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	Jordan River - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The Jordan River is a river in Southwest Asia flowing through the Jordan Rift Valley into the Dead Sea.
		The last section has less gradient, and the river begins to meander before it enters the Dead Sea, which is about 400 meters below sea level and has no outlet.
		Two major tributaries enter from the east during this last phase, the Yarmouk River and Jabbok River.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/j/o/r/Jordan_River_c62f.html (732 words)

	Battle of Yarmouk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is considered by some historians to have been one of the most significant battles in the history of the world, since it marked the first great wave of Muslim conquests outside Arabia, and heralded the rapid advance of Islam into Christian Palestine, Syria and Mesopotamia.
		The advance of this large Byzantine army caused the Muslims under Khalid ibn Walid to abandon the cities and retreat southward towards the River Yarmouk, a tributary of the River Jordan.
		The Muslims under Khalid ibn Walid met the other Byzantine commander, Baänes, in the valley of the Yarmouk River in late July.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Yarmuk (686 words)

	Managing water for peace in the Middle East
		There are three rivers in the headwaters of the north fork of the Jordan River: the Dan River, the Hasbani River, and the Banias River, of which the quality of water is excellent, with salinity less than 15-20 mg of chlorine per litre.
		River waters in the Middle East are thus a conflict-laden determinant of both the domestic and external policies of the region's principal actors.
		The Jordan River system may be classified on the basis of hydrology, hydrogeology, and water use into three sections: (1) the upper Jordan-headwaters, the Huleh valley, and Lake Tiberias; (2) the Yarmouk River; and (3) the lower Jordan-the main stream and the Dead Sea.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E06.htm (3447 words)

	Jordan River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Jordan River (Arabic: نهر الأردن nahr al-urdun, Hebrew: נהר הירדן nehar hayarden) is a river in Southwest Asia flowing through the Great Rift Valley into the Dead Sea.
		The waters of the Jordan are an extremely important resource to the dry lands of the area and are a bone of contention between Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel and the Palestinians.
		Route 90 connects the northern and southern tips of Israel and parallels the Jordan River on the western side.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jordan_River (855 words)

	Green Cross Italia
		The headwater of the Jordan River originates from three rivers that merge at a point 5 km south of the Northern Israeli borders; The Dan, The Banias, and The Hasbani Rivers.
		The Yarmouk River, which is the main watercourse in this part of the Valley, joins the Jordan River in an area partly occupied by Israel.
		The Jordan River Basin is the major source of water for Israel and Jordan, and also supports the many aquifers in both countries, extending the reliance on the River.
	www.greencrossitalia.it /ita/acqua/wfp/jordan_wfp_001.htm (3581 words)

	Geography of Water Resources
		The Jordan River Valley stretches from Mount Hermon in the north to the Dead Sea in the south and includes Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.
		South of the Sea of Galilee, the Jordan meets the Yarmouk River, which contributes between 400 and 450 MCM of water to the basin.
		Syria is constantly constructing storage reservoirs on the Yarmouk, which directly reduce the discharge of the river remaining for Jordan and Israel (the natural flow of the river is reduced from around 450 MCM to 270 before it reaches the Jordanians and Israelis).
	www.wws.princeton.edu /~wws401c/geography.html (882 words)

	JORDAN
		The main rivers in Jordan are the Jordan, the Yarmouk, and the Zarqa.
		While the the water quality of the Jordan and the Yarmouk Rivers considered to be good, the Zarqa River, flowing entirely within Jordan's borders, faces a pollution crisis that prohibit both access and the use of its water (Abu-Taleb, p.36).
		The Jordan's main sources are the Hasbani River, which flows from Lebanon to Israel, the Banyas River, which flows from Syria to Israel, the Dan River, which begins and flows inside Israel, and the Yarmouk River, which begins near the Golan Heights and flows to the Jordan River.
	www.american.edu /TED/ice/jordan.htm (2767 words)

	Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Secondly, the stored waters in Lake Tiberias plus a blockquote quantity (1.76 cm/sec) of the Yarmouk River water, diverted through the East Ghor canal, were to be used to irrigate 75,000 acres (300,000 dunums) of land east of the Jordan River.
		Since the Jordan and the Yarmouk Rivers were at that time still under the authority of the Palestine Electricity Corporation, the plan was difficult to implement.
		Although, all of the Yarmouk River's and most of the Jordan River's water is located inside Arab territories, the concession, later known as the Rutenberg Concession, to utilize this water was given solely to the Palestine Electricity Corporation.
	www.arij.org /pub/roots/roots.htm (4697 words)

	Chapter 6. Distribution of water : The geopolitical crisis: Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo
		Third, although the Banias River, flowing off the Golan Heights, is a relatively minor source for the Jordan River, control of the Heights makes Israel the upper riparian on the river, which has important political and legal implications, and which was likely part of the rationale for its annexation by Israel.
		The Litani River watershed and proposed Arab diversionsfrom the Upper Jordan River.
		and the Litani River is valueless to the territory north of the proposed frontiers.
	www.idrc.ca /iipm/ev-29779-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html (8505 words)

	:: MEDEA ::
		A river of the Middle East, 360 km long, which is formed by different rivers rising in Syria and Lebanon, and flows into the Dead Sea.
		The upstream part of the Jordan River is fed by the Dan source, by the Hasbani River which springs in Lebanon and by the Banias River which springs on the Golan Heights.
		The Yarmouk River which rises in Syria and has an annual flow of 500 million m³ crosses Jordan and flows into the Jordan River 10 km south of the Lake of Tiberias.
	www.medea.be /index.html?page=2&lang=en&doc=110 (214 words)

	Coordinating international river basin development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The relationships between upper and lower riparians cause special problems: the larger the irrigated area in upstream countries, the less water is available to downstream countries; the greater the polluting activities in upstream countries, the poorer the quality of water received by downstream countries.
		The positions of the different countries in an international river basin may be in accord - for instance, when countries have a common interest in increasing the dependable flow in the river by water storage and flow control schemes etc.
		The joint Syro-Jordanian Commission is empowered with integrated planning and development of the Yarmouk River basin, and the Trilateral Commission on the Euphrates River deals with the collection and analysis of river flow and rainfall data.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/brahmaputra/internationalrivers.htm (1142 words)

	Troubled Waters - Managing a Vital Resource -- Global Issues Electronic Journal, March 1999 - USIA
		Syria and Jordan responded in 1964 by beginning construction of a dam to divert the flow of the waters of the Yarmouk and Baniyas Rivers of the basin and to defeat operation of Israel's National Water Carrier.
		The occupation increased Israel's direct physical control of freshwater by nearly 50 percent through three major sources: the headwaters of the Jordan River, including half the length of the Yarmouk River; the recharge region of the Mountain Aquifer; and the upper riparian territory of the Baniyas River.
		The water basin is widely accepted as the natural and rational unit for the management and planning of river development, as opposed to the artificial management units imposed by political boundaries.
	usinfo.state.gov /journals/itgic/0399/ijge/gj-04.htm (2130 words)

	The Socio-Economic Role of The King Talal dam in the Kingdom of Jordan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Jordan River Basin straddles territories in Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine.
		The largest tributary to the Jordan is the Yarmouk that drains territories in Syria and Jordan, and passes by Israeli territories before it discharges into the Jordan.
		The proposed development of the Jordan River basin called for the utilization of the upper tributaries before the river exits from Lake Tiberias, and for the utilization of the lower tributaries before they join the river.
	www.dams.org /kbase/submissions/showsub.php?rec=soc090 (3355 words)

	INCORE: Conflict Data Service: Peace Agreements
		Jordan is entitled to store for its use a minimum average of (20) MCM of the floods in the Jordan River south of its confluence with the Yarmouk (as outlined in Article II below).
		The purpose is to improve the diversion efficiency into the King Abdullah Canal of the water allocation of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and possibly for the diversion of Israel's allocation of the river water.
		Israel and Jordan will each prohibit the disposal of municipal and industrial wastewater into the course of the Yarmouk or the Jordan Rivers before they are treated to standards allowing their unrestricted agricultural use.
	www.incore.ulst.ac.uk /services/cds/agreements/annex2.html (1529 words)

