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	Yamna culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Yamna (from Russian яма "pit") or Pit Grave or Ochre Grave culture is a late copper age/early bronze age culture of the Bug/Dniester/Ural region, dating to the 36th–23rd centuries BC.
		In its western range, it is succeeded by the Catacomb culture; in the east, by the Poltavka culture and the Srubna culture.
		The Yamna culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans in the Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yamna (275 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Indo-European_languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to the Kurgan hypothesis, early PIE was spoken in the chalcolithic steppe cultures of the 5th millennium BC between the Black Sea and the Volga.
		4000â“3500: The Yamna culture, the prototypical kurgan builders, emerges in the steppe, and the Maykop culture in the northern Caucasus.
		Proto-Greek is spoken in the Balkans, Proto-Indo-Iranian north of the Caspian in the Sintashta-Petrovka culture.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Indo-European_languages (1750 words)

	Yamna - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Russian яма "pit") or pit grave culture is a prehistoric culture of the
		Characteristic for the culture are the burials in pit graves with the dead body placed in a supine position with bent knees.
		The Yamna culture is identified with the late
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=Yamna (71 words)

	Proto-Indo-European - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A rough localization was attempted by reconstructing the names ofplants and animals (importantly the beech and the salmon) as well as the culture and technology (a Bronze Ageculture centered on animal husbandry and having domesticated the horse).
		As Gimbutas' views evolved, she put increasing emphasis on the patriarchal, patrilinear nature ofthe invading culture, sharply contrasting it with the supposedly egalitarian, if not matrilinear culture of the invaded, to a point of formulating essentially feminist archaeology.
		Her theory has found genetic support in remains from the Neolithic culture ofScandinavia, where bone remains in Neolithic graves indicated that the megalithculture was either matrilocal ormatrilineal as the people buried in the same grave were related through thewomen.
	www.encyclopedia-of-knowledge.com /?t=Proto-Indo-European (1338 words)

	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for Kurgan
		Subsequent expansion beyond the steppes leads to hybrid cultures, such as the globular amphora culture to the west, the immigration of proto-Greeks to the Balkans and the nomadic Indo-Iranian cultures to the east around 2500 BC.
		Wave 3, 3000andndash;2800 BC, expansion of the Yamna culture beyond the steppes, with the appearance of the characteristic pit graves as far as the areas of modern Romania, Bulgaria and eastern Hungary.
		Gimbutas viewed the expansions of the Kurgan culture as a series of essentially hostile, military invasions where a new warrior culture imposed itself on the peaceful, matriarchal cultures of "Old Europe", replacing it with a patriarchal warrior society, a process visible in the appearance of fortified settlements and hillforts and the graves of warrior-chieftains:
	www.upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=kurgan (1429 words)

	DigeratiCafe: Kurgan culture :Online Reference Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The "Kurgan hypothesis" of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origins assumes gradual expansion of the "Kurgan culture" until it encompasses the entire pontic steppe, Kurgan IV being identified with the Yamna culture of around 3000 BC.
		Wave 3, 3000â“2800 BC, expansion of the Yamna culture beyond the steppes, with the appearance of the characteristic pit graves as far as the areas of modern Romania, Bulgaria and eastern Hungary.
		Proto-Greek is spoken in the Balkans, Proto-Indo-Iranian north of the Caspian in the emerging Andronovo culture.
	www.digeraticafe.com /reference/Kurgan_culture (1433 words)

	Chariot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This culture is at least partially derived from the earlier Yamna culture.
		It built heavily fortified settlements, engaged in bronze metallurgy on a scale hitherto unprecedented and practiced complex burial rituals reminiscent of Aryan rituals known from the Rigveda.
		The Andronovo culture over the next few centuries spreads across the steppes from the Urals to the Tien Shan, likely corresponding to early Indo-Iranian cultures which eventually spread to Iran and India in the course of the 2nd millennium BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chariot (2803 words)

