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Topic: Xiaowen of Han China

	Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emperor Xiaowen was so distraught that he was unable to take in food or water for five days, and subsequently observed a three-year mourning period for her, notwithstanding officials' pleas for him to shorten the mourning period in accordance with rules that Emperor Wen of Han had set.
		Also in 493, Emperor Xiaowen began the first of a number of campaigns that he would conduct against Southern Qi -- although in the case of this campaign, it was intended to instead allow him to move the capital from Pingcheng south to the Han heartland of Luoyang, to further his sinicization campaign.
		Emperor Xiaowen went as far as ordering his six younger brothers to demote their current wives to concubine status, and taking the daughters of officials from the five Han clans to be their new wives, an action heavily criticized by historians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei_China (3190 words)

	Posthumous name - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Posthumous names in China and Vietnam were given to honor lifetime accomplishments of many people who were not related to the emperor, for example to the successful courtiers.
		The practice was revived in the Han Dynasty after the demise of the Qin Empire.
		Starting with Emperor Xiaowen of Han China (more commonly "Emperor Wen"), every single Han emperor, except the first one of the Eastern Han Dynasty, has the character of "filial" (孝 xiào) at the beginning of his posthumous names.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Posthumous_title (1189 words)

	[No title]
		China used eunuchs as menial servants in the imperial palaces from 1700 B. up to 1924, but eunuch powers became institutionalized to the extent of threatening the general stability of the dynasties.
		Xiaowen is known for his sinicization zeal, as flamboyantly demonstrated by moving the capital from Datong to Luoyang, forbidding Xianbei clothes and language, legislating Han names (e.g., Tuoba m Ú became Yuan ò), and encouraging intermarriage and Chinese law.
		Xiaowen's empress, Feng, allegedly had an affair with a eunuch, Gao Pusa --a transgression for which she was dismissed and executed just before Xiaowen himself died (Wei 1974, pp.13.328-35).
	mcel.pacificu.edu /aspac/papers/scholars/jay/jay.htm (4424 words)

	Vacation in Luoyang China with Asian Vacations, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) (25 - 220) dreamed of a golden man 12 ft high, and the light from the man's head illuminated the hall where he stood.
		The temple was built in 495, the 19th year of the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty and was named Shaolin because it is at the northern foot of Shaoshi Mountain and surrounded by densely growing trees (lin means forest).
		The Mausoleum of Emperor Guangwudi of the Han Dynasty
	www.vacationsinchina.com /Luoyang_attractions.html (4209 words)

	China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		China's narrow interpretation of freedom of religion as equivalent to freedom of private belief is contrary to the much broader international standard.
		All Protestants in China are united under one "post-denominational" church, on the theory that ideological, doctrinal, and ritual differences are secondary to the unity of Protestants insofar as patriotism and adherence to the three-self policy are concerned.
		Liu Bainian, vice-chairman of the China Catholic Patriotic Association, in response to the Pope's message, reiterated the official position, that church communion is a political rather than a religious issue, that the underground church refuses to support the socialist system, and that bishops must be patriotic and act according to the country's condition.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1997/china1 (16465 words)

	A Concise History of China, Chapter 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		North of the Yangtze River was the largest state, the kingdom of Wei, which claimed the Han throne because Xiandi, the last Han emperor, had bequeathed his title to the son of the first warlord of Wei.
		China still did not have a money economy, and it was impossibly slow and wasteful to transport the grain and clothing which made up the army's payroll by land; the only way to deliver it was by river or canal.
		China's total population increased from 60 million at the beginning of the Song dynasty to about 100 million in the early twelfth century.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /china/ch04.html (8760 words)

