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Xerox Alto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Alto keyboard was lacking the underscore key, which had been appropriated for the left-arrow character used in Mesa for the assignment operator. Technically, the Alto was a small minicomputer, but it was a personal computer in the sense of being a single user computer sitting at your desk as compared to the mainframes and minicomputers of the era. The Xerox Alto was used to design the next influential "D" series of workstations: the Dolphin, Dorado and Dandelion. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xerox_Alto   (998 words)

Xerox PARC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) was a flagship research division of the Xerox Corporation, based in Palo Alto, California, USA. As of 2004, Xerox remained the company's largest customer, but PARC had also announced a multi-year relationship with Fujitsu and an entrance into biomedical sciences in partnership with the Scripps Research Institute of La Jolla, CA. Xerox PARC was the first research group to widely adopt the mouse invented by Douglas Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) in Menlo Park, California. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xerox_PARC   (935 words)

GUIdebook > Articles > “The Xerox Alto Computer” The Alto was the result of a joint effort by Ed McCreight, Chuck Thacker, Butler Lampson, Bob Sproull, and Dave Boggs, who were attempting to make a device that was small enough to fit in an office comfortably, but powerful enough to support a reliable, high-quality operating system and graphics display. Much of the research work done on the Alto at Xerox is written in Smalltalk, an object-oriented language that is both easy to learn and highly powerful (see the special August 1981 BYTE issue on the Smalltalk language). For instance, the Altos at Stanford are named after rivers and mountains in California State parks; Altos at CMU are named after jewels, and Altos at Xerox are named after people. www.guidebookgallery.org /articles/thexeroxaltocomputer   (3596 words)

The Xerox Alto The Alto was designed and built by Xerox for research and, although Xerox donated a number of them to various organizations, they were never sold. The Xerox Alto was designed to be a relatively small, yet powerful, personal office computer with the ability to present information graphically, and to easily share information. Initially the Xerox Alto software was not "desktop" oriented and was more comparable to a system with various pieces of mouse enabled graphical DOS software than, say, Macintosh or Windows. toastytech.com /guis/alto.html   (369 words)

Xerox Alto Thus in 1970, the Palo Alto Research Center, or PARC was born. The mouse was licensed to Xerox in 1971 and the term "personal computer" was coined in 1973. Software developed that exploited the Altos capabilities increased demand and interest in the Alto Demand and interest grew throughout and beyond Xerox Production of the Alto increased A by-product, the Ethernet, used to connect computers flexibly with standard communication protocols, became a networking standard. www.thocp.net /hardware/xerox_alto.htm   (282 words)

[No title] Xerox upper management, fearing the inevitable demise of their paper-based company in the "paperless" future, decided that they had better make sure they controlled this new technology. The Alto was not a microcomputer as such, although its working components did fit in a minibar-sized tower that fit under the desk. Altos had networking and could send e-mail to and receive it from one another, and seemed ideal for an office environment. arstechnica.com /articles/paedia/gui.ars/3   (1065 words)

Xerox Mice ~ o l d m o u s e .c o m ~ The Alto I mouse registers movement by its large steel ball at its cord end. The Alto I mouse's motherboard is embossed with "M-3" and "HAWLEY-XEROX MOUSE," along with the circuit board wire outlines marked with plus (+) and minus (-) poles. A thin fl electrical cord attaches the mouse to the Alto with a DB9 pins connector. www.oldmouse.com /mouse/xerox/alto.shtml   (350 words)

Untitled Document Electronic reusable paper utilizes a display technology, invented at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), called "Gyricon." A Gyricon sheet is a thin layer of transparent plastic in which millions of small beads, somewhat like toner particles, are randomly dispersed. Xerox' partnership with 3M means electronic reusable paper can be manufactured in large enough quantities for commercial applications. Xerox PARC researcher Matt Howard demonstrates an active sheet of electronic reusable paper in the laboratory. www2.parc.com /hsl/projects/gyricon   (611 words)

CRN | Xerox Parc Xerox PARC in the 1970s was unusual in that a major corporation, concerned very much with its bottom line, funded a group of researchers to design the future. While Xerox was successful in commercializing the laser printer and the mouse, it did not have the same success with the Alto. There was a practical reason why Xerox did not take advantage of PARC at the time, said Stuart Card, a Xerox research fellow and currently manager of PARC's User Interface Research Group and part of the team that commercialized the mouse. www.crn.com /sections/special/hof/hof.asp?ArticleID=11165   (1163 words)

