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	Yarkovsky effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, the Yarkovsky effect is a force felt by a body caused by the momentum carried away by the thermal photons that it emits.
		In a nutshell, the Yarkovsky effect is a consequence of the warming of the asteroid's surface as it rotates under the Sun.
		Even for the simple case of the pure seasonal Yarkovsky effect on a spherical body in a circular orbit with 90° obliquity, semi-major axis changes could differ by as much as a factor of two between cases with uniform albedo and cases with a strong north/south albedo asymmetry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yarkovsky_effect (723 words)

	Yarkovsky effect -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Yarkovsky’s remarkable insight would have been consigned to oblivion had it not been for the brilliant (The official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages) Estonian astronomer Ernst J. Öpik (1893–1985), who read Yarkovsky’s pamphlet sometime around 1909.
		In a nutshell, the Yarkovsky effect is a consequence of the warming of the asteroid's surface as it rotates under the (A typical star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system) Sun.
		Even for the simple case of the pure seasonal Yarkovsky effect on a spherical body in a circular orbit with 90° (The quality of being deceptive) obliquity, semi-major axis changes could differ by as much as a factor of two between cases with uniform albedo and cases with a strong north/south albedo asymmetry.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/Y/Ya/Yarkovsky_effect.htm (691 words)

	[54.03] The Yarkovsky effect: Role of asteroid shape and albedo distribution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Yarkovsky effect is a recoil felt by a body in response to the momentum carried away by the thermal photons that it emits.
		Its effect on the orbital elements of asteroids has been investigated by many authors for ideal bodies, that is, spherical bodies with uniform albedo and thermal properties.
		The results of those studies show that the Yarkovsky effect is probably important in the transport of asteroids from the main belt to the inner solar system.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v33n3/dps2001/81.htm (305 words)

	Yarkovsky effect
		This effect causes perturbations in the orbit of asteroids, and is probably important in the transport of asteroids from the main belt to the inner solar system.
		Even for the simple case of the pure seasonal Yarkovsky effect on a spherical body in a circular orbit with 90° obliquity, semimajor changes could differ by as much as a factor of two between cases with uniform albedo and cases with a strong north/south albedo asymmetry.
		Depending on the orbit and spin axis, the Yarkovsky semimajor axis change may be reversed simply by changing from a spherical to a nonspherical shape.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ya/Yarkovsky_effect.html (188 words)

	ScienceWeek
		The magnitude of this perturbation, known as the Yarkovsky effect, is a function of the asteroid's mass and surface thermal characteristics.
		The "Yarkovsky effect" relies on the same principle that drives more swimmers to the beach in the afternoon than in the morning -- the afternoon side of a rotating planet is hotter as a consequence of having absorbed a full day's worth of sunshine.
		Yarkovsky reasoned that the recoil from this one-sided thermal re-radiation could preferentially slow down or speed up the orbital velocity of an asteroid, depending on whether the tilt of its spin axis meant that its afternoon side faced forwards or backwards.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sc040123-1.htm (1202 words)

	Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack effect, or YORP effect for short, is a second-order variation on the Yarkovsky effect which causes a small body (such as an asteroid) to spin up or down.
		Note that the YORP effect is zero for a rotating ellipsoid.
		Likewise, the YORP effect is more effective as you move closer to the Sun.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/YORP_effect (569 words)

	Asteroid Might Hit Earth In 2880, Unless it is Painted (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Yarkovsky is said to have proposed that the Sun warms an asteroid more on the "day" side than on the "night" side.
		Joseph Spitale of the University of Arizona will report in the journal that knowledge of this Yarkovsky effect, along with a little dynamite or some paint, could be employed to alter the path of any asteroid known to be on a collision course with Earth.
		Giorgini said in an e-mail interview that the Yarkovsky effect, amplified by close encounters with the planets and their gravity, have the potential to advance or delay arrival at the orbit intersection point in 2880 by several days.
	www.spsnational.org /hotscience/article2.htm (1252 words)

	Scientists use radar to detect asteroid force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This force, called the Yarkovsky Effect, is produced by the way an asteroid absorbs energy from the sun and re-radiates it into space as heat.
		The idea behind the Yarkovsky Effect is the simple notion that an asteroid's surface is heated by the sun during the day and then cools off during the night.
		Theoreticians have used it to explain such phenomena as the rate of asteroid transport from the main belt to the inner solar system, the ages of meteorite samples, and the characteristics of so-called "asteroid families" that are formed when a larger asteroid is disrupted by collision.
	oemagazine.com /newscast/121203_newscast01.html (612 words)

