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Topic: Xerox Star

	Xerox Star - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The eventual Star workstation hardware was known as a Dandelion, or Dlion, based on the "Wildflower" architecture paper by Butler Lampson.
		Later incarnations of the Star would allow users to purchase a single unit with a laser printer, but the Xerox Star is still considered by many to be a commercial failure because only about 25,000 units were sold.
		Xerox did in fact sue Apple in 1988 for infringement of copyright regarding the GUI, but the case was dismissed on a technicality.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xerox_Star (2262 words)

	Star Arrangement @ NaturalResearch.org (Natural Research) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Scientifically, stars are defined as self-gravitating spheres of plasma in hydrostatic equilibrium, which generate their own energy through the process of nuclear fusion.
		Star formation begins with gravitational instability inside those clouds, often triggered by shockwaves from supernovae or the collision of two galaxies (as in a starburst galaxy).
		The energy produced by stars radiates into space as electromagnetic radiation, as a stream of neutrinos from the star's core, and as a stream of particles from the star's outer layers (its stellar wind).
	www.naturalresearch.org /encyclopedia/Star (2118 words)

	Xerox Star
		The Xerox Star was actually not originally meant to be a stand-alone computer, but was part of an integrated Xerox "personal office system" that also connected to other workstations via Ethernet and an optional laser printer.
		The Xerox Star was the first commercial computer to use a graphical user interface (GUI) with the familiar desktop with icons metaphor and a mouse.
		The Star was succeeded by the Xerox 6085 workstation.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/xe/Xerox_Star.html (168 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Xerox Star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mesa is a programming language developed at Xerox PARC that was used to program the Xerox Alto (one of the first personal computers with a graphical user interface), and later the Xerox Star workstations, and later the GlobalView desktop environment.
		Xerox shifted its business model in the 1970s and 1980s as patent expiry removed exclusivity from their copier technology, and diversification plans largely did not succeed.
		As a symbol of this transformation, the relative size of the word "Xerox" was increased in proportion to "The Document Company" on the corporate signature and the latter was dropped altogether in September 2004, along with the digital X. However, the digital X and "The Document Company" are still used by Fuji Xerox.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Xerox-Star (4143 words)

	Xerox PARC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) was a flagship research division of the Xerox Corporation, based in Palo Alto, California, USA.
		As of 2004, Xerox remained the company's largest customer, but PARC had also announced a multi-year relationship with Fujitsu and an entrance into biomedical sciences in partnership with the Scripps Research Institute of La Jolla, CA.
		Xerox PARC was the first research group to widely adopt the mouse invented by Douglas Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) in Menlo Park, California.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xerox_PARC (950 words)

	Xerox Star Research
		Star actually refers to the software that was to be used in conjunction of the machine developed by Xerox and not the machine itself, although it's easy to see the misunderstanding.
		Alas, Star fell short on a number of expectations that led to the development of ViewPoint, Don Massaro's resignation and an increasing jealousy in the photocopier division of Xerox.
		The Xerox Star was an incredible piece of technology in its time that displayed a lot of innovative ideas and impressed a good amount of people in the computer industry.
	xeroxstar.tripod.com (2709 words)

	SmallStar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Star was an ideal starting point for showing the utility of programming by demonstration: it is a general-purpose office system, providing text and graphics editing, filing, printing, mailing, forms processing, and database functions [Smith 82a] [Smith 82b].
		Star was also interesting because it has a graphical, direct manipulation user interface; it pioneered the desktop metaphor and the use of icons, and was the forerunner in the commercial use of the mouse as a pointing device.
		Star documents can contain text and graphics, tables (with named columns and numbered rows), and fields, which are named regions in the text that hold data.
	www.acypher.com /wwid/Chapters/05SmallStar.html (5132 words)

	The Xerox "Star": A Retrospective
		Star's introduction was an important event in the history of personal computing because it changed notions of how interactive systems should be designed.
		Star's designers assumed that the target users are interested in getting their work done and not at all interested in computers.
		Star and ViewPoint's use of a 16-bit character set and of special typing and rendering algorithms for foreign languages is the correct approach.
	www.digibarn.com /friends/curbow/star/retrospect (11857 words)

	The Xerox Star
		The Star was all about printing, something that is still important but not given as much consideration today.
		A huge mistake that Xerox made was that the Xerox Star was a completely closed system.
		Xerox would not license the the MESA programming language or development environment to anyone outside of Xerox.
	toastytech.com /guis/star2.html (244 words)