	Journal of Environmental Hydrology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Yarmouk River samples were predominantly alkaline, with prevailing chloride and sodium, and low TDS values.
		From the upper to lower reaches of both the Jordan and Yarmouk rivers, a systematic increase of most of the measured major ions concentrations is reported in July 1996.
		The study found that the Jordan River is affected by groundwater and the related anthropogenic activities on both sides of the Jordan Valley.
	www.hydroweb.com /jehabs/howariabs.html (300 words)

	Projects Related to Water Resources in Palestine
		Third Phase: Diverting the watercourse of the Yarmouk River to Lake Tiberius, and allocating 50% of this water to Jordan for irrigating the Eastern Valley and diverting the rest to the Yarmouk triangle and Bisan district.
		It aims at diverting the watercourse of Ra's El Ain and Oaja Rivers, the watercourse diverted from the Jordan River, and the recycled and sewage water in Tel Aviv; to the western side of the Negev for irrigation use.
		She allocated 46 Mm3 of water 19 Mm3 of which are drawn from the Golan, 11 Mm3 are drawn from the Hema and the Jordan Rivers and 16 Mm3 are drawn from Lake Tiberius.
	www.pnic.gov.ps /english/Water/Water_Projects.html (5341 words)

	The Jordan-Israeli Peace Treaty
		In addition to the above, Israel is entitled to maintain its current uses of the Jordan River waters between its confluence with the Yarmouk and its confluence with Wadi Yabis/Tirat Zvi.
		Jordan and Israel shall cooperate to build a diversion/storage dam on the Yarmouk River directly downstream of the Adassiya Diversion/point 121.
		Jordan and Israel shall cooperate to build a system of water storage on the Jordan River, along their common boundary, between its confluence with the Yarmouk River and its confluence with Wadi Yabis/Tirat Zvi, in order to implement the provision of paragraph (2.b) of Article I above.
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /peace_annexII.html (1517 words)

	Jordan -
		The largest source of external surface water is the Yarmouk river, at the border with Syria.
		Originally, the annual flow of the Yarmouk river was estimated at about 400 million m3.
		The treated wastewater flow in the country is returned to the Search river and the King Tall dam, where it is mixed with the surface flow and used in the pressurized irrigation distribution system in the Jordan valley.
	www.wca-infonet.org /cds_static/en/jordan_en_592_all_1.html (606 words)

	[No title]
		The flood and the base flows of the river is intercepted by King Talal Dam with a total capacity of 85 MCM.
		The water of the dam is considered a major source of irrigation water in the Jordan Valley.
		Sub-basins hydrological characteristics of Zarqa River basin have been evaluated in terms of relief, slope length of the reach and hydrological soil grouping.
	www.ess.co.at /OPTIMA/PUBS/Zarqa.doc (284 words)

	The Baptist Standard :: The Newsmagazine of Texas Baptists
		South of the dam, the river is tainted with untreated and partially treated sewage, saline water and fish pond effluents that tumble from large drainage pipes built into the riverbed.
		The Jordan River's main water source is precipitation from Mount Hermon, a snow-covered peak shared uneasily by Israel and Syria in the north.
		Jordan and Syria built a series of dams and canals on the Yarmouk River, the Jordan's main tributary, further cutting the flow to the river.
	www.baptiststandard.com /postnuke/index.php?module=htmlpages&func=display&pid=4289 (941 words)

