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Topic: Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region

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	Xinjiang Summary
		Located in northwestern China, the Uighur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang is bordered by Mongolia to the northeast; the Chinese provinces of Qinghai and Gansu to the east; the Tibetan Autonomous Region to the southeast; India and Afghanistan to the south and southwest; Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan to the west; and Russia to the north.
		Xinjiang borders the Tibet Autonomous Region to the south and Qinghai and Gansu provinces to the southeast, Mongolia to the east, Russia to the north, and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and the Pakistan- and India-controlled parts of Kashmir to the west.
		The autonomous region of the PRC was established on October 1, 1955, replacing the province.
	www.bookrags.com /Xinjiang (3013 words)

	Commentary No. 73: Islamic Unrest In the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region
		Beijing's crackdown on Muslim unrest in Xinjiang is ostensibly a response to a perceived threat to the stability of a region deemed to be of vital strategic significance.
		Xinjiang is an important strategic region both in its location and in its resource potential; it is also an area where the native population's desire for cultural, linguistic and religious autonomy is stymied by a rigid colonial tradition.
		The Uighur Autonomous Region was proclaimed in 1955.
	www.csis-scrs.gc.ca /en/publications/commentary/com73.asp (5187 words)

	Xinjiang - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Xinjiang is divided into 2 prefecture-level cities, 7 prefectures, and 5 autonomous prefectures.
		Xinjiang is known for its fruits and produce, including grapes, melons, cotton, wheat, silk, walnuts and sheep.
		Kazakhs are mostly concentrated in Ili prefecture in northern Xinjiang.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xinjiang_Uighur_Autonomous_Region (1346 words)

	The Uighurs / Chinese Cultural Policy in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region
		However, the governing of the autonomous regions given to the local people was performed under the vigilant control of the center, which did not allow any deviation from the mainstream.
		The autonomous regions were permitted to make their own decisions concerning the development and exploitation of their resources, which were to be used to benefit the local population.
		Even when Xinjiang was given the status of Autonomy, with the adoption of laws protecting their human rights, culture, language, and religion, the strict control from the centre never gave the Uighurs a chance to maintain their own system of life and rights to independence.
	the_uighurs.tripod.com /ChineseCultPolicy.htm (7152 words)

	Xinjiang Reading Notes: Population, Economy, Environment, Minorities Policy
		Xinjiang illiteracy dropped from 34 percent in 1980 to 20 percent in 1990.
		According to the 1990 census, the ethnic Uighur population of 7.19 million comprised 47.45 percent of the total population of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region.
		Family planning for the ethnic Uighur minority was merely voluntary until the family planning regulations of 1988 were promulgated by the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region.
	www.usembassy-china.org.cn /sandt/xjnotes.htm (3591 words)

	Human Rights Brief - Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law - Washington College of Law
		The XUAR is a strategically important region within China, reportedly rich in oil and gas, and used by the Chinese government for nuclear bomb testing.
		Although the Uighurs adopted Islam sometime between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, the term Uighur was not associated with Islam until 1935, when the Chinese Nationalists officially defined the Uighurs as an ethnic group of oasis-dwelling Muslims in the Tarim basin.
		The inordinate imposition of the death penalty in the XUAR is particularly disturbing.
	www.wcl.american.edu /hrbrief/08/1muslims.cfm (2399 words)

	Asia Times: Uighurs flex their muscles
		Uighurs yearn for either independence or at least substantive religious, political, and cultural autonomy; but Beijing has intractably refused either option, instead responding to all such demands with religious and political repression.
		Uighur identity remains structured around not only the Islamic faith but also a Turkic, explicitly non-Chinese ancestry and history, in sharp contradistinction to the perceived Chinese-Communist monolith of atheism that has colonized the region during the past half-century.
		The ethnogenesis of the Uighur identity in the twentieth century and its political expression as a movement for self-determination is directly related to two sets of state policies.
	www.atimes.com /china/DA23Ad01.html (2754 words)

	Xinjiang, China's Restive Northwest (Human Rights Watch, November 1, 2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The region is home to eight million Uighurs, who have much closer religious, ethnic, and cultural ties with their independent neighbors than with the rest of China and who see in the new republics a model for their own independence.
		The region enjoyed independent statehood until 1759, when it was conquered by the imperial armies of China's Manchu dynasty, and periodic attempts at armed insurrection against Chinese rule occurred well into the twentieth century.
		Although the PCC is reportedly among the worst offenders in resource-related disputes, local Uighur communities are in most cases unable to pursue legal action because the PCC is "autonomous" even in judicial matters: they have their own system of courts and police.
	hrw.org /english/docs/2000/11/01/china3107_txt.htm (3085 words)