	Xerox Star
		The system was designed for the casual user, and their personal workstations would be connected via Ethernet, sharing printers, and servers, etc. Star used a bitmapped screen, windows, a two-buttoned mouse and icons, which no other computer systems at that time had.
		To simplify for the user, Star used generic commands, that is a small set of commands that could be applied to all data (Move, Copy, Open, Delete, Show, Properties and Same).
		Star not only used default options, but it hid the other options, so the users do not have to worry about them.
	www.thocp.net /hardware/xerox_star.htm (1334 words)

	Bringing Design to Software Profile 2 - STAR
		The visible mechanisms on the Star display were backed up with a set of design principles that grew out of a user-oriented design methodology and by a great deal of empirical testing, as described by Liddle in Chapter 2.
		The core concept that distinguished Star (and other Alto programs) from the conventional computer interfaces of their time was the use of a bitmapped screen to present the user with direct visual representations of objects.
		Because all Star applications were developed in a unified way by a single development group, it was possible to adhere to a coherent and consistent design language (see Chapter 4 for a discussion of design languages).
	hci.stanford.edu /bds/2p-star.html (1074 words)

	Xerox Star: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Xerox corporation is the worlds largest supplier of toner-based (dry ink) photocopier machines and associated supplies....
		The Xerox Star was the first commercial computer to use a graphical user interface graphical user interface quick summary:
		The xerox alto, developed at xerox parc in 1973, was the first personal computer and the first computer to use the desktop metaphor and graphical user...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/x/xe/xerox_star.htm (1138 words)

	DigiBarn Documents: Xerox Star Historical Documents (Dave Curbow)
		The occasion was "The final live demonstration of the Xerox 'Star' computer, 1981" held at Xerox PARC n June 17, 1998.
		Xerox also produced other lower-tech products that were cutting edge in their own manner.
		The Xerox "Star": A Retrospective by Jeff Johnson, et.
	www.digibarn.com /friends/curbow/star (558 words)

	Section 16: GUI and Personal Computers
		In 1975 the researchers at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) moved into their permanent headquarters at 3333 Coyote Hill Road near Stanford University in Palo Alto, California.
		Xerox PARC combined these separate technologies into one raster graphics screen along with an easier way of issuing commands: the pop up menus, icons, and desktop metaphor of the graphical user interface.
		Xerox PARC even had the world's first computer virus called a 'tapeworm' because it would eat it's way through the Ethernet and consume all available resources.
	accad.osu.edu /~waynec/history/lesson16.html (6774 words)

	GUIdebook > Articles > “The Xerox Star: A retrospective” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Star goes further towards alleviating this problem by applying a principle called “progressive disclosure.” Progressive disclosure dictates that detail be hidden from users until they ask or need to see it.
		Star also uses icon images that turn from mostly white to mostly fl when selected (see Figure 4) and allows at most one selection on the screen at a time.
		Although Star was conceived as a product in 1975 and was released in 1981, many of the ideas that went into it were born in projects dating back more than three decades.
	www.guidebookgallery.org /articles/thexeroxstararetrospective (10855 words)

	MacKiDo/Interface/ui_horn1
		As you may be gathering, the difference between the Xerox system architectures and Macintosh architecture is huge; much bigger than the difference between the Mac and Windows.
		Of course, there were some ex- Xerox people in the Lisa and Mac groups, but the design point for these machines was so different that we didn't leverage our knowledge of the Xerox systems as much as some people think.
		The Star was a tremendous accomplishment, with features that current systems haven't even started to implement, though I see OpenDoc as a strong advance past the Xerox systems.
	www.mackido.com /Interface/ui_horn1.html (1181 words)

	Timberwoof's Essays
		Xerox had antitrust lawsuit over copiers; owned Shugart (Seagate); big fast laser printers.
		I was at the "last" demonstration of the Xerox Star at PARC a few weeks ago.
		But the Mac is not a clone of the Star, it is a significant development on top of the Star's basic concepts.
	www.timberwoof.com /essays/XeroxStar.html (496 words)

	That Guy’s Blog » Back to the Future: Xerox Star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Today in my user-interface class, we watched a video from 1982 that demonstrated the Xerox Star, one of the first commercial computers to feature many “modern” interface features.
		This really shows how forward-thinking the designers at Xerox PARC were in the earliest days of personal computing.
		As far as the history of graphical user interfaces goes, the Xerox Star and Alto had a big influence on the development of the Apple Lisa and Macintosh.
	www.thatguy.com /blog?p=18 (222 words)

