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Topic: Xylyl bromide

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	Xylyl bromide at AllExperts
		Xylyl Bromide, T-stoff, white cross (German), or methylbenzyl bromide, was used as a tear gas in World War I.
		Xylyl bromide was the active ingredient in the T-shell, an artillery shell with explosive in its front part, filled with the liquid agent and named after Hans Tappen, its inventor.
		The CAS number is for o-xylyl bromide (2-methylbenzyl bromide), for p-xylyl bromide (4-methylbenzyl bromide), and for m-xylyl bromide (3-methylbenzyl bromide).
	en.allexperts.com /e/x/xy/xylyl_bromide.htm (223 words)

	Xylyl bromide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Xylyl Bromide, T-stoff, white cross (German), or methylbenzyl bromide, was used as a tear gas in World War I.
		Xylyl bromide was the active ingredient in the T-shell, an artillery shell with explosive in its front part, filled with the liquid agent and named after Hans Tappen, its inventor.
		The CAS number is [89-92-9] [2] for o-xylyl bromide (2-methylbenzyl bromide), [28258-59-5] [3] for p-xylyl bromide (4-methylbenzyl bromide), and [620-13-3] [4] for m-xylyl bromide (3-methylbenzyl bromide).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xylyl_bromide (186 words)

	Meningar.com om xylyl. NAMES, xylyl, NOTATION mm.
		Xylyl and A Woman in Half: XYLYL and A Woman in Half (CD/LP/cass) 1991 New Alliance 051 Xylyl was a five-member chamber ensemble meets rock group with unorthodox samples...
		XYLYL utilizes five players on strings, trumpet, synths and guitar for a motile, though rigidly organized, continuity...
		Part 1 is "Xylyl," a seven-part suite commissioned by the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston...
	www.meningar.com /xylyl.html (1227 words)

	N-substituted acrylamide and methacrylamide derivatives and their preparation - Patent 4612392
		The derivative of claim 1, wherein said derivative is p-acrylamidomethylphenethyl bromide.
		The derivative of claim 1, wherein said derivative is 3-acrylamidomethyl-p-xylyl bromide.
		342 parts (2 moles) of benzyl bromide are added, a little at a time, at this temperature, and the reaction mixture is then stirred for a further 20 hours at from 15.degree.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4612392.html?highlight=4014679 (1322 words)

	Poison Gas In World War I Encyclopedia Article @ GetitFreeHere.com (Get It Free Here) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Although many believe that gases were first used in World War I, there are accounts that sulfur gas was used in the 5th century BC by the Spartans.
		During the first World War, the French were the first to employ gas, using grenades filled with tear gas (xylyl bromide) in August 1914.
		On 31 January 1915, 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas (known as T-Stoff) were fired on Russian positions on the Rawka River, west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov.
	www.getitfreehere.com /encyclopedia/Poison_gas_in_World_War_I (4956 words)

	IV. ANALYSIS
		The Fox MM-1 algorithm matched the sample with xylyl bromide, implying the presence of this substance.
		Neither xylene nor xylyl bromide are chemical warfare agents.
		Thus, the detection of either xylene or xylyl bromide does not constitute the detection of a chemical warfare agent or precursor.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /cement_factory_ii/cement_factory_ii_s04.htm (1852 words)

	Battle of Bolimov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The German Ninth Army led by August von Mackensen attacked the Russian Second Army, under General Smirnov, near the Polish town of Bolimov, laying on the railway line connecting Łódź and Warsaw.
		The Battle of Bomilev was the first attempt by the Germans at a large-scale use of poison gas; the several thousand gas shells they fired proved unsuccessful when the xylyl bromide—a type of tear gas—was blown back at their own lines.
		The failure of the xylyl bromide caused the German commanders to call off their attack.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Bolimov (275 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Karl von Tappen
		To him Tappen suggested that the incorporation of xylyl bromide into shells - tear gas - might have a useful military purpose.
		He was given responsibility for overseeing the design and implementation of shells containing xylyl bromide.
		The new weapon was first used again the Russians at Bolimov on 31 January with a conspicuous lack of success.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/tappen.htm (367 words)

