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	Year Without a Summer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Year Without a Summer, also known as the Poverty Year and Eighteen hundred and froze to death, was 1816, in which severe summer climate abnormalities destroyed crops in Northern Europe, the American Northeast and eastern Canada[1][2].
		Oats, for example, rose from 12¢ a bushel the previous year to 92¢ a bushel.
		In America, many historians cite the year without a summer as a primary motivation for the western movement and rapid settlement of what is now central and western New York and the American Midwest.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer (817 words)

	Margo Kingston's Webdiary - smh.com.au (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The year without a summer from the Indonesian Archipelago
		Tim Gillin on The year without a summer from the Indonesian Archipelago:
		Nancy McIntyre on The year without a summer from the Indonesian Archipelago:
	webdiary.smh.com.au /archives/pf_journey/000869.html (2041 words)

	The summer of '16
		The unusual weather patterns of the summer of 1816 have also been blamed for causing or adding to the severity of a number of plagues and epidemics, including the 1816-1819 European typhus epidemic which was among the severest ever, a plague which affected south-eastern Europe and the Mediterranean between 1816 and 1819 (Lamb 1995).
		The Asian summer monsoon didn’t go unaffected; the far east and Korea had some heavy rains whilst summer rainfall over India was concentrated in the south of the country and a huge cholrea epidemic which began in 1816-17 may also have been linked to the adverse weather conditions during the summer of 1816 (Lamb 1995).
		The summer of 1816 and the fact that in England other summers at this time were cooler and wetter than in the 18th century may have led to the practice of irrigation being abandoned, particularly from the 1820's onwards (Lamb 1995).
	www.dandantheweatherman.com /Bereklauw/yearnosummer.html (2018 words)

	Discovery Channel
		During the summer of 1816, unexpected climate changes left countries in the Northern Hemisphere suffering from devastating famine and epidemic outbreaks.
		Ireland suffered her first ever famine in the “Year without Summer”, when the cold weather destroyed her wheat, oat and potato crops.
		The 1816 summer months of Salem experienced an average temperature that was 2.5-7.0ºC lower than previous its summers.
	www.discoverychannel.co.in /earth/year_without_summer/facts/index.shtml (490 words)

	ASP: Year Without a Summer
		The year 1816 is still known to scientists and historians as "eighteen hundred and froze to death" or the "year without a summer." It was the locus of a period of natural ecological destruction not soon to be forgotten.
		During that year, the Northern Hemisphere was slammed with the effects of at least two abnormal but natural phenomena.
		But the event that most severely shaped 1816's cold phenomena was the cata-strophic eruption the previous year of Tambora on the island of Sumbawa, in modern-day Indonesia.
	www.astrosociety.org /pubs/mercury/32_03/summer.html (329 words)

	The Year Without a Summer : Indybay
		Many historians cite the year without a summer as a primary motivation for the rapid settlement of what is now the American Midwest.
		In July 1816 "incessant rainfall" during that "wet, ungenial summer" forced Mary Shelley, John William Polidori and their friends to stay indoors for much of their Swiss holiday, leading Shelley to write Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus and Polidori to write The Vampyre.
		It was American climatologist William Humphreys who first suggested, in 1920, that the year without a summer may have been caused by volcanic activity.
	www.indybay.org /newsitems/2006/05/13/18229441.php (798 words)

	The Year without A Summer (Tambora Volcano Part II) Indodigest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Chauncey Jerome many years later, reminisced that his wife brought in some clothes, which had been spread on the ground the night before, that were frozen as stiff as in winter.
		The mean summer temperature at New Haven of 66.2 oF was the coldest in the nearly 200 years of record and nearly 4.57 Fo colder than the mean temperature.
		The year 1816 is legendary in the annals of weather.
	www.indodigest.com /indonesia-article-print-20.html (7470 words)

	Year
		He suffered from nightmares for years, and often when we visited at the house on the lake, he would wake everyone up with a string of oaths that would have made a sailor proud.
		As the days dragged on, the summer grew hotter, those times grew fewer and fewer, until, at last, there no longer were berries or peaches or apples to buy, no more dough to roll, no more pies to bake, for he was not at home to bake them for.
		She had cancer for two years, said the nurse, and now the family was gathering for the last time.
	my.voyager.net /~goodpub/year.html (6099 words)

	1816, Year Without Summer, Alaska Science Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Famous in the annals of weather is the year 1816, during which the temperature dipped to freezing every month in Madison County, New York.
		It was a bitter year for farmers in both America and Europe as their crops froze, were replanted and froze again.
		The accepted explanation is that several major volcanic eruptions in those years loaded the atmosphere with dust which girdled the globe.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF0/098.html (248 words)