	David K. Farkas - OK, Joe, here's the story of our old Xerox Star System
		The Xerox Star and its antecedents were the world’s first commercial GUI computers and the inspiration for the Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, etc.
		There were no computers for students to use, not until the Xerox Corporation gave us a complete Xerox Star system: 8 workstations, a file server, and all the software.
		Also, they broke so often that the Xerox hardware support guy (we also had a software support guy), used to leave us with 10 of them when he came to service the machines.
	david-k-farkas.livejournal.com /4343.html (681 words)

	DigiBarn: The Xerox Star 8010 (Dandelion)
		The Xerox Star 8010 "Dandelion" is one of the most significant introductions of any computer system.
		The Xerox workstations, while a commercial failure, occupy an important position in the lineage of visual computing systems.
		Alan Freier's pages on the history of the Xerox D* Machines, Mesa PrincOps and Wildflower, also see Alan's "Wildflower" web site that was actually hosted for a time on an actual Dandelion with a custom built web server.
	www.digibarn.com /collections/systems/xerox-8010/index.html (607 words)

	Xerox Star: A Retrospective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Xerox Star was the first commercial system to be based on a desktop-metaphor GUI.
		It was developed at Xerox PARC and released in 1981.
		I will examine the Star by comparing it with the Apple Macintosh, the first successful GUI system, which is based on concepts "borrowed" from Xerox.
	www.calpoly.edu /~dgrieb/CSC570/wk2presnt/ericr.htm (190 words)

	Xerox Star
		Driving one of the world's first GUI computer at CHI '98 in LA (the 6085) Original Star keyboard can be seen behind the water bottle.
		Introduced in April of 1981, the Xerox Star was the first commercial computer to use a Graphical User Interface (GUI).
		The main difference is that the Star did not allow for overlapping windows.
	vividpicture.com /aleks/xeroxstar (314 words)

	Computer History Museum - Lectures - The Xerox Star Runs One More Time
		Seventeen years ago, the computer interface technology we take for granted today was new and strange, difficult even to describe.
		These quotes from a 1981 Xerox Star brochure show how people were fumbling for words to describe the new computer desktop technology: "Objects displayed on the Xerox 8010 screen are freely movable using the hand-held pointer, or 'mouse'...
		Eleven other Stars behind the scenes are being used for parts to keep this one machine running, and this could be the last occasion ever to see a Star run.
	www.computerhistory.org /events/lectures/star_06171998 (372 words)

	Xerox Star - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In this it lent several designs from the earlier Xerox Alto computer.
		However, without the Star product, today's computers would be much poorer.
		Steve Jobs was shown the Smalltalk-80 programming environment which had a small portion of the GUI features in the Star, for example it didn't have a desktop and icons.
	www.questionz.net /Apple_Macintosh/Xerox_Star.html (450 words)

	Citations: The Xerox Star: A Retrospective - Johnson (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The transition from using an application to tailoring it can be supported by extending the eventhandler mechanisms of conventional interface objects to allow for additional events to be processed, each being associated with a specific level of tailoring.
		The Star s design was heavily 46 influenced by the Smalltalk [Goldberg 83] environment which demonstrated the usefulness of mouse driven, graphical bit mapped user interfaces and had set out the principles of object oriented systems.
		It is noteworthy to observe this specificity of the Star s targeting towards document manipulation, elaborated on by its designers: The document is the heart of....
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/55183/0 (2372 words)

	Seybold Report on Desktop Publishing \| Vol 04, Num 05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Xerox is further asking $100 million in royalties and licenses fees, plus $50 million for damages.
		Xerox, in announcing the suit, stated that efforts to reach an amicable settlement with Apple, including a proposal that Apple license the copyrights from Xerox, had been rebuffed.
		Since that is five years after the Star had made its public appearance, three years after Apple released the Lisa computer and two years after the Macintosh came out, there is a possibility that Xerox may have blown its chance to secure the copyright.
	www.seyboldreports.com /SRDP/dp4/DP04-05b.htm (6242 words)

	OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum
		The Xerox 6085 was the successor of the revolutionary Xerox Star, first commercial computer to use a graphical user interface (GUI) with the familiar desktop, icons and a mouse.
		The main unit was founded upon Xerox's Mesa 8 MHz processor which had 256 auxiliary registers and executed 48-bit-wide instructions.
		For example, if you were doing something which took up buffer/time, you could click on the bell icon on your desktop and the bell sound (whatever tune you had in the icon properties) would sound in sequence, after the other stuff was done!...
	www.old-computers.com /museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1052 (425 words)

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