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Topic: Yamnaya

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	Europa Barbarorum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In around the 4th millennium BC, the Eurasian steppes were dominated by Indo-European speaking peoples from the Caucasus and Anatolia and, in the 3rd millennium BC, these same Indo-Europeans founded the Yamnaya culture in today's Turkmenistan.
		From the Yamnaya culture sprung the later Afanasievo culture that may be dated from circa 3000 BC or earlier.
		According to one authority, later Parthian and Sassanian recurved composite bows had larger reinforced ears; this may be an indication that the Kushanas, through their relations with Parthia, helped spread the "Hunnish" recurved composite bow further west.
	www.europabarbarorum.com /factions_yuezhi_history.html (4717 words)

	Social Structure of the Population of the North-western ‎Black Sea Coast Yamnaya Culture
		Social Structure of the Population of the North-western ‎Black Sea Coast Yamnaya Culture
		The monograph is dedicated to the reconstruction of the social structure of the Yamnaya culture tribes in the North-Western Black Sea Littoral.
		On the ground of the studying of burial practice as presented in archeological materials it seems possible to reconstruct some social structures that have become evident in the burial rites of the Yamnaya culture population in the regions: sex-and-age, potestarian, functional, ethnosocial.
	www.fridmanbooks.netfirms.com /forms/cru016.htm (122 words)

	Joseph Needham and David Anthony - Central Asia as a bridge
		Yamnaya was the first steppe culture to really exploit the steppe, a development documented by the establishment of Yamnana kurgan cemeteries in pastures located far from the major river valleys.
		Yamnaya cemeteries were visible, stable reminders of ancestral territories in the steppe landscape, and were re-visited and re-used over many generations, but Yamnaya settlements became so mobile and insubstantial that they virtually disappeared from the archeological record - a settlement pattern consistent with increased reliance on pastoralism.
		In addition, Yamnaya was the first steppe culture to intensively exploit steppe copper ores, a probable result of increased movement over and familiarity with the steppe landscape.
	users.cyberone.com.au /myers/needham-anthony.html (12059 words)

	Resumes
		The appearance of the burial mound graves is connected with cultures of early mobile cattle breeders of the pre-Pit-Grave (Yamnaya) and of the early Pit-Grave period.
		Later three Yamnaya graves (№№ 4, 7, 16) were put into the second mound according to the spatial-temporal views, which reflected in the earlier structures of the burial mound.
		The next Yamnaya grave (№15) was put into the third embankment of the chernozem.
	www.rock-cut.thracians.org /en/c_resume.php (4833 words)

	Nomad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This quickly developed into what Jaris Yurins has called the circum-Arabian nomadic pastoral techno-complex and is possibly assocoated with the appearance of Semitic languages in the region of the Ancient Near East.
		The rapid spread of such nomadic pastoralism was typical of such later developments as of the Yamnaya culture of the horse and cattle nomads of the Eurasian steppe, or of the Turko-Mongol spread of the later Middle Ages.
		The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nomad (537 words)

	Congress on Cultural Heritage - Vienna, City Hall
		In the period from late 4th millennium B.C. to the beginning of the last quarter of the 3d millennium B.C. the population of Yamnaya culture inhabited the territory of South Fore-Urals.
		Bearers of Yamnaya culture were the first nomads developing steppe territories of the South Urals and adjacent regions as well as the first metallurgists who started developing the Kargalinskiy copper-ore deposit.
		The first period of their development is presented by Yamnaya culture.
	www.archaeologie-wien.at /caa2003/poster/po3034.htm (201 words)

	[No title]
		Knucklebones are, of course, a familiar gaming device, and the association between the knucklebone, or astragalus, and words for dice is known in various Indo-European languages.
		Their presence in Yamnaya burials may be explained as offerings of gaming pieces but one should also note that they show a very strong correlation with the burials of young children." (p.215) Some archaeologists postulate a Volga origin for the Yamnaya culture.
		The single greatest difficulty in this identification is the 2,000 kilometres separating the Afanasievo culture from the easternmost reaches of the Yamnaya.
	saturniancosmology.org /files/kurgan/ie.txt (2778 words)