MacKiDo/Interface/ui_history Xerox didn't see Apple as competition, that is why they let them in -- but they charged Apple, since Xerox believed that their research had value. Xerox extended their developments over time as well, but this is not ripping off. The Xerox machines were anything but personal computers -- they did not use microprocessors (closer to mini-computers), they had no real resource constraints as the Mac did, they ran slower (in real use), were far less elegant, were very immature (yet had some brilliant concepts) and were not really products -- they were research tools. www.mackido.com /Interface/ui_history.html   (2224 words)

The Xerox Alto The Xerox Alto systems, because of their power and graphics, were used for a variety of research purposes in to the fields of human-computer interaction and computer usage. This is a printout of the image that is on the screen of the Alto in the photo on the first page. Xerox did, however, later use Alto technology to to create a single purpose document processor, the Xerox 8010 or "Star". toastytech.com /guis/alto3.html   (290 words)

Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) Definition   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07) Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) was established in 1970 by Xerox Corporation in Palo Alto, California. Xerox assembled a team of world-class researchers in the information and physical sciences and gave them the mission to create the architecture of information. The Alto, which embodied many of PARC's innovations, featured a unique desktop environment that contained icons, documents and folders which were manipulated by a mouse. www.bellevuelinux.org /parc.html   (365 words)

Xerox Star Research When Xerox PARC was developing the first GUI, as seen on the 8010, Lee Jay Lorenzen was a key member of the team. The Xerox Star was an incredible piece of technology in its time that displayed a lot of innovative ideas and impressed a good amount of people in the computer industry. Xerox made its mark in the computer industry but it couldnt shake its image as a copier company. xeroxstar.tripod.com   (2709 words)

DigiBarn: The Xerox Alto Computer We recently displayed the Alto II XM as the centerpiece of the Alto 30th Birthday Party which we held at the October 2003 Vintage Computer Festival 6.0. The Alto served as inspiration for Three Rivers' PERQ which ran the Intran publishing software that drove the Xerox 9700 high speed laser printers (also a development from PARC). rom a lecture referencing the Alto by Butler Lampson at the CS department at the University of Washington. www.digibarn.com /collections/systems/xerox-alto   (809 words)

Factbook Xerox PARC invents prototype of the world's first personal computer, the Alto, with innovations including the first what-you-see-is-what-you-get editor, first commercial use of a mouse, graphical user interface, and bit-mapped display. Xerox and General Electric agree to an 8-year financing arrangement for GE Vendor Financial Services to become the primary equipment financing provider for Xerox customers in the United States through monthly advances against Xerox's new U.S. lease originations. Xerox and General Electric agree to a 7-year agreement for GE VFS Canada Limited Partnership, a unit of GE Commercial Finance, to become the primary equipment financing provider for Xerox customers in Canada, through monthly prepayments against Xerox's customer contract originations. www.xerox.com /go/xrx/template/019d.jsp?view=Factbook&id=Historical&Xcntry=USA&Xlang=en_US   (2822 words)

Xerox Alto Computer with Mouse, GUI, and Ethernet Introduced in 1973 The revolutionary Xerox Alto computer was introduced internally at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in 1973. The main processing unit, the size of a small refrigerator, was designed to sit under a desk or table, while the display, mouse, and keyboard sat on the tabletop. Xerox also developed a GUI machine called the Star for the mass market, but both the Lisa and Star were flops due to their high price tags. www.cedmagic.com /history/xerox-alto.html   (212 words)

Computer History Museum - Lectures - The Xerox Alto: A Personal Retrospective In this talk, Chuck Thacker and Butler Lampson describe a few of the applications and technologies the Alto enabled, as well as the exceptional working environment at PARC and the extraordinarily talented group of people who made it all happen. Alto Designer and Turing Award Winner Butler Lampson is an architect at Microsoft Corporation and an adjunct professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at MIT. He was one of the designers of the SDS 940 time-sharing system, the Alto personal distributed computing system, the Xerox 9700 laser printer, two-phase commit protocols, the Autonet LAN, and several programming languages. www.computerhistory.org /events/lectures/alto_06042001   (330 words)

VAW: Apple Lore: The Creation of the Macintosh They believed that the Alto in its current form could not be sold for less than $40,000 given the industry's current gross margins. In the late 1970's, Apple was experiencing meteoric growth in the mists of the success of the Apple II and significant private investment. Jobs was so struck by the power inherent in the PARC that he offered Xerox the opportunity to invest a million dollars in Apple computer if the company would agree to let him and his company study the Alto. homepage.mac.com /vectronic/macintosh/creation.html   (900 words)

