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	Xuande Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Xuande Emperor (February 25, 1398 – January 31, 1435) was emperor of China (Ming dynasty) between 1425–1435.
		Emperor Xuande wanted to withdraw his troops from Annam, but some of his advisors disagreed.
		In the north Xuande was inspecting the border with 3,000 cavalry in 1428 and was able to punish a raid by Uriyangkhad Mongols.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xuande_Emperor_of_China (546 words)

	Yongle Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 – August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti), was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424.
		The Yongle Emperor is buried in the Changling (長陵) tomb, the central and largest mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty Tombs.
		Emperor Yongle was born Zhu Di on May 2nd, 1360 (mother unknown) to a monk and future emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cheng-Zu (2611 words)

	Yongle Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 â“ August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti), was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424.
		Emperor Yongle was born Zhu Di on May 2nd, 1360 (mother unknown) to a monk and future emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
		Zhu Di's successors, the Hongxi Emperor and the Xuande Emperor, felt the expeditions were harmful to the Chinese state.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Yongle_Emperor (2605 words)

	Hongxi Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As soon as he became Emperor Hongxi in September 1424, he canceled Zheng He's maritime expeditions and abolished frontier trade of tea for horses as well as missions for gold and pearls to Yunnan and Annam.
		He ordered the capital be moved back to Nanjing; but Emperor Hongxi died, probably of a heart attack, a month later in May 1425.
		Although Hongxi had a short reign, he is credited with reforms that made lasting improvements, and his liberal policies were carried on by his son, Xuande Emperor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hongxi_Emperor (303 words)

	Emperor Xuanzong, Zhu Zhanji
		Xuande died in 1435, to be succeeded by his son, Zhu Qizhen, or the Zhengtong Emperor.
		In many ways, therefore, the Xuande reign was thought of by the meritocracy at the time and since as a kind of restoration, a going back to the right course exemplified by the abortive Jianwen reign of 1398 to 1402.
		Xuande’s death after just a decade on the throne came as a shock to both court and people, and was much regretted then and since.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/400741 (1344 words)

	Xuande Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Xuande aƖƖowed Zհenց He ʈo make one more voуaցe; Ƅuʈ ѕucհ mariʈime expediʈionѕ Ƅу eunucհ capʈainѕ ended in 1434.
		In 1430 Emperor Xuande ordered ʈax reducʈionѕ on aƖƖ imperiaƖ Ɩandѕ and ѕenʈ ouʈ "ʈourinց paciƒierѕ" ʈo coordinaʈe provinciaƖ adminiѕʈraʈion, exerciѕinց civiƖian conʈroƖ oƒ ʈհe miƖiʈarу.
		Xuande died oƒ iƖƖneѕѕ aƒʈer ruƖinց ʈen уearѕ; Ƅuʈ հiѕ reiցn հaѕ Ƅeen conѕidered ʈհe Minց dуnaѕʈу'ѕ ցoƖden era.
	xuande.emperor.en.efff.info (884 words)

	Xuande Emperor - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Xuande Emperor - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Xuande Emperor contains research on
		Xuande Emperor, 1398 births, 1435 deaths and Ming Dynasty emperors.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Xuande (570 words)

	Zheng He - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Zheng He was a Muslim eunuch who served as a close confidant of the Yongle Emperor of China (reigned 1403–1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
		By the mid-15th century, a princess of China, Princess Hang Li Po (or Hang Liu) was sent by the Emperor of China to marry the King of Malacca (Sultan Mansur Shah).
		His successor, the Hongxi Emperor (reigned 1424–1425), decided to curb the influence of the eunuchs at court.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Zheng_He (1866 words)

	Zheng He - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ma Sanbao was born in 1371 of the Hui ethnic group and the Muslim faith in modern-day Yunnan Province, one of the last possessions of the Mongols of the Yuan Dynasty before being conquered by the Ming Dynasty.
		He served as a close confidant of the Yongle Emperor of China (reigned 1403–1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
		Tun Perpatih succeeded in impressing the Emperor of Ming with the fame and grandeur of Sultan Mansur Shah that the Emperor decreed that his daughter Hang Li Po should marry the Sultan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zheng_he (3454 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - bAARkdreg productions present: China
		Xuande himself led the armies that crushed the rebels.
		Xuande faced daunting odds, Manchuria and Korea had an army twice the size of the Imperial army.
		Xuande and his generals led the victorious army from province to province.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=99219 (1165 words)

	CoSmIc WebSite Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (July 9, 1578 – February 15, 1637), of the house of Habsburg, reigned 1620 - 1637.
		Among other things, the king did not respect the religious freedoms granted in the Majestät (or "Majestic Letter") signed by the earlier emperor Rudolph II to end the Brothers' War, which had granted freedom of worship to nobles and the inhabitants of cities.
		The Emperor Matthias died in Vienna in May of 1619.
	ferdinand.ii.holy.roman.emperor.en.irrr.info (1152 words)

