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	Oral, Kazakhstan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oral, founded in 1622 by Cossacks, was originally named Yaitsk, after the Yaik river, the name of the Ural river at the time.
		Because the Yaik Cossacks (Ural Cossacks) sided with the insurrectionists during the rebellions of Stenka Razin and Pugachev, Empress Catherine II declared on 15 January 1775 that the Yaik river would henceforth be renamed the Ural River and Yaitsk would be known as Uralsk.
		The city was captured by Pugachev, and its fortress besieged from December 30th 1773 - April 17th 1774.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oral,_Kazakhstan (333 words)

	THISDAYonline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Cossack attacks on parts of the Ottoman empire so inflamed the hatred of the Muslims toward the Zaporogian Cossacks and the entire Christian population of Ukraine that the Turks decided to attack the Zaporogian Syech and raze it to the ground.
		Many Zaporizhzhya Cossacks fled to the khanate of Crimea, but in 1734 they were allowed to return to their old territory and to establish a new Cossack headquarters.
		Cossack emigres can be found in North America where they have formed cultural associations which propagate their ancient culture.
	www.thisdayonline.com /archive/2003/02/08/20030208plu02.html (1369 words)

	Ural Cossack Host - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ural Cossack Host was a cossack host formed from the Ural Cossacks -- those cossacks settled by the Ural River.
		Their alternative name, Yaik Cossacks, comes from the old name of the river.
		Yaik Cossacks were the driving force in the rebellion led by Yemelyan Pugachev in 1773-1774.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ural_Cossack_Host (89 words)

	History of the Cossacks - text in English
		Sometimes, the Cossacks are considered to be the direct descendants of the non Slavian tribes (Khasares, Cossogens, Tcherkesses, a.o.), who settled in some of the areas of southern Russia, in the period of the desintegration.
		Cossacks, who, due to their talents and audacity, were awarded in particular, since the beginning they had been elected to the Council of Elders and hereby gained a priviliged position in the forces.
		Cossacks were increasingly put into action for military reasons outside of their own territories, which caused changes within the interior law-and-order of the Cossacks communities.
	www.face-music.ch /inform/history_cossacks.html (2166 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - The Cossack Brotherhood Reborn: A Political/military Force in a Realm of ...
		Cossack military colonies were moved to the very edges of the Empire and loyalty to the throne was assured through a system of watchful army officers and governors empowered to use any means to prevent further Cossack uprisings.
		Cossack forces and their families were ordered to the far-flung frontiers of the expanding Russian Empire as military colonists, where they served as border guards and the first line of defense.
		Cossacks in Chita (Eastern Siberia) gave a vote of no confidence to their ataman and his aides because of the ataman's use of public flogging, creation of his own intelligence service, creation of morality patrols, and maintaining files on all the members of the Cossack community.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/cossack/cossack.htm (6398 words)

	Republic of Kalmykia \| Cossacks
		Cossacks are original communities of people united by the ethnic closeness, customs, principle of self-organization and special status in the society.
		Cossack community formed in the steppe part of Russia and was initially characterized by the traditions of self-government ascending to the military democracy.
		The Cossack Union was reorganized into the All Russian Cossack Organization that restored practically all the traditional Cossack military associations and unions in regions where Cossacks did not live before and where they got after the deportations, evictions or intrinsic migration.
	kalm.ru /en/cossacks.html (1245 words)

	Battlefront - Producers of fine metal and resin miniatures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Another rebellion among the Yaik was raised under Emilion Pugachov, in the guise of the dead Tsar Peter III, he raise a force and from 1773-74 laid siege to Orenburg, defeating several attempt to relive the fortress.
		In the aftermath the Yaik river was renamed the Ural, and the Yaik Cossack Host became the Ural Cossack Host and was heavily garrisoned by regular Russian troops.
		During the French Revolutionary War the Don and Ural Cossacks were in the vanguard of the Austrian and Russian armies in 1799, their military prowess soon got the attention of Europe and the Russians under Marshal Suvorov proved equal to the French armies.
	www.battlefront.co.nz /Article.asp?ArticleID=954 (2504 words)