	Qin Dynasty
		The Qin Dynasty, or Ch'in Dynasty (Wade-Giles) (秦朝 221 BC - 206/207 BC) preceded by the Zhou Dynasty and followed by the Han Dynasty in China.
		(See also: China in world languages) Much of what came to constitute China Proper was unified for the first time in 221 B.C. In that year the western frontier state of Qin, the most aggressive of the Warring States, subjugated the last of its rival states, putting an end to the Warring States Period.
		He wanted his successors to rule China forever with the title "Emperor of China II", "Emperor of China III", etc. In consolidating power, the Qin Shi Huangdi imposed the State of Qin's centralized, nonhereditary bureaucratic system on his new empire in place of the Zhou's feudalistic one.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/q/qi/qin_dynasty.html (827 words)

	China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)
		The People's Republic of China (PRC) is an authoritarian state in which, as directed by the Constitution, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP or Party) is the paramount source of power.
		In March, Shanghai CDP leader Han Lifa was detained reportedly for "soliciting prostitutes," a charge used in the past to discredit dissidents.
		China's Internet control system employed more than 30,000 persons and was allegedly the largest in the world.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27768.htm (19364 words)

	China: Human rights defenders at risk
		As this report goes to press, the EU is debating a proposal to lift its embargo on China, despite the climate of impunity that continues to surround the events of 3-4 June 1989.
		As China starts to assess the scale of the epidemic in the rest of the country, there should be concerns at the highest level in China that similar patterns of intimidation and obstruction could become a matter of course without solid commitments from the authorities that such people will be afforded effective protection.
		China's ongoing political crackdown on the so-called "three evil forces" of "separatists, terrorists and religious extremists" is continuing to result in serious and widespread human rights violations directed against the mainly Muslim Uighur community in the XUAR.
	www.amnestyusa.org /news/document.do?id=AC54C5BD1819D73F80256F0F0052BD15 (14557 words)

	China History Forum, chinese history forum > Sinification of Xianbei for Northern Wei
		In his lifetime he ruled only half of China; his place in Chinese history is by virtue of his efforts to assimilate ethnic groups into the Han majority, thus advancing China's establishment as a multi-ethnic nation.
		Emperor Xiaowen was deeply influenced by Han thought and culture and called himself a "great Confucian scholar." He believed that in order for the Xianbei dynasty to consolidate, progress and flourish its people should assimilate into the advanced civilization of the Central Plains area.
		She was Han - a member of the Northern Yan imperial family who entered the Northern Wei court as a concubine after Wei conquered Northern Yan.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t765.html (1395 words)

	China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Article 50 of China's Criminal Law provides that during the deprivation of rights period, a person may not vote or be elected to office; hold a position in a state organ or a leading position in any enterprise, institution or people's organization; or enjoy freedom of speech, press, assembly, or association.
		In mid-1996, China officials were still justifying the government's interference in the choice of the Panchen Lama, the most important Buddhist monk resident in Tibet, and its May 1995 detention of Gendun Choekyi Nyima, the then-six-year-old boy whom the Dalai Lama had recognized as the reincarnation of the tenth Panchen Lama.
		China's officials have denied the reports and the situation as of the writing of this report was unclear.
	www.hrw.org /hrw/summaries/s.china967.html (15666 words)

	China, 1-500 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Political turmoil follows the decline of the Han dynasty as numerous rulers vie for control of China's vast territory.
		Overall, the period—and the world—is enriched by the development of paper, which is widely used in China by the third century A.D. • ca.
		For the next 270 years, China is divided into the northern dynasties governed by non-Han rulers and the southern regimes under Han Chinese control.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/05/eac/ht05eac.htm (941 words)