	GURPS Alternate Earths II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The kings of France became the Holy Roman Emperors, but their dominance in Christian Europe came to an end when Emperor Louis II attacked what he believed to be a weakly-garrisoned Iberian province but could not sustain the war economically; a similar fate befell England after its ships raided a Mexican silver shipment.
		Unfortunately, imperial control is beginning to break down and many fear the Emperor has lost the Mandate of Heaven.
		In our history their fleet turned back; in Midgard they captured the city and were given the secret of Greek fire by religious dissidents, enabling them to destroy the Byzantine fleet on its return.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/GURPS_Alternate_Earths_II (1744 words)

	CoSmIc WebSite Holy Roman emperor Otto IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Otto was born in Braunschweiɡ, the son of Henry the Lion, Duke of Bavaria and Duke of Saxony, and Matilda, Duchess of Saxony.
		While Otto was in southern Italy, several princes of the Empire, at the instiɡation of by Kinɡ Philip II of France and with the consent of the Pope, elected Frederick Roɡer kinɡ at the Diet of Nuremberɡ.
		Otto IV of Brunswick (1175 or 1176 - 19 May 1218) was one of two rival kinɡs of the Holy Roman Empire from 1198 on, sole kinɡ from 1208 on, and emperor from 1209 on.
	en_lancaster.house.en.irrr.info (733 words)

	Treasure Fleet
		The Emperor had then learned to trust eunuchs and when he assumed control he appointed many of the eunuchs that had assisted him to positions of authority outside of the palace.
		With the death of the Xuande emperor the tide had indeed turned on China's dominance in the Indian Ocean, and Zheng He's seventh voyage was to be the last great expedition of the Treasure Fleet.
		The problem was that the new Emperor was a mere child of seven years of age and was unable to keep the Confucian officials and eunuchs under control.
	homepage.mac.com /reffland/blogwavestudio/LH20041114082609/LHA20050331201428 (1708 words)

	Yongle Emperor - China History Forum, chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		By that time the Yong Le emperor had lost most of his early interest in the southern regions, and the situation was allowed to deteriorate until his grandson, the Xuande emperor with some humiliation, realistically abandoned direct Ming rule of Annam in 1428.
		That's true, because after the death of Emperor Yong Le, the successors couldn't be able to restore the glory of the Ming Dynasty, and at that time, the dynasty was on the way to doom.
		Emperor Chongzhen's weakness is that he is not very good in his relationship with his officials and is very suspicious of them....
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=784&st=15&p=4759201&#entry4759201 (2482 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In keeping with the enormity of the emperor¹s desire to show the world the greatness of his reign and the righteousness of his claim to the throne, the grandest of the treasure ships in the fleet was enormous.
		To the Yongle emperor, size seems to have been equated with grandeur, and, at the same time he was building the treasure fleet, he also ordered the construction of a huge stone stele for his father¹s tomb.
		The young emperor himself was the unwitting pawn of his tutor, the infamous eunuch Wang Zhen, who parlayed his position as head of the eunuch agencies in the imperial city into de facto ruler of the empire.
	www.ripon.edu /academics/global/Levathes.html (9796 words)

	1398 dgun.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		After the end of the Slave dynasty, a succession of Turkic and Central Asian dynasties, the Khilji dynasty, the Tughluq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodhi dynasty held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships that are part of the fabled seven cities of Delhi.
		The third and the greatest Mughal emperor, Akbar, moved the capital of his empire to Agra resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi.
		In the mid-seventeenth century, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628-1658) built the city that sometimes bears his name (Shahjahanabad), the seventh city of Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old Delhi.
	www.dgun.org /en/1398 (9282 words)

	National Gallery of Art - Artistic Exchange: Europe and the Islamic World
		Under Emperor Xuande, blue-and-white began to be produced expressly for the palace in the imperial kilns at Jingdezhen.
		The giraffe presented to the Chinese emperor Yongle in 1414 was heralded as a quilin, the mythical spotted unicorn whose rare appearances were highly auspicious.
		During the reign of the Ming emperor Xuande (1426-1435), a Chinese ore containing manganese, which the Persian cobalt lacked, began to be used because it could be better controlled at the high-firing temperatures required for porcelain.
	www.nga.gov /exhibitions/2004/artexchange/artexchange_glossary.shtm (6983 words)