	Untitled
		The first evidence of the Bronze Age appears in southern Siberia in the mid-third millennium B.C.E., in the Altai mountains.
		There is a clear connection between the Yamnaya culture of southern Russia and that found contemporaneously in the Altai, known as the Afanasievo; this connection continues during the subsequent 2000 years.
		In addition, human remains found in the Altai dating from this period are assigned to a western, or "Caucasoid" morphology, as opposed to an eastern, or "Mongoloid" type.
	popgen.well.ox.ac.uk /eurasia/htdocs/ea98back.html (810 words)

	An Overview of European Prehistoric Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		c3600 BC - The beginning of the Yamnaya (or Yamna) Culture, also called the Pit Grave Culture and the Kurgan Culture [c3600 to c2200 BC], which is probably a derivative of the Sredny Stog Culture.
		It reached from the Bug and Dniestr rivers in the west to the Ural and Emba rivers in the east.
		Like the previous Yamnaya Culture and the intervening Catacomb Grave Culture, the Srubnaya Culture was probably Cimmerian.
	ca.geocities.com /vellaunos/eurochron.html (4156 words)

	Kurgans - Mound Builders of Eastern Europe
		In Latvian KURm - means "mound, hill" which corresponds to Sumerian KUR.MA "a star rising", all with the same basic root KUR- "hill, mound" as in KURgan.
		Marija Gimbutas writes that the Kurgans (Yamnaya or Pit-Grave culture) ostensibly started their migrations in Southern Russia and the Ukrainian steppes at the Black Sea, reaching Anatolia and Mesopotamia through the Balkans and Greece, across the Caucasus then east to Central Asia and south into Iran.
		These migrations would account for all the mound-grave cultures we know, even those surfacing in China (through the Tocharians) and in the Indus Valley at around this time.
	www.lexiline.com /lexiline/lexi47.htm (361 words)

	Nomad info here at en.34of100e.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This quickly deveIoped into what Jaris Yurins has caIled the circum-Arabian nomadic pastoraI techno-complex and is possibly assocoated with the appearance of Semitic Ianguages in the region of the Ancient Near East.
		The rapid spread of such nomadic pastoraIism was typicaI of such Iater deveIopments as of the Yamnaya culture of the horse and cattle nomads of the Eurasian steppe, or of the Turko-MongoI spread of the Iater Middle Ages.
		Many Native Americans and Indigenous AustraIians were nomadic prior to Western contact, aIthough they were not a pastoraI people in that they did not systematicaIly raise animaIs on whose products they depended.
	en.34of100e.info /Nomad (725 words)

	[No title]
		Genetic data cannot give strong evidence on dates of migration, especially since the `Kurgan' area, one of the largest pre-historic complexes in Europe, probably remained very active in generating population expansions for a long time after the Bronze Age.
		Our hypothesis is, therefore, that Indo-European languages derived from a secondary expansion from the Yamnaya culture region after the Neolithic farmers, possibly coming from Anatolia and settled there, developing pastoral nomadism.
		A new treatment of the problem has been given in a still unpublished analysis (Piazza et al., but see Cavalli-Sforza, 2000 where main results are anticipated) of a set of lexical data (200 words) in 63 Indo-European languages published by Dyen et al.
	www.tech.plym.ac.uk /socce/evolang6/piazza_cavalli-sforza.doc (2611 words)