	Liu Institute
		Bada’s sincerity persuaded the Buddhist Emperor, Xiaowen, to build a temple in the Shao mountain forest in the Song Mountains so that he would have a place to teach Hinyana Buddhism.When Bada opened his teachings, Hui Guang and Seng Chou were among his first group of disciples.
		Bodhidharma, the 28th-Dharma successor in the direct line of patriarchs descending from the original founder of Buddhism, Shakyamuni Buddha, traveled to China in the old Liang dynasty?s capital of Nanjing (Luoyang was Beiwei?s capital in the north and Liang?s capital was Nanjing in the south).
		During the Republic of China period, Jingwu Physical Education Association was established in Shanghai in 1910, followed by Chinese Martial Artists Association and Soft Hands Martial Arts Association and many more.In 1928, the Republic government of China established the Central Guoshu Institute in Nanjing.
	www.shaolin-world.net /shifu/lineage.html (3969 words)

	China History Forum, chinese history forum > Sui Wendi and Tang Taizong
		For instance, during han dynasty and 3 kingdoms era, the han people did not sit on proper chairs and instead tend to sit on the floor pad with their knees capped on the floor.
		Dec 13 2004, 09:17 PM As to why claiming Han scholar-aristocratic (shizu) ancestry was advantageous, this was because one had to gain the respect of the Han aristocratic clans who supplied the majority of government officials to any dynasty.
		Li Yuan's wife (nee) Dou 窦, the mother of Taizong, was the daughter of the Xianbei Hedouling Yi 纥豆陵懿 [the surname Hedouling was 'sinicised' to Dou under the Northern Wei reforms of Emperor Xiaowen].
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t1614.html (5668 words)

	>>> AsiaNews.it <<< Beijing confirms the existence of “contacts” between China and the Holy See
		For over 15 years, China has been demanding that, as pre-conditions, the Vatican break its ties with Taiwan and refrain from interfering in the country’s internal affairs.
		For some time, both on the part of certain figures in the Vatican and on the part of China, a method, similar to that used in Vietnam, is being studied for the naming of bishops, whereby the Holy See presents various names from which the government can then choose.
		Cardinal Zen is recognized by Christians in China as a defender of religious freedom.
	www.asianews.it /view.php?l=en&art=5806 (947 words)

	China: China's anti-terrorism legislation and repression in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous region - Amnesty ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Amnesty International is concerned that the new provisions enlarge the scope of application of the death penalty in China and may be used to further suppress freedom of expression and association.
		Therefore, the new range of offences related to the use of ''poisonous or radioactive substances or contagious-disease pathogens'', which have been added in articles 115, 125 and 127, are also liable to be punished by death, including for example the illegal transporting or storage of such substances.
		In the case of China, Amnesty International is concerned that the anti-terrorist legislation may be used in the context of the government's ongoing repression of ''ethnic separatist activity'', particularly in the XUAR.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGASA170102002?open&of=ENG-CHN (7497 words)

	Posthumous name - China-related Topics PM-PP - China-Related Topics
		The posthumous name is commonly used when naming most ChinaChinese royalty, most KoreaKorean royalty, almost all VietnamVietnamese royalty and all the emperors of Japan, except the four most recent emperors, Akihito, Hirohito (the Showa emperor), the Taisho emperor and the Meiji emperor.
		All Chinese posthumous names for rulers end in one or two of the Chinese character characters for "emperor of China emperor", huangdi (皇帝), which can be shortened to di; except about a dozen or so less recognized ones who have had only di and no huang.
		Starting with Emperor Xiaowen of Han China (more commonly "Emperor Wen"), every single Han emperor, except the final one of the Eastern Han, has the character of "filial pietyfilial" (孝 xi?o) at the beginning of his posthumous names.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Posthumous_name (1234 words)

	List of China-related topics Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This is so that those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by clicking on Related changes in the sidebar.
		Emperor of China - Emperor Han Gaozu of China - Emperor Han Shangdi of China - Emperor Tang Taizong of China - Emperor Wu of Han China - Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei China - Empress dowager - Empress Dowager Cixi - Empress Dowager Lü - Empress Wu Zetian of China
		Ennin - Enter the Dragon - Environment of China - Eomaia - Ethnic groups in Chinese history - Eunuch - EVA Air - Évariste Régis Huc - Evenki - Examination Yuan - Executive Council of Hong Kong - Executive Yuan
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/l/li/list_of_china_related_topics.html (307 words)