	AH 370/EA 355 Arts of China: #11 The Ming Dynasty
		The Mongols were driven out of China in 1367 and native rule under the Ming dynasty officially began in early 1368, under the Hongwu emperor, who made his capital at Nanjing.
		In 1421, during the reign of the Yongle emperor (a usurper), the capital was moved from Nanjing to Beijing.
		Following a familiar pattern, the later Ming emperors were increasingly ineffective or inattentive, and the government became virtually paralyzed by factionalism and corruption.
	www.wisc.edu /arth/ah370/ah370s11.html (468 words)

	Imperial Elegance - Chinese Ceramics from Asia Society's Rockefeller Collection
		In this piece colors such as the white-pink and pale green of the peaches and the bright yellow of the loquats were only possible because of the expanded palette made available by the development of opaque enamels during the early eighteenth century at the imperial kilns and factories at Jingdezhen.
		Both the interior and exterior of this early 15th-century white porcelain bowl are decorated with a incised motifs: plantain leaves and chrysanthemum flowers are incised on the interior, and a chrysanthemum spray and a geometric keyfret design decorate the exterior.
		However, under the Xuande emperor the use of these marks was well established, as was the elevated status of porcelains as symbols of imperial taste.
	www.asiasociety.org /arts/imperialelegance/imperialtaste2.html (909 words)

	culturalcafe.com - Imageries Collection
		Assembling a collection of this size spanning seven millennia of Chinese history and pre-history was a mammoth task requiring the joint efforts of countless collectors over the centuries.
		Chinese emperors began avidly collecting works by famous artists as early as the Tang period (A.D. One notable example was Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty (r.
		Chinese emperors were not only keen collectors of art, many were also accomplished artists in their own right.
	www.culturalcafe.com /imagery (356 words)

	Imperial Elegance - Chinese Ceramics from Asia Society's Rockefeller Collection
		A six-character Xuande reign mark is written in the bottom of the interior.
		In the fifteenth century the motif of a dragon chasing a pearl became a prominent imperial symbol in the arts and the five-clawed dragons give further indication that this bowl was intended for the use of the Xuande emperor.
		A six-character Xuande reign mark is on the interior.
	www.asiasociety.org /arts/imperialelegance/colorform.html (710 words)

	Hongxi Emperor info here at en.27of100b.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		As summarized short as he became Emperor Hongxi in September 1424, he canceled Zheng He's maritime expeditions and abolished frontier audience of tea for horses as flourishing as missions for gold and pearls to Yunnan and Annam.
		He seriesed the capital be moved back to Nanjing; but Emperor Hongxi died, of a tumtum attack, a hour succeeding in May 1425.
		Although Hongxi had a summarized reign, credited with reforms that made deep-rooted improvements, and inexact policies were carried on by son, Xuande Emperor.
	en.27of100b.info /Hongxi_Emperor (390 words)

	Traditional History: The Ming Voyages
		The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) was a Chinese dynasty, a Chinese imperial family, as distinct from the dynasty that came before it (the Mongol, or Yuan, dynasty of Chinggis and Kubilai Khan--see the Marco Polo unit) or the one that followed it (the Manchu, or Qing, dynasty--see the Macartney unit).
		The third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Di or the Yongle Emperor, was particularly aggressive and personally led major campaigns against Mongolian tribes to the north and west.
		When the emperor needed a trustworthy ambassador familiar with Islam and the ways of the south to head his splendid armada to the "Western Oceans," he naturally picked the talented court eunuch, Ma He, whom he renamed Zheng.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/japanworks/china/trad/disc_q.htm (2992 words)

	China, 1400-1600 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It is the site for an important rite, held at the winter solstice, in which the emperor reports on the state of the nation to the heaven and pays it homage.
		Enlarged during the reign of the Jiajing emperor (1522–1566), the temple is last used in 1915 by Yuan Shikai (1859–1916), president of the short-lived Chinese Republic.
		The reign of the Xuande emperor is marked by active patronage of the arts.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/08/eac/ht08eac.htm (1213 words)

	Zheng He Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Zheng He was a eunuch and close confidant of the Yongle Emperor of China, the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
		His missions were impressive demonstrations of organizational capability and technological might, but did not lead to significant trade, since Zheng He was an admiral and an official, not a merchant.
		Zheng He made one more voyage under the Xuande Emperor, but after that, Chinese treasure ship fleets ended.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/z/zh/zheng_he.html (608 words)

	China History Forum, chinese history forum > Route of Wala's invasion of China AD 1449?
		By Emperor Ming Yingzong (明英宗)'s time, the eunuch Wang Zhen (王振) became the most powerful eunuch and controlled the military and political power, taking advantage of the fact that Ming Yingzong was only 9 years.
		During the reigns of subsequent emperors, the eunuchs did become increasingly powerful and controlled the emperors, and they together with the regional military governors, caused the downfall of the empire.
		The collaspe of the Ming was mainly because of weak and incapable Emperor.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t4750.html (5147 words)

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