Computer History Museum - Exhibits - Collection Highlights - Xerox PARC Alto In 1972 Xerox began work on the Alto desktop computer which prototyped the graphical user interface in common use today. The Alto was based on a special monitor that could display an 8½ x 11 sheet of electronic "paper." Unlike terminals of the day, it used proportionally-spaced characters that looked like they had been typeset. The Alto had a mouse (invented earlier by Doug Engelbart at SRI in 1965), and the now-familiar desktop environment of icons, folders, and documents. www.computerhistory.org /exhibits/highlights/alto.shtml   (202 words)

Apple and the GUI Called the Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) it was established in 1970 by Xerox Corporation. Xerox did eventually make computers that sold a little, but it was too little too late. After offering Xerox a chance to invest $1 million in Apple, which was enjoying exponential stock growth, Apple was allowed two visits to PARC to see Smalltalk and the Alto. applemuseum.bott.org /sections/gui.html   (2449 words)

The People Are the Company An anthropologist from the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), a member of the work-practices team, traveled with a group of tech reps to observe how they actually did their jobs -- not how they described what they did, or what their managers assumed they did. That research challenged the way Xerox thought about the nature of work, the role of the individual, and the relationship between the individual and the company. In France, working with Rank Xerox, PARC recently unveiled Eureka, an electronic "knowledge refinery" that organizes and categorizes a database of tips generated by the field staff. www.fastcompany.com /online/01/people.html   (2855 words)

fUSION Anomaly. Xerox The trademark sometimes occurs in print in figurative contexts: "Her performance was Xeroxed from her imagination" (Chicago Tribune). Xerox PARC is the birthplace of such innovations as the local area The first Xerox machine which was marketed over 40 years ago was able to produce 7 copies per minute. fusionanomaly.net /xerox.html   (891 words)

Bringing Design to Software Profile 2 - STAR Although the Alto's cost at the time was high (at standard industry markup, it would have sold for more than $75,000), the PARC strategy was to act as though the Alto was a personal computer—to put one on every desk and to see what people would do with it. The core concept that distinguished Star (and other Alto programs) from the conventional computer interfaces of their time was the use of a bitmapped screen to present the user with direct visual representations of objects. Alto programs pioneered a new style that Star unified, in which the user works directly with the desired form, through direct manipulation. hci.stanford.edu /bds/2p-star.html   (1074 words)

Share...and Share Alike - KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT - Magazine - Darwin Online for Informed Executives   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07) Because these treasures are open to anyone with a Xerox badge, the technicians who service Xerox equipment in the area often stop by PARC for lunch. So it was here that they—the people who spend their working hours digging deep into the guts of complex machinery—met some of the top research minds who spend their days wrapping their brains around concepts that hover between the brilliant and the preposterous. As a result of those meetings, researchers and Xerox technicians came together to develop a system for managing knowledge that flourished as a grassroots effort in a company that's not known for paying attention to the grass. www.darwinmag.com /read/020101/share.html   (672 words)

PARC History SDL is a Xerox and Spectra-Physics joint venture formed to exploit PARC's gallium arsenide-based solid-state laser research by manufacturing state-of-the-art laser diodes. The Xerox 1075 copier/duplicator, which uses the Ethernet principal to facilitate varying the document handling and output sorting configurations, is released. Xerox's 10 Series Marathon copiers are the first to use numerous built-in microcomputers with a low-bandwidth Ethernet as the communications interface www.parc.xerox.com /about/history   (6104 words)

BYTE.com BYTE correctly predicted that the attributes of this Alto "research tool" would be used in the next generation of personal computers. Their goal was to provide each user with a personal computing facility capable of meeting all individual needs and a communications facility that would allow users to sh are information easily. The Alto Operating System (OS), a program which provides a set of basic facilities for control and communication with the Alto, is written in BCPL, a language very similar to C. Most programs, BCPL or otherwise, run under the direction of the Alto OS. www.byte.com /art/9609/sec4/art3.htm   (3478 words)

Xerox's Palo Alto Lab to become independent company   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07) The move sets the stage for "key strategic partners" to invest in the laboratory while ensuring that Xerox continues to control access to the center's research and technology, the company said in a statement. Xerox said it expects that PARC employees will transfer to the new company after the first of the year. Xerox officials could not be reached for further comment. www.infoworld.com /articles/hn/xml/01/12/11/011211hnxeroxindep.html   (604 words)

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