	Since history repeats …
		This change led to a dispersal of settlements and cemeteries across the steppes and greatly increasing the productivity of steppe pastoralism.
		The earliest wheeled vehicles in the Eurasian steppes appeared west of the Caspian Sea in the context of the Yamnaya culture (3500-2500 BCE), which grew partially from Sredni Stog, but occupied a much larger area, from the Danube delta eastward to the Ural River.
		Yamnaya vehicles were slow, solid-wheeled wagons and carts, probably pulled by oxen, but they could carry enough tents and supplies to enable herders to live in distant pastures with their herds …
	majorityrights.com /index.php/weblog/comments/http_majorityrightscom_indexphp_hollis_seventh_post (3431 words)

	Scythians
		It is reasonably certain that at the beginning of the second millennium BCE, the speakers of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language moved from Ukraine to the southeast.
		From an archaeological point of view, their migration is attested in the change from the Yamnaya culture into the Andronovo culture.
		They invaded the country that was later called Afghanistan, where they separated into an Iranian and an Indian branch.
	www.livius.org /sao-sd/scythians/scythians.html (1749 words)

	Monographs
		This is probably the first book to be published in English, which describes the problems of the Bronze Age archaeology of this area in detail.
		The knowledge of Western archaeologists about this area tends limited to some of the best-known cultures – Pit-Grave (Yamnaya), Timber-Grave (Srubnaya) and Andronovo.
		The author discusses a number of other cultures and concludes that the existence of the Andronovo culture is an archaeological myth and that the materials combined into it relate to different cultures which reflect different historical processes.
	csc.ac.ru /archeology/EAH-site/books.htm (413 words)

	Dnimidge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		But, this conclusion can be confirmed by the continuation of the researches, only.
		Together with that, the artifacts, founded when work Eco-camp-2004, allow to confirm, that in region of the Dnister Reservoir, as a result of interactions of the tribes of the Tripillian and of the Yamnaya Culture, was formed the local branch of the Tripillian Art, in analogy with the other regions.
		These regional department of the Tripillian Art not only created the inimitable diversity of the ethnic Art, which existed and developed on Ukraine, but also he create the conditions for the spreading and developments on the other territories.
	www.dnimidge.lviv.ua (2207 words)

	Balkan history - 3,000 BC map
		Origin - assimilation of influences from eastern Yamnaya, & western Baden
		Links - trading with Carpathian and Pannonian zones, use of ochre in burials and large flint knives could be from contacts with Pontic-Steppe
		Area - Usatovo (near Odessa) was a 500ha settlement, moved to Moldavia bringing the Cucuteni C pottery types and further south Horodiştea-Folteşti cultures
	www.eliznik.org.uk /EastEurope/History/balkans-map/transition-bronze.htm (667 words)

	[No title]
		The burial mounds, called Kurgans, spread through the steppe between 2500 BC and 1500 BC, and around 2000 BC the Bronze age began to flourish there.
		Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures descended from this Yamnaya culture: They spoke Indo-European languages.
		It is believed that the Scythians originated from the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures.
	www.nictoglobe.com /new/notities/db5.php (2519 words)

	EAA Cork 2005: Call for Papers -- Session Abstracts
		While the groups that inhabited the forest-steppe were closer to the steppe groups culturally, they interacted with other groups as well.
		The forest-steppe zone, mixing steppe and forest landscapes, was a region where steppe stock breeders and local forest tribes interacted with one another, creating unique and rich cultures that reflected this contact such as the yamnaya, poltavkinskaya, katakombnaya, abashevskaya, potapovskaya, srubnaya, andronovskaya, okunevskaya culture groups.
		The forest-steppe zone and the northern steppe are of particular interest to researchers, because it is the forest-steppe that is the nexus for interaction of different emerging groups during the Bronze Age.
	eaacork.ucc.ie /papercall_abstracts.html (7835 words)

	elo gallery
		The incense burner in the form of a shallow dish on quadiform leg with interior divider, the rim and bottom with incised circles, dashes and rope designs.
		Eastern Europe, Yamnaya Culture, first half 4th-Mid 3rd millennium BC.
		The pointed bottom vessel with wide rim and numerous incised hatched designs.
	www.edgarlowen.com /a49ph.html (877 words)