	Xinjiang, China's Restive Northwest (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, November 2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A precise assessment of the human rights situation in Xinjiang is complicated by the fact that some sectors of the Uighur pro-separatist movement, unlike that in Tibet, have resorted to violent means in pursuit of national independence.
		Economic reforms began in Xinjiang, as in the rest of China, in the early 1980s, but instead of producing greater stability and social cohesiveness in the region, they seem only to have exacerbated the longstanding roots of ethnic, political, and religious discord between the local Uighur people and their mainly Han Chinese rulers.
		In Xinjiang, the scope of the 1996 Strike Hard campaign was specifically extended by the central government beyond "major common criminals," the focus of the campaign throughout most of China, to include "ethnic splittists" and "illegal religious" forces in the region.
	www.hrw.org /press/2000/11/xinjiang1113-bck.htm (3083 words)

	Association for Asia Research- The growing problem of Uighur separatism
		A conflict with a lengthy and violent past, Manchurian-Chinese forces finally broke the resistance of the Uighur army in 1759, capturing territories which are referred to as Xinjiang, (literally 'new frontier' in Chinese).
		One Muslim in Xinjiang explained, "In the Quran it is written that a Muslim should not live under the authority of infidels, and that is why we will never reconcile with the Chinese occupation." Other interviewees were especially indignant about Chinese laws restricting the number of births.
		Foreign headquarters of Uighur separatists operated openly in Almaty and Bishkek in the mid-1990s.
	www.asianresearch.org /articles/2046.html (1440 words)

	Forum 18 Search/Archive
		Many Uighur's are Muslims, which shows itself in, for example, the widespread refusal by Uighur's to go to a Chinese restaurant because the food is not prepared according to Muslim requirements.
		Every Friday morning Xinjiang's imams are obliged to go to their local state Religious Affairs Bureau, to discuss the text of their Friday sermon with officials, Forum 18 learnt.
		Uighurs are doing anything they can to make a living - there's no alternative." The change in the economy is noticeable: ten years ago few cars were on the streets, while today they form the main means of transport.
	www.forum18.org /Archive.php?article_id=829 (1605 words)

	Uighur militants Committee for Eastern Turkistan
		The Uighur (WEE-grr, also Uyghur) are an ethnically Turkic group of Muslims in the formerly independent Republic of East Turkistan, which the Chinese call Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region.
		Uighur militants in Xinjiang have been struggling for decades to establish an independent East Turkestan.
		Particularly in Xinjiang province, home to the Muslim Uighur nationality, the "Strike Hard" work appears to be going full-tilt, clearly a tool being used to justify harsh measures against political activists, including many well publicized executions of accused pro-independence activists.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/para/uighur.htm (1020 words)

	ASIANaffairs
		This Xinjiang region is strategically important constituting one-sixth of the landmass of China, and it has nuclear testing sites and vast areas for military exercises.
		Politically, the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR) has been granted certain degree of nominal autonomy on the basis of its majority non-Han Chinese population and its ethno-cultural diversities which is distinct from other provinces and the regions of China.
		Because, in the XUAR as in the rest of the PRC, all major policy decisions are taken by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and almost all senior posts in the regional and local CCP committees are held by ethnic Chinese (or Han) community..
	asianaffairs.com /july2002/china_ssmishra.htm (2032 words)

	Uyghur language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, since the 19th century Jadid Movement in Xinjiang, the Ili variety, one developed rather recently by Uyghur migrants from all oases since as late as 17th century, became the basis for modern standard Uyghur.
		The Uyghurs are one of the 56 official nationalities in China, and Uyghur is an official language of Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region.
		The dialects of Uyghur identified by the Ethnologue are Central Uyghur, Hotan (Hetian), and Lop (Luobu).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uighur_language (1394 words)

	The Seattle Times: Travel: A glimpse inside China's Xinjiang Uighur province
		Home to the Uighurs, a Muslim minority group of Turkish descent, the region is difficult to get to for most foreign visitors.
		Here's an excerpt from a note he wrote about his visit: "The Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region is China's largest and yet most sparsely populated province.
		A Uighur family prays together at a cemetery in Kashgar, the traditional center of Uighur culture, during the annual Muslim New Year Korban holiday.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/travel/2001914917_china02.html (461 words)