	Goddess
		The Starcevo Culture of the Central Balkans had elaborate pottery in the form of ornithomorphic vases from 5900-5800 B.C. Many figurines of the Karanovo culture were also discovered, including forms of the Bird Goddess, the pregnant goddess, stiff nudes, and zoomorphic figurines.
		Anthropologists are also turning to the so-called "fringe cultures" such as the modern foraging and horticulture societies for proof of the goddess civilization's persistence: "cultures do not seem to be aware of the male role in procreation" (Aelfric 3).
		A culture may worship the "Great Goddess" and therefore consider females as the creators of all life, while another culture may believe females to be the only creators of life but not necessarily believe in the "Great Goddess." One need not imply the other.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~gloria/Goddess.html (2888 words)

	Public Anthropology
		Historically, the labeling diagnosis for neurasthenia was imported to China from the West, and culturally adapted to encompass the types of complaints that are common in Chinese society, such as headaches, dizziness, and insomnia.
		She feels that the capacity for culture is maintained by the genes, which limit the brain’s capacity.
		She also critiques Rindos’s failure to differentiate the “capacity” for culture and the “history” of particular cultures, and disagrees with him on the time frame of the evolution of culture, which she feels is a fairly recent development.
	www.publicanthropology.org /Archive/Ca1986.htm (10252 words)

	Definition of Indo-European
		Hypothetically, these cultures arose from the expansion of an ancient people, the Proto-Indo-Europeans, possibly originating from somewhere around the Black Sea region from the 5th millennium BC onward.
		The scholars of the 19th century that originally tackled the question of the original homeland of the Indo-Europeans (also called Urheimat after the German term), were essentially confined to linguistic evidence.
		A rough localization was attempted by reconstructing the names of plants and animals as well as the culture and technology.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Indo-European (698 words)

	3. Thousand of Years of Podniprovya
		In the 17th to 16th centuries B.C., Indo-Iranian tribes of a multi-roller culture, the name of which is connected with the tradition of decorating ceramics with braided rollers, had settled in the steppe and the forest-steppe zones between the Don and Prut Rivers.
		The Bondarokhyn culture existed in the mixed-forest and the forest-steppe belts of the left bank (13th to the 8th centuries B.C.) and is connected to the FinnoUgrians.
		The greatest concentrations of Yamna settlements are known to have existed north of the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea, and between the Don and Danube Rivers.
	web.idrc.ca /es/ev-85557-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html (6627 words)

	info: KURGAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Those scholars who follow Gimbutas identify a Kurgan culture as reflecting an early Indo-European ethnicity which existed in the steppes and southeastern Europe from the fifth to third millennia BC.
		No similar object is known from Bronze Age Eurasian steppe cultures, and the object has been compared to the vajra thunderbolt of Indian Indra.
		The tomb is associated with the Novotitorovka culture nomads.
	www.info-malta.com /Kurgan (608 words)

	Chariot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		for a Yamna wagon grave at Bal'ki on the lower Dnieper, 4440[+ or -]40 b.p.
		steppe signified a watershed in the cultural ecology of Eurasia....
		Yamna territory before 2000 BC, it was with the Sintashta-Petrovka culture that the defining ritual
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/chariot.html (1308 words)

	Proto-Indo-European - Kate's Quickview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A rough localization was attempted by reconstructing the names of plants and animals (importantly the beech and the salmon) as well as the culture and technology (a Bronze Age culture centered on animal husbandry and having domesticated the horse).
		As Gimbutas' views evolved, she put increasing emphasis on the patriarchal, patrilinear nature of the invading culture, sharply contrasting it with the supposedly egalitarian, if not matrilinear culture of the invaded, to a point of formulating essentially feminist archaeology.
		Her theory has found genetic support in remains from the Neolithic culture of Scandinavia, where bone remains in Neolithic graves indicated that the megalith culture was either matrilocal or matrilineal as the people buried in the same grave were related through the women.
	kohl.wikimedia.org /~kate/cgi-bin/quickview.cgi?title=Proto-Indo-European (1331 words)

