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Topic: Xylene

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	Xylene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term xylenes refers to a group of 3 benzene derivatives which encompasses ortho-, meta-, and para- isomers of dimethyl benzene.
		Xylene in air can be smelled at 0.08 to 3.7 parts of xylene per million parts of air (ppm) and can begin to be tasted in water at 0.53 to 1.8 ppm.
		Xylene is used as a solvent and in the printing, rubber, and leather industries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xylene (780 words)

	ATSDR - MMG: Xylene
		Xylene vapor is heavier than air and may cause asphyxiation in enclosed, poorly ventilated, or low-lying areas.
		Xylene lowers the threshold of the heart to the effects of epinephrine, partially disrupting the rhythm.
		Xylene is not included in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicants, a 1991 report published by the United States General Accounting Office (GAO) that lists 30 chemicals of concern because of widely acknowledged reproductive and developmental consequences.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg71.html (4531 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 3 (1996) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Xylene concentrations in brain and perirenal fat increased in proportion to the exposure concentrations between w 1 and 2 of exposure (Savolainen and Pfäffli, 1980).
		The atmospheric concentration of xylene in the confined space was estimated to be 10,000 ppm on the basis of the volume of paint applied to the walls, the volume of the confined space, and the poor ventilation.
		Accumulation and turnover of metabolites of toluene and xylene in nasal mucosa and olfactory bulb in the mouse.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309056292/html/321.html (5938 words)

	EPA - Air Toxics Website - Xylenes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Xylenes are released into the atmosphere as fugitive emissions from industrial sources, from auto exhaust, and through volatilization from their use as solvents.
		Xylene exposure may be to any of the three isomers or to mixtures of the isomers.
		Mixed xylenes have not been extensively tested for chronic effects, although animal studies show effects on the liver and CNS from inhalation and oral exposures and effects on the kidneys from oral exposure to mixed xylenes.
	www.epa.gov /ttn/atw/hlthef/xylenes.html (1544 words)

	Xylenes (CASRN 1330-20-7), IRIS, Environmental Protection Agency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The use of xylenes as a solvent, in paints and coatings, and in gasoline is widespread.
		The degree of human variance in abilities to absorb or dispose of xylenes is unknown, as is the degree of human variance in responding to xylenes neurotoxicity.
		Xylenes do not induce chromosomal aberrations or sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells (Anderson et al., 1990) or cultured human lymphocytes (Gerner-Smidt and Friedrich, 1978), chromosomal aberrations in rat bone marrow (Litton Bionetics, 1978), micronuclei in mouse bone marrow (Mohtashamipur et al., 1985), or sperm head abnormalities in rats (Washington et al., 1983).
	www.epa.gov /iris/subst/0270.htm (9861 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Xylenes
		There are three forms of xylene in which the methyl groups vary on the benzene ring: meta-xylene, ortho-xylene, and para-xylene (m-, o-, and p-xylene).
		Xylene evaporates quickly from the soil and surface water into the air.
		The effects of xylene have not been studied in children, but it is likely that they would be similar to those seen in exposed adults.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts71.html (954 words)

	Xylene
		The xylene in commercial use is composed of a mixture of the three isomers ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, and para-xylene; the meta isomer predominates in these mixtures.
		Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to xylene, the examining physician should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks.
		Xylene also may be disposed of in an organometallic or organic lab pack that meets the requirements of 40 CFR 264.316 or 265.316.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/healthguidelines/xylene/recognition.html (4656 words)

	RAIS: Xylene (001330-20-7) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Xylene occurs naturally in petroleum and coal tar and is formed during forest fires; it is found in small amounts in airplane fuel and gasoline.
		Xylene, which is produced from petroleum, is one of the top 30 chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume.
		Xylene is used as a solvent, a cleaning agent, a thinner for paint, in paints and varnishes, and in the printing, rubber, and leather industries.
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/xylene_ragsa.shtml (510 words)

	RAIS: XYLENE (1330-20-7) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Xylene (dimethylbenzene) is a colorless, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent in the printing, rubber, and leather industries and as a cleaner and paint thinner.
		Xylene and its isomers are predominately metabolized by oxidation of the methyl group to methylbenzoic acids (toluic acids) which are further conjugated with glycine to form methylhippuric acids (toluric acids).
		In both humans and animals, xylene and its isomers are excreted by urinary elimination of 80-90% of the administered dose as the corresponding conjugated metabolites.
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/xylene.shtml (4972 words)