	The Cold Summer of 1816 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the sweltering heat of early July, I was reminded of accounts of the summer of 1816 when, on July 5th, the citizens of Skaneateles awoke to find everything covered with ice.
		It was the summer of "eighteen hundred and froze to death." Years afterward, historian E. Leslie wrote of 1816, "June was the coldest month ever known in this latitude; frost, ice and snow prevailed during the whole month; almost every green thing was killed; the early fruit blossoms were all blasted."
		Skaneateles' cold summer of 1816 had begun a year earlier, in Indonesia, on the remote island of Sumbawa.
	home.earthlink.net /~ggsurplus/coldsummer.html (445 words)

	Year Without a Summer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In an age characterized by backbreaking labor, the “poverty year,” as 1816 was called by some, was a harrowing ordeal.
		Important years pertinent to this article for “inertial solar motion” — the barycenter shift — are 1632, 1811, and 1990.
		Indeed, as Willie Soon and Steven Yaskell's article explains, 1816 was known as “the year without a summer” in New England, and cold weather was felt around the globe.
	mitosyfraudes.8k.com /Calen/Year1816.html (3845 words)

	1816, the year without a summer, Avon, Ohio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		1816, the year without a summer, Avon, Ohio
		Benjamin Franklin was the first to establish the link between volcanic eruptions and climate change when he suggested the bitterly cold winter of 1783-84 in Europe was a result of the dust cloud from the massive eruption of Iceland's Mt. Laki in 1783.
		The late frosts of that cold, dark 1816 summer destroyed crops across Europe and kept Shelley and her husband Percy holed up on the shores of Lake Geneva at the house of Lord Byron, who suggested a ghost story writing contest to amuse them.
	www.centuryinter.net /tjs11/jean/tambora.htm (851 words)

	The year without a summer: A volcano changes weather in 1816 - Wednesday, 09/28/05
		Actually there was more than one year but the one that is mostly referred to when the “Year Without A Summer” is mentioned is in the year 1816.
		In 1601 in the Peruvian Andes it was the coldest temperatures recorded in 600 years due to volcanic eruptions of the volcano, Huaynaputina.
		This was also referred to as the Year Without a Summer due to the volcanic ash and dust thrust into the atmosphere.
	www.rctimes.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050928/MTCN0303/309280089/1306&theme=RCTTHENANDNOW (897 words)

	The Weather Notebook: Year Without A Summer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The summer of 1816, known in New England as the Year Without a Summer, was more than just a momentary dip in temperature.
		The summer of 1816, despite its legend, was only a slightly below normal summer in terms of temperature, but was made legendary by three unusual and damaging cold snaps of about 5 days each.
		The virtual destruction of a year's harvest caused the first mass migration westward out of New England, and a shift of farming away from the east.
	www.weathernotebook.org /transcripts/2000/10/04.html (300 words)

	Bellrock.org.uk : Misc
		Every thousand years or so, a volcano erupts somewhere on the planet with enough power to significantly alter the global climate for years afterwards.
		In North America, 1816 is remembered as 'the year without a summer', when snow fell during June and frost was still widespread during the month of July.
		As a result of the bad weather, they spent much time that summer with their friends and family entertaining indoors.
	www.bellrock.org.uk /misc/misc_year.htm (1065 words)

	Volcanoes: On the edge of an eruption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The most famous example of this is the 'Year without a summer' after the eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia in the spring of 1815 — what many experts believe to have been the most explosive eruption in the past 10,000 years.
		A one-foot thick layer of volcanic ash covered the surface of the sea, and over the next year, the heavy ash fall blocked out the Sun's rays and changed weather patterns in most of the Northern Hemisphere.
		In Ireland, a cold rain fell for 142 out of 153 days during the summer of 1816, and 65,000 people died of hunger and from an ensuing typhus epidemic.
	www.exn.ca /volcanoes/weather.cfm (444 words)

	Leap year - chinese calendar
		The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, so a leap year has an extra month, often called an embolismic month after the Greek word for it.
		In the Chinese calendar the leap month is added according to a complicated rule, which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice.
		The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month then it is simply called "leap second month".
	www.kiwipedia.com /leap-year/chinese-calendar.html (124 words)

	Weather Doctor's Weather People and History: Eighteen Hundred and Froze To Death, The Year There Was No Summer
		Of the cold summers in the period 1811 to 1817, the year 1816 has gone down in the annals of New England history as "The Year There Was No Summer," the "Poverty Year" and "Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death." The year began with a moderate but dry winter.
		The growing season from late spring to early fall, however, was punctuated by a series of devastating cold waves that did major damage to the crops and greatly reduced the food supply.
		It continued without any essential amelioration, from the 6th to the 10th instant--freezing as hard five nights in succession as it usually does in December....Saturday morning the weather was more severe than it generally is during the storms of winter.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/history/1816.htm (4735 words)