	Yarkovsky Effect and the Dynamics of the Solar System
		We have supplemented the original code by the Yarkovsky effect (both diurnal and seasonal variants) subroutines; the reference sources for the corresponding analytic linearized solutions are Vokrouhlicky (1998) and Vokrouhlicky and Farinella (1999).
		It may be worth to point out that despite of persisting uncertainty in the Yarkovsky effect modeling for individual orbits, the corresponding error of the statistical quantities (like the growth of the family dispersion in a) may be much smaller.
		To recall, the principal "free parameters" of the simulation are: (i) the age of the family, (ii) the f_KE factor that tunes initial compactness of the family (in semimajor axes), (iii) the empirical factors cf1 and cf2 of the axis-reorientation and disruption timescale.
	sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz /~mira/mp/Yarko_fam/dora_eos_themis.html (8363 words)

	The influence on the spin vectors of asteroids from the Yarkovsky effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The thermal force known as the Yarkovsky effect may perturb the orbital elements of an asteroid and thereby also affect the direction of the spin vector.
		The combined effects on the spin vector evolution from these forces and induced periodical perturbations on the orbital elements are also studied.
		The effect on the spin vector evolution from both variants of the Yarkovsky force seems to be small for all the objects studied unless very long time periods are considered.
	www.edpsciences.org /articles/aa/abs/2002/38/aah3613/aah3613.html (466 words)

	The Yarkovsky Effect - Part 2 of 7
		The diurnal effect is maximized at zero (or 180°) obliquity of the spin axis and vanishes at 90° obliquity.
		An interesting quality of the classic Yarkovsky effect is that it depends on the sense of rotation - prograde or retrograde: - Prograde rotation causes a drift away from the Sun; - Retrograde causes a drift toward the Sun.
		Thus, we now see that the importance of the Yarkovsky effect may be to deliver small fragments from their points of collisional origin in the belt to nearby resonances.
	www7.pair.com /arthur/meteor/archive/archive8/Sept99/msg00197.html (471 words)

	Yarkovsky effect Reference See also physics photon Russian Estonian Sun black body radiation temperature spherical (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Yarkovsky’s remarkable insight would have been consigned to oblivion had it not been for the brilliant Estonian astronomer Ernst J. ?ik (1893–1985), who read Yarkovsky’s pamphlet sometime around 1909.
		Decades later ?ik, recalling the pamphlet from memory, discussed the possible importance of the Yarkovsky effect for moving meteoroids about the solar system (E. ?ik, Collision probabilities with the planets and the distribution of interplanetary matter, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 54A, pp.
		The Yarkovsky Effect The Yarkovsky Effect is an acceleration that is produced when an asteroid's surface is heated by the sun...
	en.powerwissen.com /tyIuCFUkC6RgMpMOkMSAQA%3D%3D_Yarkovsky_effect.html (820 words)

	Astron. Astrophys. 344, 362-366 (1999)
		The so-called Yarkovsky effect, a recoil force due to thermal radiation from anisotropically heated orbiting bodies, has recently attracted a considerable attention in the frame of the studies on the delivery of meteorites and the dynamics of small bodies in the Solar System.
		Specific issues for which the Yarkovsky effect is probably relevant are: the cosmic-ray exposure ages of stony and iron meteorites, which are much longer than the dynamical lifetimes of particles delivered from the asteroid belt (Farinella et al.
		At the essence, however, the two variants of the Yarkovsky effect are just two different limiting cases of a single physical mechanism, i.e., the recoil force associated to thermal radiation from a body having an anisotropic temperature distribution on its surface.
	aa.springer.de /papers/9344001/2300362/sc1.htm (788 words)

	Mass Extinctions: Yarkovsky Effect Galactic Tide Passing Stars
		The Yarkovsky effect is relevant to mass extinctions of life on Earth because without it, computer simulations are not able to reproduce the observed abundance and characteristics of near-Earth asteroids.
		The Yarkovsky effect is the movement of an asteroid caused by the recoil force of photons emitted as heat from that asteroid.
		The comet is orbiting the sun, and we are analyzing the effect of the sun’s and the galactic center’s gravity on this orbit.
	www.cyprusastronomy.com /Mass_Extinctions.html (5092 words)