	Talk on Second Ypres (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In addition, the mass production of shells by the German war industry was small at that time and German Supreme Command was unsure whether gas shells could be produced on a large enough scale to provide for a substantial artillery bombardment which could turn this gas shell into a 'mass-effect' offensive weapon.
		In the winter of 1914/1915 it was the chemist Professor Dr. Fritz Haber who came up with the idea of generating a cloud of gas to engulf the enemy line.
		Haber did not consider that the dispersal of the ‘T-Stoff’ – xylyl bromide –would be effective on a large-scale via howitzer shells.
	www.greatwar.co.uk /westfront/ypsalient/secondypres/prelude/gasdev.htm (2584 words)

	Poison gas in World War I - WW1 Military - German Archive: The use of poison gas in World War I was a major military ...
		During World War I, the French were the first to employ gas, using grenades filled with tear gas (xylyl bromide) in August 1914.
		Germany retaliated in kind in October 1914, firing shrapnel shells filled with a chemical irritant against French positions at Neuve Chapelle though the concentration achieved was so small it was barely noticed.
		On 31 January 1915, 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas (known as T-Stoff) were fired on Russian positions.
	www.germannotes.com /archive/article.php?products_id=162&osCsid=813658bbf8cd05a966524630895d9f54 (1942 words)

	Alkylation of aromatics using a metal cation-modified friedel-crafts type catalyst - Patent 5962760
		The refractory inorganic oxide is selected from the group consisting of alumina, titania, zirconia, chromia, silica, boria, silica-alumina, and combinations thereof and the first metal halide is a fluoride, chloride, or bromide of aluminum, gallium, zirconium, or boron.
		Suitable examples of alkyl halides include propyl chloride, propyl bromide, butyl chloride, butyl bromide, pentyl chloride, pentyl bromide, hexyl chloride, hexyl bromide, heptyl chloride, heptyl bromide, benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide, xylyl chloride, xylyl bromide, phenethyl chloride, phenethyl bromide, allyl chloride, allyl bromide, butenyl chloride, butenyl bromide, and so forth.
		Suitable halides are the fluorides, chlorides, and bromides.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5962760.html (5599 words)

	Use of poison gas in World War I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		During the first World War, the French were the first to employ gas, using grenades filled with tear gas (xylyl bromide) in August, 1914.
		Germany retaliated in kind in October, 1914, firing fragmentation shells filled with a chemical irritant against French positions at Neuve Chapelle, though the concentration achieved was so small that it was barely noticed.
		On 31 January 1915, 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas (known as T-Stoff) were fired on Russian positions on the Rawka River, west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov.
	www.wordinfo.co.za /wiki/Use_of_poison_gas_in_World_War_I (5310 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Poison gas in World War I
		Although many believe that gases were first used in World War I, there are accounts that sulfur gas was used in the 5th century BC by the Spartans.
		During the first World War, the French were the first to employ gas, using grenades filled with tear gas (xylyl bromide) in August, 1914.
		Germany retaliated in kind in October, 1914, firing fragmentation shells filled with a chemical irritant against French positions at Neuve Chapelle, though the concentration achieved was so small that it was barely noticed.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Poison_gas_in_World_War_I (4888 words)

