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Topic: Xerxes II

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Sogdianus

Artaxerxes III

423 BC

Artaxerxes III of Persia

424 BC

Darius II

Artaxerxes I

Artaxerxes II

Arses of Persia

366 BC

3rd century BC

336 BC

4th century BC

460s BC

Achaemenid dynasty

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	Xerxes II of Persia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Xerxes II was a Persian king and the son and successor of Artaxerxes I.
		Xerxes apparently succeeded to the throne but two of his illegitimate brothers claimed it for themselves.
		Darius II became the sole ruler of the Persian Empire and would reign till 404 BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xerxes_II_of_Persia (256 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1306 (v. 3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		[themistocles.] Xerxes witnessed the battle from a lofty seat, which was erected for him on the shore of the mainland on one of the declivities of Mount Aegaleos, and thus beheld with his own eyes the defeat and dispersion of his mighty armament.
		Xerxes accordingly ordered the fleet to sail to the Hellespont, and there to guard the bridge till his arrival ; he left Mardonius the number of troops which he requested, and with the remainder set out on his march homewards.
		As soon as Xerxes was slain, the conspirators informed Artaxerxes that Dareius had been the murderer of his father, and persuaded the young prince to give instant orders for the execution of his brother.
	ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/3640.html (997 words)

	Persia
		Abbas II (1632-1667) Shah of Persia 1642-67, the son of Safi I and the great-grandson of Abbas I. He received various embassies from Europe and recaptured Kandahar 1648, which had been lost by his predecessor to the Mogul emperors.
		Son of Shapur II, brother of Bahram IV, and uncle of Yazdegerd I. Sogdianus or Secydianus.
		Xerxes is said to have crossed the Hellespont by a bridge of boats more than a kilometer in length and to have cut a canal through the isthmus of Mount Athos.
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/persia.htm (3696 words)

	Darius II of Persia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Darius II, originally called Ochus and often surnamed Nothus (from Greek νοθος, meaning 'bastard'), was emperor of Persia from 423 BC to 404 BC.
		After a month and a half Xerxes was murdered by his brother Secydianus or Sogdianus (the form of the name is uncertain).
		In 404 BC Darius II died after a reign of nineteen years, and was followed by Artaxerxes II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Darius_II_of_Persia (296 words)

	Great King of Persia Artakshassa I Artaxerxes
		The three kings that followed Xerxes on the throne--Artaxerxes I (465-425 BC), Xerxes II (425-424 BC), and Darius II Ochus (423-404 BC)--were all comparatively weak individuals and kings, and such successes as the empire enjoyed during their reigns were mainly the result of the efforts of subordinates or of the troubles faced by their adversaries.
		Xerxes II ruled only about 45 days and was killed in a drunken stupor by the son of one of his father's concubines.
		The main events of his long rule were the war with Sparta that ended with a peace favourable to the Persians; the revolt and loss to the empire of Egypt; the rebellion of Cyrus the Younger, brother of the king; and the uprising known as the revolt of the satraps.
	worldroots.com /cgi-bin/gasteldb?@I23103@ (1592 words)

	Xerxes II
		Xerxes ruled forty five days in the first months of 423 BC; Sogdianus ruled for six months and fifteen days.
		Our only source for the reign of Xerxes II and Sogdianus is the Greek author Ctesias of Cnidus, one of the most unreliable writers from Antiquity.
		If this is correct, the Achaemenid empire had for a brief time three kings: Xerxes in the Persian heartland, Darius in Hyrcania (where he was satrap), Media, Babylonia and Egypt (where satrap Arsames sided with him), and Sogdianus probably in Elam.
	www.livius.org /x/xerxes/xerxes_ii.html (475 words)

	The Book of Daniel, Chapter 11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Xerxes I Ahasuerus (486-465 BC) was the fourth Persian king after Cyrus, who lived an opulent life style, married a Jewess named Esther, and attempted to conquer Greece in 480 BC.
		Subsequent Persian kings after Xerxes I included Artaxerxes I Longimanus (465-424 BC) who was the son of Xerxes I, Xerxes II (424 BC), Darius II Nothius (423-404 BC), Artaxerxes II Mnemon (404-358 BC), Artaxerxes III Ochus (358-338 BC), Arses (338-336 BC), and Darius III Codomanus (336-331 BC).
		Ptolemy II died and Laodice, former wife of Antiochus II, then killed him with poison, and placed her son Seleucus II Callinicus (246-226 BC) on the throne.
	www.csg.net /eschatology/Daniel-11.htm (3389 words)