	OHCHR: Uighur (Uyghur) - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Uighur language belongs to the Turkic group of the Altaic language family.
		Uighur is very similar to other Turkic languages such as Turkish, Azeri, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Turkmen, and in particular, Uzbek.
		Arabic script had been used since Uighurs converted to Islam in 10th century A.D. until the Chinese government introduced a new Uighur alphabet based on the Roman alphabet in 1969.
	www.unhchr.ch /udhr/lang/uig.htm (152 words)

	Xinjiang: A Bi-Cultural Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Note: Beijing refers to this region as Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR), while the Uighurs call it East Turkistan.
		China has banned the Uighur name for this region in its official language.
		To understand the importance of this region to Beijing, you will need to examine the importance of Xinjiang’s cities on the Silk Road, its natural resources, and its politics as a foundation to grasping the choice of Lop Nor as a nuclear testing site.
	www.yale.edu /ycias/pier/resources/lessons/strelau.htm (1363 words)

	PEN American Center - Tohti Tunyaz
		Tohti Tunyaz (pen-name: Tohti Muzart) is an ethnic Uighur historian and writer.
		During this time he reportedly formed a close relationship with former Xinjiang governors Seyfundin Eziz and Ismail Emet, and was involved in the translation of Eziz's works.
		Tohti Tunyaz is currently serving his 11-year sentence in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Prison No. 3 in the provincial capital of Urumqi.
	www.pen.org /page.php/prmID/418 (587 words)

	Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Museumm
		The Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Museum was established in the spring of 1953 in the People's Park in Urumchi City.
		The Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Museum has also become famous for its rich collections of silk artifacts from many periods of history.
		The history exhibit shows the history of Xinjiang by using material from its rich collections and highlighting material from recent archaeological discoveries.
	www.chinamuseums.com /xinjiang.htm (627 words)

	NETWORK OF CONCERNED HISTORIANS (NCH) #22 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		International PEN fears that Tohti Tunyaz may be detained solely for his peaceful and legitimate activities as a researcher and writer, and if this is the case urges his immediate and unconditional release in accordance with Article 19 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
		Tohti Tunyaz was studying for a Ph.D in Uighur history and ethnic relations at Tokyo University, Japan, at the time of his arrest, and it is thought the charges against him may be linked to his research.
		He started a Ph.D programme at Tokyo University in 1996 specialising in Uighur history and ethnic relations, and was still completing this at the time of his arrest.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~nch/action22.htm (646 words)

	Forum 18 Search/Archive
		The authorities in Xinjiang appear to be eager to isolate these communities, along with Xinjiang's Buddhists, from links with their fellow believers in other countries.
		No Orthodox priests are permitted to work in Xinjiang, and it does not appear likely that this will change soon, or that Orthodox men from Xinjiang will be permitted to study at a seminary abroad.
		The most strictly controlled religion in Xinjiang is the majority religion of Islam, mainly because of the connection between Uighur Muslim religiosity and advocacy of a separate Uighur state (see F18News 15 August 2006 http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=829).
	www.forum18.org /Archive.php?article_id=830 (863 words)

	Dan Washburn's Shanghai Diaries: Xinjiang Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		note: the following is the first of many posts that will document my 10-day stay in china’s xinjiang uighur autonomous region during the national day holiday.
		now, i’ll be the first to tell you that this introduction has little to do with the xinjiang i saw.
		i leave tomorrow — really later today — for a national day (oct. 1) holiday trip to xinjiang, the huge territory that occupies the northwest corner of china.
	www.shanghaidiaries.com /archives/xinjiang (1150 words)

	Camels, Sarim Lake, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
		Camels, Sarim Lake, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China
		Taken at Sarim Lake, in the west of Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China, near the border with Kazakhstan.
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	www.flickr.com /photos/15281353@N00/276060510 (139 words)

	Amazon.com: Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall: China's Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region: Books: Anwar Rahman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Amazon.com: Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall: China's Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region: Books: Anwar Rahman
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		Keep connected to what's happening in the world of books by signing up for Amazon.com Books Delivers, our monthly subscription e-mail newsletters.
	www.amazon.com /Sinicization-Beyond-Great-Wall-Autonomous/dp/1904744885 (641 words)

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