	The Year Without a Summer, it Snowed in Boston on June 7th 1816" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Year Without a Summer, it Snowed in Boston on June 7th 1816"
		1816 became known as The Year Without a Summer in the Northeast.
		The average temperature reduction for the entire summer was about 3-5 degrees.
	www.celebrateboston.com /disasters/tambora.htm (237 words)

	Tambora
		Only 4 other volcanoes in the last 10,000 years have had a VEI that high, and Tambora is the only volcano in recorded history with a VEI of 7.
		In addition, the amount of sulfur dioxide that was released into the stratosphere made 1816 the year without a summer.
		In 1816, the overal temperature on Earth, specifically in the Northern Hemisphere, lowered so drastically that it became known as the year without a summer.
	www.earlham.edu /~ethribe/web/tambora.htm (792 words)

	Television Without Pity » The O.C. » The Man of the Year (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Summer darts over to Sandy's office and starts pawing through stuff on his desk, but when Seth appears and asks what she's doing, she squeaks, "Nothing.
		Seth and Summer make out, until Summer suddenly sits up, and asks where Sandy was going that morning.
		Summer almost confesses what she did with Seth's confession, but decides to keep making out with him instead.
	www.televisionwithoutpity.com /articles/content/a11957/index-3.html (593 words)

	Vermont Only: 1816 - A Year Without A Summer
		Was there actually "a year without a summer," when "no month passed without a frost, nor one without snow," and when "no crops at all were produced"?
		It continued, without any essential amelioration, from the 6th to the 10th instant -- freezing as hard five nights in succession as it usually does in December.
		On the night of the 6th, water froze an inch thick -- and on the night of the 7th and morning of the 8th, a kind of sleet or exceeding cold snow fell, attended with high wind, which measured in places where it was drifted, 18 to 20 inches in depth.
	www.vtonly.com /hstyjul7.htm (193 words)

	May-Summer at The Virtual Vine
		An idea I saw last year (I think in Mailbox) was to give the children little tops with a note that says "I hope your summer is TOPS!" Oriental Trading has marker tops that when you spin them, it makes designs on the paper.
		Ten years from now if we met on the street, your child and I, a light will shine to our eyes, a smile to our lips, and we shall feel the bond of understanding once more, this bond we feel today.
		Since this year is my first year at doing inclusion with my second graders, I think I'm going to do the survey with the parents once again as well as with the teachers that I teach with (K-2).
	www.thevirtualvine.com /May-Summer.html (3662 words)

	The world is going to end this summer, and I can prove it (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		1816, known as "the year without a summer" was one of the coldest summers on record, marked by poor crops and frost.
		On 7 January of this year, several earthquakes in the 4.0 range shook Yellowstone, and last year trails into the thermal regions were closed for hiking, as vegetation and wildlife were dying from the increased thermal activity.
		A terrorist would simply have to pilot a boat to the middle of Yellowstone Lake, sink a nuke and watch the Caldera (and America) collapse, which of course is easier said than done.
	www.red-ice.net /news/2004/endsummer2004.html (705 words)

	Tambora Eruption
		In May that year, frost killed off most of the planted crops, then in June, two large snowstorms, one of them dumping 10 inches of snow in
		This volcano caused mass extinctions and science says there is DNA evidence that the number of humans left alive were reduced to a few tens of thousands.
		And the spectacular sunsets that year were recorded in the paintings of J.M. Turner.
	perdurabo10.tripod.com /id1845.html (593 words)

	Cooler summer cools demand for fans, air conditioners: 7/24/00
		Last summer's torturous heat wave, with temperatures hovering in the mid-90s, left SouthCoast residents in a frenzy to find air-conditioning units and fans.
		This summer, though, instead of spending balmy nights at the beach wearing nothing more than T-shirts and shorts, folks can be found hovering around campfires wearing sweatshirts and jeans.
		And though it looks like we may escape this year without a torrid summer, let's not forget this is New England -- a region known for its changeable weather.
	www.s-t.com /daily/07-00/07-24-00/b01li071.htm (488 words)

	Yale Daily News - Silliman to renovate in summer
		The summer construction will precede the college's complete renovation during the 2006-2007 school year.
		Without the summer construction, Yale would have been forced to spend two years on the project, renovating half of the college each year.
		Silliman Master Judith Krauss said builders will take on free standing projects during both summers and there should be no effect on students moving back into the college for the fall of each year.
	www.yaledailynews.com /Article.aspx?ArticleID=24030 (1065 words)

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