	Xylene
		Xylene is a clear, light-colored or colorless, flammable liquid which evaporates quickly.
		If liquid xylene is accidentally splashed in the eye, it stings and may damage the surface of the eye, which should heal within a few days.
		The PEL for xylene is 100 parts of xylene per million parts of air (100 parts per million, or 100 "ppm").
	www.dhs.ca.gov /ohb/HESIS/xylene.htm (1662 words)

	Xylene
		Commercial xylene is a mixture of the three isomers.
		USAGE: Xylene is used extensively as feedstock in manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, plastics, as a solvent for paints, lacquers, resins, inks, adhesives, cleansers, degreasers, pesticides, paint strippers and in laboratories.
		One of earliest effects of exposure to xylene is increase in liver enzymes.
	www.netspeed.com.au /rdi/cas/xylene.htm (672 words)

	Xylene (PIM 565)
		Xylene in adipose tissue is eliminated much more slowly due to its high fat/blood partition coefficient (about 100).
		Xylene has recently been implicated as possibly contributing to tubular acidosis (Martinez et al., 1989) and there may be an increased risk of proliferative glomerulonephritis (Phillips, 1984); while xylene has been involved in some cases, it is impossible to assess its specific role.
		Xylene levels had been sufficient inside the tower to result in an identifiable odour and the ventilation system had not been utilized.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/chemical/xylene.htm (7592 words)

	National Pollutant Inventory Substance Profile
		Xylene is a colourless liquid, with a strong, sweet odour.
		Xylene is used as a solvent, to manufacture petrol, as a raw material to manufacture chemicals used to make polyester fibre, and to make dyes, paints, lacquers, and insecticides.
		Because of its short life expectancy in the atmosphere xylene is expected to be confined to the local area within which it is emitted.
	www.npi.gov.au /database/substance-info/profiles/86.html (1337 words)

	BEAM Xylene Fact Sheet, Maine Department of Environmental Protection
		Xylene is one of the top 30 chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume.
		Levels of xylene in the outdoor air in urban areas of the United States range from 1 to 88 parts of xylene to per billion parts of air.
		Xylene causes health effects from both short term (acute less than 14 days) and also long term (chronic more than 365 days) exposure.
	www.state.me.us /dep/air/beam/factsheets/xylene_fs.htm (546 words)

	Xylene
		The US population exposed to xylenes from petroleum related sources can be assumed to be the same as for benzene, namely: people choosing self-service at gasoline service stations 37,000,000; people living in the vicinity of gasoline service stations 118,000,000; petroleum refineries 6,597,000; urban exposure (auto emissions) 113,690,000(1).
		Mixed xylenes (CAS# 1320-20-7) were evaluated for developmental effects in groups of male and female Charles River rats administered the test substance for 6 hours/day by inhalation at concentrations of 0 (group I), 60 (group II), 250 (group III), 500 ppm (groups IV, V, and VI).
		Generally, the xylenes are metabolized to the corresponding o-, m-, or p-toluic acids, and excreted in urine free or conjugated with glycine as methylhippuric acid.
	www.frankmckinnon.com /xylene.htm (15120 words)

	Spectrum Laboratories : Chemical Fact Sheet - Cas # 1330207
		Xylene is used as a solvent in polysulfide polymer-polyepoxide resins.
		Xylene vapor may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat.
		Xylenes may be degraded during their passage through soil.
	www.speclab.com /compound/c1330207.htm (699 words)

	LABORATORY XYLENE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Exposure to xylene at or below the recommended TLV-TWA and STEL is thought to minimise the risk of irritant effects and to produce neither significant narcosis or chronic injury.
		An earlier skin notation was deleted because percutaneous absorption is gradual and protracted and does not substantially contribute to the dose received by inhalation.
		TLV Ingredient ORG UF Endpoint CR Adeq xylene 1.5 mg/m³ 10 D NA - toluene 9.6 mg/m³ 10 D NA - These exposure guidelines have been derived from a screening level of risk assessment and should not be construed as unequivocally safe limits.
	www.labtech.net.au /Xylol.HTM (3599 words)

	p-Xylene Degradation Pathway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This pathway was contributed by Mili Jeon and Stephen Stephens, University of Minnesota.
		Xylene is the "X" in the BTEX chemicals (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene) which are volatile organic compounds, common constituents of gasoline, and common groundwater contaminants.
		Nearly all para-xylene recovered from petroleum in the US is consumed in the manufacture of terephthalic acid (PTA), which is used in the production of polyester fiber, resin, and film.
	umbbd.ahc.umn.edu /pxy/pxy_map.html (316 words)