	Blank (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The cannister gas mask was developed to protect the soldiers from the use of chlorine gas and tearing agents such as xylyl bromide.
		This type of mask was non-effective in filtering out more deadly gases, such as the deadly mustard gas, which attacks all exposed flesh.
		Artillery men were soon referring to "yellow crosses" and "white crosses", these were the markings used to differentiate the various gas shell types.
	www.cedarville.edu /academics/education/resource/schools/chca/8socjjh/gasses.htm (265 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaedia - Weapons and Warfare (B)
		The German artillery fired several thousand shells filled with xylyl bromide, a tear gas, but the liquid failed to vaporise because of the extreme cold and so the gas had no effect whatever on the Russian defenders.
		Benzyl bromide was a tear gas first used by the Germans at Verdun in March 1915.
		Its prime component was toluene, which being more urgently needed for the manufacture of explosives, benzyl bromide was not used for very long.
	www.fas.org /news/reference/probert/F2.HTM (17055 words)

	backdevel
		It then developed into artillery shells which could be shot into enemy lines with little fear of the winds turning back on them.
		Xylyl bromide a tear gas the first to be used in the war by the French and then later also by the Germans in its T-Shells.
		Frederick Guthrie in 1860 was the first scientist to synthesis the molecule mustard gas.
	home.sandiego.edu /~hanley-08/backdevel.html (415 words)

	Highlights for April 22
		In October 1914, the Germans placed some small tear-gas canisters in shells that were fired at Neuve Chapelle, France, but Allied troops were not exposed.
		In January 1915, the Germans fired shells loaded with xylyl bromide, a more lethal gas, at Russian troops at Bolimov on the eastern front.
		Because of the wintry cold, most of the gas froze, but the Russians nonetheless reported more than 1,000 killed as a result of the new weapon.
	twotrees.www.50megs.com /attic/history/04/22h.html (1765 words)

	Chemical and biological terrorism: planning for the worst. (Health Policy Update). - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In 600 B.C. the Athenians contaminated rivers with skunk cabbage to give their enemies violent diarrhea.
		During World War I the Germans used xylyl bromide gas against the French who retaliated with gas grenades.
		More modern examples include the release of Sarin gas in a Tokyo subway in 1995 by the religious cult Aum Shinrikyo or the contamination of several salad bars In The Dalles, Oregon with Salmonella by a religious cult in 1984.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-102340178.html (1609 words)

	poison gas of world war 1, mustard gas of world war 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The French were the first to employ gas, using grenades filled with tear gas (xylyl bromide) in August 1914.
		Germany was the first to make large scale use of poison gas as a weapon.
		On 31 January 1915 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas (known as T-Stoff) were fired on Russian positions on the Rawka River, west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov.
	www.worldwar1-history.com /Poison-Gas-of-World-War-1.aspx (3562 words)

	Trenches on the Web - Armory: Gas Warfare
		These would be moistened with water to improve their effectiveness in filtering out the gas.
		This type of mask was not effective in filtering out the more deadly phosgene and diphosgene gases.
		xylyl bromide was a popular tearing agent since it was easily brewed.
	www.worldwar1.com /arm006.htm (1180 words)

	NTI: CW Terrorism Tutorial: A Brief History of Chemical Warfare
		The toxic cloud was carried in the breeze to the opposing trenches of French and French Algerian troops, asphyxiating hundreds and injuring many more.
		Soldier employing gas mask in WW I. Germany's initiation of large-scale chemical warfare (both France and Germany had experimented with smaller-scale use of tear gas grenades and the irritants dianisidine chlorosulfate and xylyl bromide as early as August 1914) broke a previously negotiated prohibition against the use of poisons in war.
		After World War I, chemical weapons were used on several occasions, including during the Russian civil war (1918-1920); by the British in Iraq in the 1920s; by Italy during its invasion of Ethiopia (1935-36); and by Japan in its war with China (1937-42).
	www.nti.org /h_learnmore/cwtutorial/chapter02_01.html (426 words)

	::Poison Gas and World War One::
		The first recorded gas attack was by the French.
		In August 1914, the French used tear gas grenades containing xylyl bromide on the Germans.
		This was more an irritant rather than a gas that would kill.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /poison_gas_and_world_war_one.htm (1184 words)

	Poisonous Gas
		They released a quantity of irritant tear gas against the French at the battle of Neuve Chapelle in October 1914.
		Then at the Eastern Front in January 1915 the Germans fired shells containing xylyl bromide against the Russians.
		During World War I, gas was used from all sides, including Italy and America who each produced 4,100 and 6,215 tons of gas agents.
	members.fortunecity.com /gandv/gas.html (356 words)