	PERSEPOLIS - LoveToKnow Article on PERSEPOLIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In order to identify the graves of Persepolis we must bear in mind that Ctesias assumes that it was the custom for a king to prepare his own tomb during his lifetime.
		Hence the kings buried at Nakshi Rustam are probably, besides Darius, Xerxes I., Artaxerxes I. and Darius II.
		Xerxes II., who reigne(l for a very short time, could scarcely have obtained so splendid a monument, and still less could the usurper Sogdianus (Secydianus).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PE/PERSEPOLIS.htm (1719 words)

	Restoration and Persian Rule
		(Cyrus) (Cambyses) (Darius I) (Xerxes I) (Artaxerxes I) (Xerxes II) (Darius II) (Artaxerxes II) (Artaxerxes III) (Arses) (Darius III)
		Xerxes was the grandson of Cyrus, since his father had married Atossa, who was one of the daughters of Cyrus.
		When this son of Artaxerxes II took the throne, he determined to restore the power and prestige of the Empire, which was fast declining.
	www.zianet.com /maxey/Inter1.htm (2786 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cyrus II is considered to be the first king of the Achaemenid dynasty to be properly called so, as his predecessors were subservient to Media.
		Cyrus II managed to conquer Media, Lydia and Babylon while his son Cambyses II added Egypt to the Empire.
		After the death of Xerxes I (465 BC) the decline of the dynasty began.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Achaemenid_Empire (658 words)

	Persia Genealogy
		Sep 272 - Sep 273, son of Shapur I. VAHARAN I (or BAHRAM I) Sept 273 - Sep 276, son of Shapur I. (or BAHRAM II) Sep 276-293, son of Vaharan I. (or BAHRAM III) late 293 deposed, son of Vaharan II.
		SHAPUR II 309-379, posthumous son of Hormizd II (succeeded at birth).
		YAZDEGERD II (or YZDKRT II) 438-457, son of Vaharan V. 457-459, son of Yazdegerd II.
	www.aoti76.dsl.pipex.com /iran_gen.htm (1076 words)

	Women in power 500- BC. 1
		aughter of Xerxes I (486-66), who was murdered by his chamberlain and succeeded by her brother, Xerxes II, who was assassinated after only 45 days by his half brother, Secydianus, but Parysatis and her husband and brother Darius II conspired against him and had him deposed after only 6 months.
		The daughter of Ptolemy II of Egypt, and her marriage in 252 to Antiochus II marked a temporary cessation in the wars between the Egyptian monarchs and the Seleucids.
		War between Cleopatra II, her brother-husband and her daughter, 131-27, she was sole ruler in Egypt, 127 exile by daughter Cleopatra Thea of Syria, 124 reconciled with husband and daughter and ruled jointly with them.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /womeninpower/Womeninpower00000.htm (4603 words)

	e. The Persian Empire. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		On the death of his father, Cyrus II became the king of the Persians.
		The next king, Xerxes I (Khshayarsa, 486–465), undertook a major invasion of Greece but was defeated at sea in the Battle of Salamis (480) and on land at Plataea and Mycale (479).
		The empire suffered a series of coups d'état: Xerxes II (424–404) was assassinated by his brother Sogdianus (424), who in turn fell at the hands of Darius II Nothus (424–404).
	www.bartleby.com /67/124.html (715 words)

	Darius II of Persia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Darius II, originally called Ochus, was emperor of Persia from 423 BC to 404 BC.
		Artaxerxes I, who died in the beginning of 424, was followed by his son Xerxes II.
		In 404 Darius II died after a reign of nineteen years, and was followed by Artaxerxes II.
	usapedia.com /d/darius-ii-of-persia.html (269 words)

	A General History of the Near East, Chapter 5
		The pharaoh, Ahmose II (also called Amasis), was an able military leader, but he had been on the throne for 43 years, and as the Persians approached he breathed his last.
		Xerxes began his reign by dealing with an Egyptian revolt that had broken out in the lifetime of his father.
		Darius II Xerxes II (424-423) ruled for about 45 days and was killed while drunk by the son of one of his father's concubines.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /neareast/ne05.html (4857 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - ARTAXERXES I. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Josephus wrongfully claims that the Ahasuerus (Xerxes) of the Book of Esther is this Artaxerxes I., and also that the Artaxerxes of Ezra and Nehemiah is Xerxes.
		Artaxerxes was the second son of Xerxes, who was murdered in the summer of 465 by his all-powerful vizir Artaban.
		The murderer accused the king's eldest son Darius of the crime, with the result that Darius was slain by his younger brother Artaxerxes, who then mounted the throne.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=1827&letter=A (1089 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia
		During the early years of Sapor II the Christian religion received formal recognition from Constantine and there is no doubt that this identification of the Church with the Roman Empire was the chief cause of its disfavour in Persia.
		The invasion of Chosroes II was the severest blow that the Byzantine power in Asia had to endure, previous to the rise of Islam.
		Chosroes II had a harem of 3,000 wives, as well as 12,000 female slaves, but he now demanded as wife Hadiqah, the daughter of the Christian Arab Na'aman, himself the son of Al Mondir.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11712a.htm (14955 words)