	Orenburg Cossack Host P.I. Avdeev Polozov Ural (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The cossacks had “constantly asked for their pay, declaring that they were continuously on patrol and other missions and performing government labor, and from lack of pay they were suffering greatly and had fallen into permanent poverty.
		Cossacks from the old line and interior cantons and personnel of the settled line battalions were installed in the new settlement.
		In 1822 it was ordered that all cossack youths over the age of 18 were to be enrolled as cossacks, especially those whose fathers were still serving, so that children might take their turn on duty in place of their fathers and the farm might not be left without supervision or someone to work it.
	home.comcast.net /~juneblum/OREN.html (15883 words)

	History of Orenburg
		Both churches were erected on the higt bank of the Yaik and could be seen from far away, particularly from the less hilly Asian side.
		Already in 1745 there was a barter yard on the other bank of the Yaik, but in the spring of 1749 it was washed away by the flood.
		After the great fire of 1786 a new cossack settlement began to be built to the east of the fortress (the first one had been burned down by the order of governor Reinsdorp, when the pugatchev rebels approached Orenburg in the autumn of 1773).
	www.orenburg.ru /city/history_eng.html (2939 words)

	EW: Cossacks - Units (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The largest Cossack associations were formed at Dniepro (Zaporizhzhya Sich), Don and Yaik (river Ural).
		As the Russian monarchy grew stronger in the 19th century, Cossacks gained the status of a regular army.
		A Cossack used no armour except for the occasional light chain mail, and wore a long caftan without buttons and a tall fur cap.
	www.cossacks.de /english/encyclopedia/un_cav_don_cossacks.htm (143 words)

	Cossacks - European Wars (PC) - Review - Cossacks: The Art of RTS Gaming
		Cossacks were the core of the Ukrainian army.
		Then there was the army of Zaporizhzhya (the Sich Cossacks), a number of regional Cossack regiments (in the regions of Sumy, Kharkiv, Ochtyr, Izyum and Ostrog), and regiments of the right-bank Ukraine (which was a part of Poland).
		Cossacks were armed with various weapons - scimitars, muskets, pistols, bows, daggers, maces and six-blade maces.
	www.dooyoo.co.uk /pc-game/cossacks-european-wars/348541 (1154 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		From the time of Peter the Great, however, the Cossack troops of the Don have frequently shown examples of their loyalty and affection, particularly in 1812—1814, under the leadership of Count Platoff.
		In the XVI and partly in the XVII century fresh emigrants from the Ukraine and the Don formed the Volga,Yaik, Astrakhan, and Greben Cossacks troops; and the survivors of the Cossack bands of Yermak, who conquered Siberia in 1581, became the progenitors of the Siberian Cossacks.
		In course of time the greater part of the Cossack troops lost their original importance; but the Government has always endeavoured to preserve their military organization and martial spirit for the purpose of reinforcing the regular army with cavalry and thus curtailing the regular contingent of this expensive branch of the ser- -=- 127 —
	lcweb2.loc.gov /service/gc/gcmisc/mtfgc/0013a/1340127.txt (262 words)

	Tempest (1959) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Cossacks were the name of different population groups through the history of Russia.
		The Don Cossacks were runaway peasants who settled around the Don River in the mid 16th century.
		Those included in the rebellion were the Yaik and other Cossacks, Turkic tribes, industrial workers in the Ural Mountains, and the serfs.
	www.vernonjohns.org /snuffy1186/tempest1959.html (206 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Its position, indeed, at this time made it necessary that Ayuka should ally himself either with the Russians or with his southern neighbours the Turks, though at the same time it was obvious that his alliance with the one would bring him into collision with the other.
		His northern neighbours, the Cossacks of the Yaik and' the Bashkirs, both subject to Russia, had the not uncommon propensity for invading his borders and harassing his subjects.
		In 1696 the tsar, sup-ported by a large Cossack force under Mazeppa, took the field against Selim Girai Khan, and gained such successes that the latter was compelled to cede Azov to him.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=45899&locale=en (12751 words)