	Kurgan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The "Kurgan hypothesis" of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origins assumes gradual expansion of the "Kurgan culture" until it encompasses the entire Black Seapontic steppe, Kurgan IV being identified with the Yamna culture of around 3000 BC.
		Wave 3, 3000 BC3000–2800 BC, expansion of the Yamna culture beyond the steppes, with the appearance of the characteristic pit graves as far as the areas of modern Romania, Bulgaria and eastern Hungary/.
		Gimbutas viewed the expansions of the Kurgan culture as a series of essentially hostile, military invasions where a new warrior culture imposed itself on the peaceful, matriarchymatriarchal cultures of "Old Europe", replacing it with a patriarchypatriarchal warrior/ society, a process visible in the appearance of fortified settlements and hillforts and the graves of warrior-chieftains:
	www.infothis.com /find/Kurgan (1602 words)

	Yamna -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The culture was predominantly (A member of a people who have no permanent home but move about according to the seasons) nomadic, with some (The class of people engaged in growing food) agriculture practiced near rivers and a few (Click link for more info and facts about hillfort) hillforts.
		The Yamna culture is identified with the late (Click link for more info and facts about Proto-Indo-Europeans) Proto-Indo-Europeans in the (Click link for more info and facts about Kurgan) Kurgan hypothesis of (Click link for more info and facts about Marija Gimbutas) Marija Gimbutas.
		Parts of the Yamna culture evolved into the 2nd millennium BC (Click link for more info and facts about Andronovo culture) Andronovo culture.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/Y/Ya/Yamna.htm (196 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		5000â”3400 BC, was an archaeological culture located in the area of modern-day southern Moravia, western Slovakia, western Hungary, parts of southern Poland, and in adjacent sections of Austria, Slovenia, and Croatia.
		It was a successor to the Linear Band Ware culture, and in its northern extent, overlapped the somewhat later but otherwise approximately contemporaneous Funnelbeaker culture.
		Inhumation was in separate cemeteries, in the flexed position with apparently no preference for which side the deceased was laid out in.
	www.4lawschool.com /index.php?title=Lengyel_culture (186 words)

	KURGAN FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The ''Ipatovo'' kurgan revealed a long sequence of burials from the Maikop culture ca.
		The "kurganized" globular_amphora culture in Europe is proposed as a "secondary Urheimat", separating into the bell_beaker and corded_ware cultures around 2300_BC and ultimately resulting in the European branches of Italic, Celtic and Germanic languages, and other, partly extinct, language groups of the Balkans and central Europe, possibly including the proto-Mycenaean invasion of Greece.
		The German archaeologist Alexander_HÃ¤usler has sharply criticised Gimbutas' concept of 'a' Kurgan culture that mixes several distinct cultures like the ochre-grave_culture and the pit-grave_culture.
	www.mrdefine.com /Kurgan (1433 words)

	Property For Sale in Yamna in bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Yamna - Although it is not a popular...
		The village of Yamna is situated several kilometres away...
		several cultures, largely the Yamna period and the...
	www.bulgaria.holidays-initaly.net /bg/property_for_sale/yamna.html (303 words)

	[No title]
		Cultures invent and reinvent their own vocabularies, grammar and syntax, whereas the mechanics of speech set limits on cultural creativity.
		The core of the Yamna area lay between the Dnieper and the middle and lower parts of the Volga.
		The Poltavka culture, which gave rise to it, grew directly from late Yamna at the northeastern boundary of the Yamna world.
	www.dushkin.com /text-data/articles/17550/17550.mhtml (3865 words)

	The Baden Culture. © The Comparative Archaeology WEB
		The purpose of this text is to provide a general overview of the culture and is intended as a resource for students and teachers of European Archaeology.
		It is succeded primarily by the Corded Ware culture, including later Jevisovice (Jevišovice), and the Vucedol (Vučedol) culture.
		Although the Globular Amphora culture replaces the TRB in much of Poland and East Germany, this is not the case in the north of Slovakia, which appears to have been avoided by the Globular Amphora culture.
	www.comp-archaeology.org /Baden.htm (1298 words)