	Appeal of Conscience Foundation: Initiatives in China
		Sheng Hui, Vice President of Buddhist Association of China, Min Zhiting, President of the Taoist Association of China, Chen Guangyuan, President of the Islamic Association of China, Ye Xiaowen, Director General of the Chinese State Administration for Religious Affairs, Mr.
		American Religious Leaders Delegation to China in 1998 From left: Dr. Don Argue, former President of the National Association of Evangelicals, Rabbi Arthur Schneier, President Jiang Zemin, Cardinal Theodore E. McCarrick, Archbishop of Washington (then Archbishop of Newark, N.J.).
		Rabbi Schneier, newly-appointed Cardinal Theodore E. McCarrick and Dr. Don Argue were selected by President Clinton and invited by President Jiang Zemin to travel to China for three-weeks as the Delegation of U.S. Religious Leaders to examine the life of religious communities in China.
	www.appealofconscience.org /initiatives-china.cfm (341 words)

	China: History In Detail
		The unification of China 221 BC under the
		The Qin Dynasty left a legacy of a centralized and bureaucratic state that would be carried onto successive dynasties.
		Note that the title of Ziying was "king of Qin" to reflect the fact that Qin no longer controlled the whole of China.
	ariellegabriel.tripod.com /id514.html (958 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Ye Xiaowen, male, Han nationality, is a native of Guiyang, Guizhou Province.
		Ye Xiaowen has excelled as an academician of philosophy and sociology.
		Ye Xiaowen was an alternate member of the 16th CPC Central Committee.
	www.chinavitae.com /printer_friendly.php?id=2071 (152 words)

	Chinese Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A Chinese family name/clan name/surname (pinyin: x¨¬ng) refers to one of the over seven hundred family names used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese
		China's first 'seed satellite' set to blast off
		China to quicken censoring process of TV animationproductions
	www.famouschinese.com /Chinese (196 words)

	Bibliography of CISG Materials in Chinese
		Lun lianheguo guoji huowu xiaoshou hetong gongyue zai zhongguo de shiyong - jian ping woguo minfa tongze di 142 tiao [On the Application of the CISG in China - Commentary on Article 142 of the General Principles of Civil Law of the PRC - in Chinese], in: Faxue [Law Science], Beijing (2004.10), 107-118
		Lianheguo guoji shangpin maimai gongyue shiyong fangwei ji jieshi yuanze zhi yanjiu [A Study of the Sphere of Application and Interpretation Principles of the CISG - in Chinese], Thesis, Zhongxing University, Department of Law, Taiwan (1993.6) 186 p.
		Guoji hetong falu shiyong yuanze de xin fazhan [New Developments in the Application of Principles of International Contract Law - in Chinese], in: Faxue yanjiu [Studies in Law], Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Science (1991) 89 p.
	www.cisg.law.pace.edu /cisg/biblio/biblio-chi.html (11577 words)

	China Financial Derivatives Forum Agenda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Honorable Han Zheng, Mayor of Shanghai (to be confirmed)
		Li Yang, Director, Finance Institute, China Social Sciences Academy- to be confirmed
		Chen Han, Senior Director of Strategic Planning, SHFE
	www.cme.com /about/ins/cfi/chinaagenda14584.html (786 words)

	List of China-related topics 123-L - China Information - China
		List of China-related topics 123-L - China Information - China
		The following is a breakdown of the list of China-related topics.
		Ennin - Enter the Dragon - Environment of China - Eomaia - Erhu - Erlang Shen - Etienne Fourmont - Eunuch - EVA Air - Évariste Régis Huc - Evenk language - Evenks - Examination Yuan - Executive Council of Hong Kong - Executive Yuan - Expo 2010
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/List_of_China-related_topics_123-L (235 words)

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