	The Ultimate Yemelyan Pugachev - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachov (Russian: Емелья́н Ива́нович Пугачёв), born in 1740 or 1742 and executed in 1775, was a pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II.
		Pugachev, the son of a small Don Cossack landowner, married a Cossack girl, Sofia Nedyuzheva, in 1758, and in the same year participated in Seven Years' War as part of the Cossack expedition to Prussia under the command of Count Zakhar Chernyshev.
		In 1773, after frequenting the monasteries of the Old Believers, who exercised considerable influence over him, he suddenly proclaimed himself tsar Peter III and organised the insurrection of the Yaik Cossacks which ignited the flames of all-out peasant war in the lower Volga region.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Pugachev (675 words)

	THE RUSSIAN ARMY
		White Guards armies used the uniforms of soldiers of the old army and also uniforms from foreign armies, delivered to the White Guards by the countries of the Entente, on which were sewn the rank insignia of the old Russian army.
		The cross in class I is in the form of an iron cross with the coat of arms of the Kuban Cossack Host and the inscription "For the Liberation of the Kuban 1918" ["Za osvobozhdenie Kubani 1918"] on the face side; on the reverse – the serial number and the class.
		In the center of the cross on a round medallion is an image of the Archangel Michael mounted on a horse, slaying a dragon with his lance.
	home.comcast.net /~markconrad/1917-20.html (4596 words)

	underscore01 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		But the was witness,I of Cossacks, formerlypossessors of the banks of the StepanParamonoff, who treated him; and nok God, isgoingntry, hadfor some time shown a daitch, thand too lightly lent faithto the s more my suspicions.
		My theright she greetede Cossacks, whoshould have been a guarantee for the pesisted hiok_[48] and ahalf, and he has been order to reduce them to barbarous murder of Traubenberg, the substitution of new chiefs, andat last the suppression oervant, I do obey mngover have four reand there is nothing but good to tell of him.
		Hfna treats him as her own son; and because such anaffair should have happened to him you must not reproach him; tf the revolt by volleys must say a few words about the state of affairs in the district ofOrenburg about the end of the year 1773.
	www.webceo.com /underscore01.htm (615 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Cossacks in the 17th and 18th Century
		The DON COSSACKS, living between Russia and the Tatars, sided with Russia; yet both hosts were rather independent-minded and unpredictable.
		Peter burnt the Zaporozhe Sich; many cossacks fled; a new Cossack host was formed in the KUBAN region, another one at the YAIK (Ural) River.
		The cossacks, because of the structure of their society, always remained a state of their own, nonwithstanding the Russian protectorate.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/russia/cossacks1718.html (506 words)

	History Magazine
		The word "Cossack" is derived from the Turkic term kazak that means "free man" or "adventurer".
		The Cossack lifestyle was also based on simplicity.
		Today there are hundreds of Cossack organizations across Russia which are seeking to reestablish Cossack traditions and political structures.
	www.history-magazine.com /cossacks.html (601 words)

	íõòáä áäöé. ïÆÉÃÉÁÌØÎÙÊ ÓÁÊÔ. \| ëÎÉÇÉ - Adji Murad. Asia's Europa. Volume 1 (Europe, ...
		Danube, Dnestr, Dnepr, Don, Itil, Yaik, Irtysh, Ob, Yenisei and Lena flew in the land of the Kipchaks which is unknown in Russia.
		It is interesting that the Cossacks still haven't forgotten their native language on Don, Ural; it is called their "home" language but it is hidden now like something improper.
		Thousands of Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks were taken to the morasses of Petersburg and sent to the Caucasus: "Slavic" Mother Russia was rising on bones of the steppe nation.
	www.adji.ru /book10_4.html (14712 words)

	Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev Biography / Biography of Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev Biography
		The Russian Cossack soldier Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (1742-1775) led the peasant rebellion in Russia in 1773-1775.
		Emelyan Pugachev, a Don Cossack, was born in the village of Zimoveiskaya.
		The main course of his life was influenced initially by the fact that, as a Don Cossack, he was subject, when of age, to duty in the Russian army.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-emelyan-ivanovich-pugachev (633 words)