	All words on Kurgan
		Overview of the Kurgan hypothesis The "Kurgan hypothesis" of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origins assumes gradual expansion of the "Kurgan culture" until it encompasses the entire pontic steppe, Kurgan IV being identified with the Yamna culture of around 3000 BC.
		A specific haplogroup (SNP marker R1a) of the Y chromosome is associated by some with the Kurgan culture.
		The haplogroup is currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe, but it doesn't seem to have reached Western Europe (see http://www.roperld.com/YBiallelicHaplogroups.htm).
	www.allwords.org /ku/kurgan.html (1555 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Chariot
		At least partially derived from the Yamna culture, a remarkable archaeological culture emerges around 2000 BC east of the Urals: The Sintashta-Petrovka culture built heavily fortified settlements, engaged in bronze metallurgy on a scale hitherto unprecedented and practiced complex burial rituals reminiscent of Aryan rituals known from the Rigveda.
		For the first time, the burials also include spoke-wheeled chariots, buried with two-horse chariot teams, the oldest of these dating to ca.
		The Sintashta-Petrovka culture is accepted as the formative phase of the Andronovo culture,over the next few centuries spread across the steppes from the Urals to the Tien Shan, likely corresponding to early Indo-Iranian cultures which eventually spread to Iran and India in the course of the 2nd millennium BC.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Chariot (1973 words)

	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for History of the Balkans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Early cultures of the Balkans were predominantly agricultural.
		The Empire was at its height in the 16th century when it reached levels of artistry, cultural importance, and military dominance not seen for many years.
		Unlike Greece and Serbia, the nationalist movement in Bulgaria did not concentrate initially on armed resistance against the Ottomans but on peaceful struggle for cultural and religious autonomy, the result of which was the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate on February 28, 1870.
	upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=history_of_the_balkans (9434 words)

	Kommersant: Volgograd Region
		The people of the Catacomb culture were skilled metallurgists, which resulted in expanded production of copper tools and weapons.
		Between the 16th and 18th centuries B.C., tribes of the Pokrovka (Srubnaya) culture of the Urals and Middle Volga settled in the Volga region.
		As the climate became drier around the beginning of the 1st millennium B.C., the Srubnaya culture gradually died out and the population turned to nomadic livestock herding.
	www.kommersant.com /page.asp?id=-78 (2980 words)

	Yamna Culture articles and news from Start Learning Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Yamna (from Russian languageRussian яма "pit") or Pit Grave or Ochre Grave culture is a chalcolithiclate copper age/early bronze age culture of the Bug (river)Bug/Dniester/Ural (river)Ural region, dating to the 36th century BC36th–23rd century BC23rd centuries BC.
		Significantly, animal grave offerings were made (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and horse), a feature associated with early Indo-Europeans, particularly Indo-Iranians It is said to have originated in the middle Volga based Khvalynsk culture and the middle Dnieper based Sredny Stog culture.
		JP MalloryJames P. Mallory, "Yamna Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
	www.startlearningnow.com /Yamna.htm (300 words)

	Chariot - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At least partially derived from the Yamna culture, a remarkable archaeological cultureemerges around 2000 BC east of the Urals: TheSintashta-Petrovka culture built heavily fortified settlements,engaged in bronze metallurgy on a scale hitherto unprecedented and practicedcomplex burial rituals reminiscent of Aryan rituals known from the Rigveda.
		For the first time, the burials also include spoke-wheeled chariots, buried withtwo-horse chariot teams, the oldest of these dating to ca.
		The Sintashta-Petrovka culture is accepted as the formative phase of theAndronovo culture,over the next few centuries spread across thesteppes from the Urals to the Tien Shan, likely corresponding to early Indo-Iranian cultures which eventually spread to Iran and India in the course of the 2nd millennium BC.
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=Chariot (1966 words)

	The truth about Macedonia
		The Vinča culture was an early culture of Europe (between the 6th and the 3rd millennium BC), stretching around the course of Danube in Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria and former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, although traces of it can be found all around the Balkans.
		It was named after Vinča, a suburb of Belgrade, where in 1908 several artifacts were found by the first archaeological excavation team lead by Miloje M. Milojević.
		culture of Jemdet Nasr reflects the consolidation of administrative and social...
	www.network54.com /Forum/message?forumid=22270&messageid=1121527279 (230 words)

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