	Iranica.com - DARIUS
		Darius II died in 404 in Babylon (Ctesias, in Jacoby, Fragmente 688 frag.
		In 465-64 Darius was linked to the assassination of Xerxes and also himself fell a victim in the ensuing events, though details of this court revolution are not entirely clear from the sources.
		Artaxerxes II (q.v.) designated Darius, his son by Stateira (Plutarch, Artoxerxes 26.1) and already fifty years old, as coruler and successor, in order to avoid riot and war between his legitimate sons, comparable to the quarrels at his own accession.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v7f1/v7f136b.html (4234 words)

	ANCIENT EGYPT SURVIVES UNTIL THE PRESENT DAY: AN ALTERNATE HISTORY TIMELINE
		He is succeeded by his son, Xerxes I. Xerxes vows to continue the war against Egypt and Athens.
		In the wake of this defeat a revolution overthrows the Magonid dynasty and establishes the Court of 104 Magistrates.
		Phillip II of Macedonia is assassinated and is succeeded by his son Alexander.
	www.geocities.com /robertp6165/saitetimeline2.html (3706 words)

	Articles - 423 BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Xerxes II, King of Persia, is assassinated by order of his half-brother and rival claimant Sogdianus.
		Sogdianus, King of Persia, is assassinated by order of his half-brother and rival claimant Darius II of Persia.
		Darius II becomes sole ruler of the Persian Empire.
	www.kimia-sains.com /articles/423_BC (135 words)

	The Achaemenids
		However, Xerxes was able to keep the empire intact during the transition from an expansionist to a more static organization.
		Under his successors Artaxerxes I Makrocheir (465-424) and Darius II Nothus (423-404), the empire remained as it was: the strongest power on earth.
		After the death of Darius II, civil war broke out between Artaxerxes II Mnemon and his younger brother Cyrus, who marched with an army of Greek mercenaries to the east, but was defeated at Cunaxa near Babylon.
	www.livius.org /aa-ac/achaemenians/achaemenians.html (779 words)

	bible.org: ISBE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Xerxes I: Xerxes I, who succeeded his father, regained Egypt, but his failure in his attempts to conquer Greece largely exhausted his empire.
		This ended the legitimate Achemenian line, the next king, Darius II (styled Nothos, or "bastard," as well as Ochos), being one of Artaxerxes' illegitimate sons (we pass over Sogdianus' brief reign).
		Arses was murdered by Bagoas 3 years later, when Darius III, Codomannus, the son of Sisygambis, daughter of Artaxerxes II, and her husband, a Persian noble, ascended the throne.
	www.bible.org /isbe.asp?id=6824 (1590 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Achaemenid dynasty
		The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius the Great and Xerxes I.
		In 559 BC, Cambyses the Elder was succeeded as king of Anšān by his son Cyrus II the Great, who also succeeded the still-living Arsames.
		He was cousin to Cambyses II and Smerdis, claiming Ariaramnes as his ascestor.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Achaemenid (1786 words)

	AskWhy! How Persia Created Judaism 4 - Jewish Mythology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Xerxes, who succeeded his father in 486 BC, desecrated the great temple of Marduk in Babylon, slaying a priest and carried off the huge statue of the god, which was said to be of solid gold.
		Xerxes II was the heir but was murdered by Sogdianus, the son of one of Artaxerxes’ Babylonian courtesans, and Sogdianus was in turn killed by Darius II, another son of a Babylonian courtesan.
		Artaxerxes II supervised the introduction of a new calendar, suggesting that he was consciously involved in religious innovation.
	www.askwhy.co.uk /judaism/0210PersiaJudaism.html (9920 words)

	Persia: The Medes: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History
		He assassinated Xerxes and attempted by stratagem to destroy the princes but failed.
		Darius II (Ochos) (423-405/404)- Darius had decided to support the Spartans and their allies against the Athenians to counter their empire.
		Artaxerxes II (Arsakes) (405/404-359/358) Xenophon's Anabasis narrates the battle of Cyrus for the kingship; Tissaphernes remained as satrap of large parts of Asia Minor after the death of Cyrus Hell.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/persia (517 words)

	Cappuccino Magazine \| Cappuccino \| Iranian Weekly Magazine: \| Empire in Chaos
		The reign of Darius II and Artaxerxes II marks the early eras of the last stage of this decline.
		He was immediately replaced by his eldest son, Xerxes II who ruled only for 45 days and was murdered by his courtiers.
		Vahuka crowned himself Darius II and promptly proceeded to execute the rest of his relatives whom he saw as danger to his sovereignty, establishing the unpleasant tradition in the Achaemenid household.
	www.cappuccinomag.com /iranologyenglish/001534.html (2310 words)

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