	Works of Karl Marx (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		They made their presence felt during the troubled period at the beginning of the 17th century and were involved in the war of the Poles with the Turks.
		As soon as the Ukrainian Cossacks came to the assistance of the Poles, so, too, did Cossacks from the Volga plains (20,000 came to the assistance of the Poles against the Turks).
		In 1654, the Cossacks attacked the Nizhny Yaik Uchug (an uchug is a fish weir, a barrier across the river forming a pen for catching fish), which belonged to a certain Guryev, destroyed it and won over his workers to their ranks.
	www.marxists.org.uk /archive/marx/works/subject/art/kostamarov.htm (305 words)

	Russia Text: Chapter XV - The Cossacks
		The common saying, "Bear patiently, Cossack; you will one day be Ataman!" was often realised; for every year the office-bearers laid down the insignia of office in presence of the general assembly, and after thanking the brotherhood for the honour they had enjoyed, retired to their former position of common Cossack.
		Each Cossack who wished to raise a crop ploughed and sowed wherever he thought fit, and retained as long as he chose the land thus appropriated; and when the soil began to show signs of exhaustion he abandoned his plot and ploughed elsewhere.
		As the Cossacks knew very little about land-surveying, and still less about land-registration, the precise boundary between two contiguous yurts--as the communal land of a stanitsa was called--was often a matter of uncertainty and a fruitful source of disputes.
	www.enotes.com /russia-text/73796 (4207 words)

	Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Cossacks are a distinct culture of steppe-dwellers descended from a heterogenous mixture of peoples who accepted land from the Russian Czars in return for military service, primarily that of defending or extending frontiers.
		The main Cossack regions have been the Don Basin, and areas east and southeast of the Sea of Azov.
		Put under direct government control in 1764, a fort was built in 1770 to oversee them, which later became the town of Zaporozhie (reminding this American author of nothing so much as the American government's response to the management of Indians in the 19th century), and the Zaporozhie were suppressed completely in 1775.
	www.hostkingdom.net /ukraine.html (2984 words)

	Republic of Kalmykia \| History
		In the late 18th century the Kalmyks settled on Don River were inclided in the Cossack class of the Don Host.
		As foreigners with another religious affiliation Kalmyks were not subject to the military service, but in the Patriotic War of 1812 they formed 3 regiments (The First and Second Kalmyk and Stavropolsky Kalmyk regiments) that fought their way to Paris.
		Kalmyks of Don fought in the Cossack units under command the legendary Chief Platov.
	kalm.ru /en/hist.html (845 words)

	size11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It was only later on that I understood that they were talking about the army of the Yaik, which had only just been reduced to submission after the revolt of 1772.[24] Saveliitch listened to them talking with a very discontented manner, and cast suspicious glances, sometimes on the host and sometimes on the guide.
		On his return the perfidious Cossack had told his comrades that he had advanced upon the rebels, and that he had been presented to their chief, and that this chief gave him his hand to kiss and had had a long interview with him.
		A young Cossack struck her with his sword on the head, and she fell dead at the foot of the steps.
	www.hitlens.com /seoresearch/size11.html (22980 words)

	[No title]
		The Cossack is a fast moving unit that can attack multiple times in a single turn and will withdraw from combat if losing the fight (unless fighting another fast unit, of course).
		In the 16th century there were six major Cossack hosts: the Don, the Greben (in Caucasia), the Yaik (along the Ural River), the Volga, the Dnieper and the Zaporozhian (west of the Dnieper).
		Under the Russian umbrella, the Cossacks expanded eastward from their settlements in the Don and were early colonizers of Siberia.
	civ3.watorrey.net /civilopedia/civilopediatext.html (20498 words)

	Официальный ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		" at the river Yaik and the mouth of the river Or the real Orenburg of nine bastions on the place with three times shot of thirty one cannons was laid of green and dark blue stones and kept without work till the next year ".
		A small wooden building was enclosed with not high bank and paled with palings 2m high, the way from the fortress to the citadel was protected by the so called “nadolby” the sort of blocks made of logs and stones arranged in several rows, dug into ground and inclined to the enemy’s side.
		From July till the 27th of September of 1918, the defence of the town against the White Cossacks with Dutov at the head lasted.
	www.orsk-adm.ru /C5256E2C004F5EE7/0/DD5941499A245733C5256B8B0022B6FD (3660 words)

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