	Yarkovsky effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Even for the simple case of the pure seasonal Yarkovsky effect on a spherical body in a circular orbit with 90° obliquity,semimajor changes could differ by as much as a factor of two between cases with uniform albedo and cases with a strongnorth/south albedo asymmetry.
		Depending on the orbit and spin axis,the Yarkovsky semimajor axis change may be reversed simply by changing from a spherical to a nonspherical shape.
		The effect was first measured in 2003 at the asteroid 6489 Golevka,which changed its orbit by 15km in 12 years due to the Yarkovsky effect.
	www.therfcc.org /yarkovsky-effect-35434.html (210 words)

	ASTR 1110 Lectures Spring 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As is the case for the Poynting-Robertson effect, this asymmetry in radiation leads to a net change in orbital momentum of the particle in the inertial frame.
		The Yarkovsky effect requires that the particle be large enough that there are hemispheric (day-night) temperature asymmetries, which means that the particle must be larger than its thermal skin depth.
		Consequently, the Yarkovsky Effect is most important in the solar system for m-sized objects for which orbital changes occur at the rate of about 0.001 AU per million years.
	lasp.colorado.edu /~colwell/astr3750-f00/dec12notes.html (510 words)

	PIRL - Numerical Modeling of the Yarkovsky effect
		The Yarkovsky effect may play a key role in the orbital evolution of asteroids and near-Earth objects.
		In the absence of the Yarkovsky effect, these bodies undergo rapid changes in eccentricity, causing most become either sun-grazers or Jupiter-crossers on relatively short timescales.
		Our results suggest that neglectging the Yarkovsky effect may not be realistic for these bodies once their eccentricities become large.
	pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu /research/supercomputing-/Yarkovsky (212 words)

	[13.04] The Yarkovsky Effect on Regolith-Covered Bodies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For bodies on orbits with very high eccentricity, this effect is generally weaker (not always much weaker) than for the regolith-free case, but has a complicated dependence on the semimajor axis (da/dt varies drastically with a).
		In [1], we observed that da/dt associated with the diurnal component of the Yarkovsky effect grows with e and, under some circumstances, can be very fast (up to 50 times faster than for e=0) for high-eccentricity orbits.
		Also, the Yarkovsky effect can cause the eccentricity and inclination of orbits of small, regolith-free bodies to increase or decrease quite rapidly, depending on the spin axis orientation, though such effects might be averaged away if the spin axis reorients rapidly enough.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v32n3/dps2000/373.htm (317 words)

	News Article: Precision NEO Orbits and the Yarkovsky Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Yarkovsky effect was first proposed early in the last century, and during the past decade it has repeatedly been invoked by theorists working on asteroid dynamics.
		The Yarkovsky Effect is produced by an asteroid's absorption of solar energy.
		For years, scientists have applied the theory of the Yarkovsky Effect to explain aspects of asteroids, from rates of travel to the age of meteorite samples.
	nai.arc.nasa.gov /impact/news_detail.cfm?ID=132 (2035 words)

	[10.02] Dynamical Evolution of Meteoroids via the Yarkovsky Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Yarkovsky effect, a radiation force produced by the anisotropic reradiation of sunlight, causes 0.1-10 m bodies to undergo semimajor axis, eccentricity, and inclination changes as a function of their spin, orbit, size, and material properties.
		To check this, we formulated two variants of the Yarkovsky force: ``diurnal'' (dependent on the body's spin rate and longitudinal temperature distribution) and ``seasonal'' (dependent on the body's mean motion around the Sun and its latitudinal temperature distribution) and included them into a symplectic N-body integration routine (RMVS3).
		To demonstrate how the Yarkovsky effect works, we will present movies showing that stony bodies, started from a variety of locations in the inner main belt, spiral into a resonance within a few tens of Myr (consistent with CRE data).
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v30n3/dps98/22.htm (357 words)

	Burbine et al. (2002) & Bell et al. (1989)
		Yarkovsky Effect - This is an effect that causes rotating m-sized objects to gradually spiral into or away from the sun, depending on the sense of rotation.
		It is caused by greater emission of thermal energy from the "afternoon" side of a rotating body, which causes a small additional thrust.
		Poynting-Robertson Effect - This is an effect which causes dust-sized objects to spiral inwards to the sun as a result of photon pressure from the sun.
	web.pdx.edu /~ruzickaa/G410/Burbine-Bell/glos6.html (831 words)

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