it becomes a clinical reality, researchers remain confident that new advances are steadily bringing that day closer.
		Xenotransplantation is the journal for all those who wish to stay at the forefront of this fast developing and emerging field.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /journal.asp?ref=0908-665X (218 words)

	eMedicine - Xenotransplantation : Article by Naveen K Atray, MD, FASN
		Xenotransplantation refers to any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human recipient of either (1) live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source or (2) human body fluids, cells, tissues, or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues, or organs.
		Given the complexity of xenotransplantation and the uncertainties of issues surrounding it, strategies to address xenosis are being developed, although a universally adopted guideline on xenosis remains to be issued.
		A patient's agreement to participate in xenotransplantation must be based on perceptions of individual risks, as is the case with any experimental or extreme procedure, and on the risk of new disease to family, friends, close contacts, and society at large.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3715.htm (7379 words)

	CBHD: Have a Heart...Even a Pig's? - E. David Cook
		The emerging technology of xenotransplantation involves the transplantation of live cells, tissues, or organs from an animal into persons suffering from various diseases.
		This response to the charge that xenotransplantation is "playing God" is not intended to defend the notion that there are no limits to the ways in which human beings should seek to preserve or restore health.
		Xenotransplantation provides one extreme measure of hope for those who face certain death, offering the possibility of a clear and real benefit to individuals in need of transplants.
	www.cbhd.org /resources/biotech/cook_2000-fall.htm (1655 words)

	Xenotransplantation (animal to human transplants)
		Xenotransplantation research is being conducted not by charities or universities, but by commercial pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.
		Xenotransplantation is fraught with dangers known and unknown: our concern for those suffering from organ failure must not lead us to make a terrible and irreversible mistake.
		To reiterate that ethical framework: the acceptability of xenotransplantation is to be determined by balancing the benefit to humans against the harm both to the pig and to humans.
	www.uncaged.co.uk /xeno.htm (15124 words)

	eMedicine - Xenotransplantation : Article by William Edward Beschorner, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Xenotransplantation, or transplanting organs and tissues from a different species, has generated considerable interest as a potential solution to the great unmet need.
		First, the primary obstacle to xenotransplantation is severe rejection involving many antigenic disparities between humans and pigs that elicit several mechanisms of immune rejection.
		The most discussed risk of porcine xenotransplantation is the potential to pass infectious agents from the donor pig to the patient.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic2903.htm (6599 words)

	The Islet Foundation - OECD Xenotransplantation Workshop
		Xenotransplantation is an emerging medical technology that offers enormous promise for the treatment of human disease.
		In fact, xenotransplantation reflects a whole spectrum of activity, ranging from pig islets without immunosuppression at the safest end of the spectrum, to baboon heart transplants with immunosuppression at the riskiest end of the spectrum.
		It now appears that clinical trials of xenotransplantation will be allowed to proceed in most countries under guidelines that assure adequate record keeping, reporting of adverse events, archiving of donor and recipient biologic samples, safe and humane animal management, long-term monitoring of recipients, and other procedures intended to reduce or eliminate risks.
	www.islet.org /34.htm (5170 words)

	Campaign for Responsible Transplantation - Xenotransplantation News and Information (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		CRT believes that xenotransplantation poses a grave danger to human health because of the risk of transferring deadly animal viruses to the human population.
		Xenotransplantation would burden our society with numerous health, environmental, economic, ethical, and legal problems, and would cause tremendous human and nonhuman suffering.
		CRT is, therefore, seeking a total ban on xenotransplantation.
	www.crt-online.org.cob-web.org:8888 (592 words)

	Xenotransplantation
		Xenotransplantation is on a lot of people's minds these days.
		After workshops and discussions, the juries produced a joint report advising that pre-clinical research continue, the public be educated, and officials develop strict regulations to control eventual xenotransplantation.
		She feels that xenotransplantation, or the lack of it, is something for all of society to decide, not only for a small outspoken group like surgeons.
	www.vetscite.org /publish/items/000529 (1277 words)

	PHS Guideline on Infectious Disease Issues in Xenotransplantation
		Several developments have fueled the renewed interest in xenotransplantation- the use of live animal cells, tissues and organs in the treatment or mitigation of human disease.
		This issue was addressed by the FDA Xenotransplantation Subcommittee of the Biological Response Modifiers Advisory Committee (December, 1997, for transcript: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/97/transcpt/3365tl.rtf).
		This guideline addresses the public health issues related to xenotransplantation and recommends procedures for diminishing the risk of transmission of infectious agents to the recipient, health care workers, and the general public.
	www.fda.gov /cber/gdlns/xenophs0101.htm (15759 words)

	Features: Xenotransplantation
		A national meeting to consider social, ethical, and legal issues of xenotransplantation was being discussed, but infectious diseases"the most critical issue," Dell sayswere not on the agenda until he persuaded the IOM and NAS to add these issues to the program.
		Early research in xenotransplantation should be done at medical centers with expertise in transplantation and experience in virology and immunology.
		Before xenotransplantation is done, he says, monitoring systems should be set up to seek unusual events in recipients, health care workers, and family members.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/21stC/issue-1.2/Xeno.htm (2311 words)

	Xenotransplantation
		Limited availability of human organs and tissues, coupled with recent biotechnical advances, has increasingly led to implantations of living cells from other species when human donors are not available, when a bridge organ is needed, or when animal cells may provide a unique benefit.
		The draft Public Health Service guideline was prepared to help minimize public health risks associated with xenotransplantation while not restricting access to promising therapies for individuals with life-threatening and chronic debilitating illnesses.
		March 1996: PHS met with representatives of the American Society of Transplant Surgeons and the American Society of Transplant Physicians to discuss principles of the draft guideline and the perspectives of the transplant community.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/HPS/transplant/html/fda.htm (1524 words)

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