	NPR : 'War of Nerves': A History of Chemical Weapons
		In October 1914, the Germans fired three thousand irritant shells at the British forces near Neuve-Chapelle, but because the high-explosive charge burned the chemical agent and neutralized its effects, the British remained unaware that they had been subjected to chemical attack.
		The Germans then developed a 150 mm howitzer shell containing seven pounds of another chemical irritant (xylyl bromide), once again combined with an explosive charge to disperse shrapnel.
		In January 1915, German troops fired more than 18,000 of these shells at the Russian positions near Bolimow, but the subfreezing temperatures prevented the liquid agent from vaporizing and rendered it harmless.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=5390710 (2606 words)

	Landships WW1 Forum
		The next use of gas was on January 31st 1915 when 18,000 shells containing xylyl bromide were fired at Russian positions at Bolimov.
		The Germans expected the subsequent attack to be a walkover and were therefore shocked to be repulsed with very heavy losses.
		The cold weather had meant that the xylyl bromide would not vaporise.
	www.activeboard.com /forum.spark?forumID=63528&p=3&topicID=9318939 (1463 words)

	WW1 Chemical Warfare
		The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Berlin continued research on chemical weapons.
		Professor von Tappan developed a special 150mm artillery shell, named the T-shell in his honor, that held 7 pounds of xylyl bromide and an explosive charge for a splinter effect.
		1915 Jan. 31 - The Germans fired 18,000 T-shells at Russian positions at Bolimov on the Eastern Front, but the cold temperatures prevented the vaporization of the xylyl bromide, and the Russians repelled the attack.
	history.sandiego.edu /gen/ww1/chemical.html (587 words)

	Channel4.com - The First World War - text only (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In late January 1915, noxious gas was used against humans for the first time when the Germans fired shells containing xylyl bromide at Russian troops based near Bolimow in Poland.
		The conventional view is that the xylyl bromide fired on that day (three months before it was used against British troops at Ypres) was meant to act as a tearing agent only, causing temporary blindness and inflammation of the nose and throat.
		However, the impact of the gas on some of its victims was unambiguously lethal, if initially perplexing.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/F/firstworldwar/cont_harbinger_3_t.html (280 words)

	Tappen von (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		German chemist; he suggested using xylyl bromide in artillery shells as a chemical weapon during World War I. However, the first use of the T-Stoff, as it was known, was a failure and he took no further part in chemical warfare.
		The idea was first tried against the Russian army at Bolimov 31 Jan 1915.
		A member of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin, von Tappen also introduced Professor Fritz Haber to the idea of chemical warfare, in which he became a major figure.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/T/Tappenvon/1.html (142 words)

	Lachrymatory agent at AllExperts
		A lachrymatory agent or lachrymator is a chemical compound that irritates the eyes to cause tears, pain, and even temporary blindness.
		Several commonly used chemicals are lachrymators; for example, bromoacetone, benzylchloride, thiophene, xylyl bromide, chlorine, and bromine.
		The word "lachrymatory" comes from the Latin lacrima meaning "a tear".
	en.allexperts.com /e/l/la/lachrymatory_agent.htm (218 words)

	Fun Facts: Weapons
		In addition to explosive grenades, smoke and gas grenades were also used.
		Poison gasses used in World War I include acrolein, benzyl bromide, blue cross gas, bromacetone, bromo-benzyl-cyanide, chlorine, chloropicrin, cyanogen bromide, cyanogen chloride, dimethul sulphate, diphenylchorarsine, ethyldichlorarsine, green cross gas, mustard gas, phenyldichlorarsine, phosgene, xylyl bromide.
		Both explosive and gas grenades are extremely effective, especially in enclosed areas such as trenches, buildings, and underground cavern networks.
	bitsy.sub-atomic.com /~jherzog/gaming/Masks/FFWeapons2.html (2662 words)

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