	Tools, Weapons and Adornments of the Northern Black Sea ‎Littoral Yamnaya Culture
		Tools, Weapons and Adornments of the Northern Black Sea ‎Littoral Yamnaya Culture
		The present issue of the “Materials” concerns with a considerable collection of artifacts from the North-Western Black Sea littoral that testify to the long-lasting and active sojourn there of the Grave Pit (Yamnaya) culture pastoral and nomadic population.
		The “pure” information with detailed descriptions, excellent drawings and exhaustive bibliography make this book a priceless handbook and helper for everybody interested in cultural interpretations of archeological materials.
	www.fridmanbooks.netfirms.com /forms/cru017.htm (146 words)

	Yamnaya, Russia \| Map, Time Zone
		Be the first person to to post a blog entry about Yamnaya, Russia
		Be the first person to upload a photo of Yamnaya, Russia
		Correct errors or omissions about this place
	www.travelpost.com /AS/Russia/Kaluga/Yamnaya/1666288 (55 words)

	1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		period of the formation of the Yamnaya Cultural- Historical Unity (according to N.Ya.
		economic of the Yamnaya Unity population was the semi-nomadism or nomadism
		the new Early Bronze system (the Yamnaya Unity) was not a result of the active nomad
	acc.spc.uchicago.edu /eurasianconference/Abstracts_02.htm (7424 words)

	EAA Cork 2005: Abstracts
		Decoration of Skulls: a Case Study of the Yamnaya and the Catacomb Cultures Funeral Ritual of the Eurasian Bronze Age.
		The forest-steppe zone, mixing steppe and forest landscapes, was a region where steppe stock breeders and local forest tribes interacted with one another, creating unique and rich cultures that reflected this contact such as the Tripolskaya, Srednestogovskaya, Yamnaya, Poltavkinskaya, Katakombnaya, Abashevskaya, Potapovskaya, Srubnaya, Andronovskaya, and Okunevskaya culture groups.
		The tribes of the yamnaya culture in the steppe zone of the Eastern Europe: The beginning of the wheel transport
	eaacork.ucc.ie /abstracts.html (15000 words)

	ON THE BORDER OF TWO WORLDS
		Wave 1 may have been the immigration of first agriculturalists from the Fertile Crescent, and Wave 2 is either a wandering of dolichocephalic Mediterraneans to Northeast, or oppositely, the wandering of somebody from Northeast (Proto-Lapponians?
		Wave 3 is the propagation of Yamnaya Culture (mounted Indo-Germans) into Poland -> Germany -> Denmark just after 4200 BC (the Carpathian Basin, the victorious Bodrogkeresztúr War Chief, repelled the mounted barbarians, see [2]).
		We know that the first mounted people was the Yamnaya culture in Late 5th millenium BC in present Ukraine; the Indo-Germanic primordial population (minus Anatolians?).
	www.rmki.kfki.hu /~lukacs/angyar.htm (6332 words)

	Little Humankind's History
		in the Yamnaya [Kurgan or Pit Grave culture] and related cultures before -3000 [sic].
		The Afanasyevo Culture appears two to three centuries later than the Pit Grave [Yamnaya] i.e.
		They are related to the Pit Grave and are located in a small area in the Upper Yenissei River Valley.
	www.lhhpaleo.religionstatistics.net /LHH%20other.html (9411 words)

	Relation of the name Bactria and YueZhi - China History Forum, chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Yet, I still don't understand how any of this gives weight to your argument of Baktria = Yuezhi.
		Odd logic that you cite something that happened 40,000 years ago when historical research has only traced probable Tocharians to at least 5,000 - 4,000 years ago or so (the Afanasievo that sprung from the Yamnaya).
		You seem to be oblivious to what happened to human populations and demographic changes in the last 35,000 - 36,000 years before the probable emergence of a distinctly Tocharian people.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=8761&st=15&p=4776021& (5658 words)

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