	Although the core issue of the Arab-Israeli conflict has been the Palestine question, water has been a continuous ...
		The other two areas straddled the Jordan River and were strategically valuable because of their ability to control the river flow (see map 2).
		The Syrian improvements were in violation of a 1953 agreement with Jordan, which allocated seven-eighths of the Yarmouk’s water to Jordan for two-thirds of the electricity from the planned Maqarin Dam.
		Annex II of the treaty referred to the utilization of the Jordan and the Yarmouk River as well as minor ground water resources in Wadi Araba.
	www.la.utexas.edu /chenry/mena/studpubs/ammons/ammons.html (2424 words)

	Why is the Dead Sea dying? Disappearing act Christian Century - Find Articles
		It is 300 meters east of the river.
		Emptying into the Jordan ten kilometers south of Lake Tiberias, the Yarmouk River has historically supplied the river with 400 million cubic meters of water per year.
		Syria extracts water further upstream to supply its agriculture, and Israel withdraws water to supply the farms and settlements on the eastern shores of Lake Tiberias and in the Golan Heights.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1058/is_3_120/ai_97450781 (995 words)

	ARIJ - The Water Conflicts in the Middle East from a Palestinian Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The allocation of the region's three major river basins - the Nile, the Euphrates-Tigris and the Jordan - are nascent sources of tension, and potential sources of conflict.
		The Yarmouk River is also an integral part of the Jordan River international drainage basin.
		Redirecting the greatest part of the Yarmouk river to the Eastern Ghour canal and pumping the rest to Lake Tiberias resulted in a major drop in lower Jordan.
	www.arij.org /pub/wconflct/index.htm (5128 words)

	Sources and Transformations of Nitrogen Compounds along the Lower Jordan River -- Segal-Rozenhaimer et al. 33 (4): 1440 ...
		Ammonium (a), nitrate (b), and nitrite (c) concentrations in the river water versus aerial distance from Alumot dam (Table 1).
		River segments are drawn schematically along the flow (N1, N2, and N3).
		River (Farber et al., 2004), it was suggested to consider the
	jeq.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/33/4/1440 (4799 words)

	sraeli-Jordanian water issues
		Although the Yarmouk has been sharply affected by the drought and the abuse of its water, the Kingdom and Syria plan to construct a JD152 million dam on the river to provide additional 225mcm of water to Jordan and electricity to Syria.
		Under the peace treaty, in summer, Israel transfers to Jordan 20mcm from the Jordan River, while the Kingdom is entitled to an annual quantity of 10mcm of desalinated spring water diverted from the river.
		Thanks to this year's drought, the river's flow dropped to around 2 cubic metre per second, while Syria's 25 ditches inside its territory used to store the river waters helped to reduce the flow of the river from 470mcm a year to 270mcm near the Adassiyeh border area.
	www.waternet.be /jordan_river/shortage/IJfollow-up.htm (6353 words)

	Syria encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Syria politics and officials, Syrian History. Travel to Syria
		This definition refers to the area bordered by the Jordan Valley to its west, the Yarmuk River to its south and the Sa\'ar River to its north.
		The Sa\'ar River divides between the dark-soiled volcanic Golan and the distinct white limestone of Mount Hermon.
		Geographically, the Heights are bordered on the west by a rock escarpment that drops 1,700 feet (500 m) to the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan River; on the south by the Yarmouk River; on the north by the international border with Lebanon, and on the east by a largely flat plain, called the Hauran.
	www.syriaiworld.com /wiki-Golan_Heights (3535 words)

	Pollution turns Jordan River into 'sewage canal'
		This pollution, coupled with the diversion of much of the river's clean water by Israel, Syria and Jordan, is endangering the river - the backdrop of so many biblical narratives - to the point of extinction.
		The Old and New Testaments present the lush Jordan River Valley, which stood in stark contrast to the parched desert landscape beyond, as the Gates to the Garden of Eden.
		Speaking by phone from the Jordanian capital of Amman, Khaled Nasser, the director of the Jordan Society for Sustainable Development, said that "regional mismanagement" of the Jordan and its tributaries is exacerbating the Middle East's chronic water shortage.
	www.biblicalrecorder.org /content/news/2005/11_11_2005/ne111105pollution.shtml (1329 words)

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