	Biological Monitoring of Low Level Occupational Xylene Exposure and the Role of Recent Exposure -- JACOBSON and McLEAN ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Xylene is commonly used as a motor and aviation fuel
		Xylene vapour is absorbed rapidly from the lungs and xylene
		Correlation between atmospheric xylene levels and urinary MHA metabolites from a post-shift urine sample.
	annhyg.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/47/4/331 (2912 words)

	Anaerobic Oxidation of o-Xylene, m-Xylene, and Homologous Alkylbenzenes by New Types of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Quantitative growth experiments with xylenes dissolved in a carrier phase (the concentrations are indicated in the descriptions
		Xylenes in the aqueous phase were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography system (Sykam, Gilching/Munich, Germany)
		Anaerobic degradation of toluene and xylene by aquifer microorganisms under sulfate-reducing conditions.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/65/3/999 (3423 words)

	Xylene - Environmental Monitoring Technology
		EMT's Xylene Monitoring Kit includes one monitoring badge, detailed instructions, a monitoring information form, and a shipping label.
		OSHA Permissible exposure limit (PEL) for xylene is 100 ppm (435 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m(3)) of air) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration and 150 ppm (655 mg/m(3)) as a 15-minute TWA short-term exposure limit (STEL)
		NIOSH Recommended exposure limit (REL) for xylene is 100 ppm (435 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workshift and a 40-hour workweek and 200 ppm (868 mg/m(3)) for 10 minutes as a short-term limit
	www.emt-online.com /ProductPages/Xylene.htm (216 words)

	Oilfield Glossary: Term 'xylene'
		It is used as a solvent and emulsion breaker in workover operations to clean up reservoirs.
		In drilling mud testing, a 50/50 xylene/isopropanol (IPA) mixture had been used to break oil-mud emulsions prior to titrations to measure alkalinity, chloride and calcium.
		However, the xylene mixture has been replaced by a single material, PNP, to break oil mud emulsions.
	www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com /Display.cfm?Term=xylene (109 words)

	o-Xylene Degradation Pathway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This pathway was contributed by Dong Jun Oh, University of Minnesota.
		o-Xylene is a member of the BTEX class of aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and Xylenes).
		The major use of o-xylene is in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride.
	umbbd.ahc.umn.edu /oxy/oxy_map.html (167 words)

	Sustainable Hospitals - Products for Hazard
		Recycling systems for alcohol, xylene and formalin save money and time on purchasing and disposal of solvents
		Xylene recycling pads remove stain, alcohol and water from processed xylene.
		A safer, more convenient alternative to xylene for processing, staining and coverslipping.
	www.sustainablehospitals.org /cgi-bin/DB_Report.cgi?px=W&rpt=Haz&id=6 (436 words)

	Xylene Buyers - Xylene distributors, Xylene Importers, Xylene agents, Xylene Wholesale buyers, resellers Xylene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		My company is urgently market for 1000 toluent and 3000 mixed xylene.
		This member wishes to be contacted by paid members only.
		We buy significant voulmes of this material and are looking for cost driven suppliers.
	www.tradekey.com /kb-Xylene (216 words)

	P-XYLENE
		Following data for xylene: When released into the soil, this material may evaporate to a moderate extent.
		When released into the soil, this material is expected to leach into groundwater.
		This material may be toxic to aquatic life.
	www.jtbaker.com /msds/englishhtml/x2600.htm (1379 words)

	Xylene Exposure & Treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		What immediate health effects can be caused by xylene exposure?
		More information about xylene can be obtained from your regional poison control center, the state, county, or local health department; the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR); your doctor; or a clinic in your area that specializes in occupational and environmental health.
		If the exposure happened at work, you mya wish to discuss it with your employer, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), or the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
	www.akochealth.com /tertiary/xylene.html (386 words)

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