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Topic: Year of Confusion

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	0 (year)
		Year 0 is used in astronomical year numbering and is equivalent to 1 BC in the Gregorian or Julian calendars.
		A complete year had not yet elapsed for any date in the year beginning at the epoch, thus that could not be year one — instead, it was year zero.
		Confusion over year 0 versus 1, and a preference for anniversaries in 'round' figures, led to the celebration of the new millennium both in 2000 and 2001.
	encycl.opentopia.com /term/0_(year) (607 words)

	Floridian: The year of confusion
		Dionysius, also a student of chronology, calculated that Jesus was born in 754 A.U.C. He junked that year, replacing it with A.D. 1, meaning anno Domini or "the year of the Lord." (Researchers now know that Dionysius was wrong from the beginning; he miscalculated Jesus' birth by at least four years.
		Christians in northwest Europe were aware of both the year 1000 and the passage in the Bible about the devil being loosed after 1,000 years in chains.
		Because of the astounding changes that have taken place in the past 100 years, the mind is boggled to predict what inventions and innovations might occur in the next 100.
	sptimes.com /News/100699/news_pf/Floridian/The_year_of_confusion.shtml (959 words)

	KoreaTimes : [Times Colloquy] `The Year of Confusion' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Roh administration is running about in confusion and the majority party is only adding to it, trying to escape the hole it has dug itself with the raising of illegal funds for the failed presidential campaign.
		The ``Year of Confusion’’ as the professors defined should be a bitter lesson both to President Roh and the majority GNP: they have to change and must show the people they are sincere about it as well.
		The ``Year of Confusion’’ reminds me of its lyrics: ``Between the iron gates of fate, the seeds of time were sown, and watered by the deeds of those who know and who are known; Knowledge is a deadly friend when no one sets the rules.
	times.hankooki.com /lpage/opinion/200312/kt2003122316594811330.htm (718 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Chronology \| Gregorian Calendar
		The rising of the Nile, the crucial event in the Egyptian agricultural cycle, was predicted by the heliacal rising of Sirius,[1] the brightest star in the heavens.
		In the reign of Numa[4] two months were added to the year, January at the beginning and February at the end; and this arrangement continued till the year 452 BC., when the Decemvirs[5] changed the order of the months, and placed February after January.
		The mean length of the year was thus reduced to 365 1/4 days; but it is not certain at what time the octennial periods, borrowed from the Greeks, were introduced into the Roman calendar, or whether they were at any time strictly followed.
	galileo.rice.edu /chron/gregorian.html (2453 words)

	Leap Year Day and Julius Caesar.
		This result gave a year of 354 days, which followed the moons, but was far short of the 365-day solar year.
		To restore the calendar to its supposed original relation with the seasons, he extended the year of 45 B.C. to 445 days, adding the months of Unidecember and Duodecember This became known as the Year of Confusion.
		The first year of the new calendar was also the first time any ruler in the Roman Republic had minted coins with their own portrait on them.
	www.tortuga.com /college/tutorials/leapyear2.html (807 words)

	Calendars and their History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He knew that the year 1 B.C. was characterized by the number 9 of the solar cycle, by the Golden Number 1, and by the number 3 of the indiction cycle, i.e., (9,1,3).
		Years of twelve lunar months are reckoned from the Era of the Hijra, commemorating the migration of the Prophet and his followers from Mecca to Medina.
		Years are counted from the Saka Era; 1 Saka is considered to begin with the vernal equinox of A.D. The reformed Indian calendar began with Saka Era 1879, Caitra 1, which corresponds to A.D. 1957 March 22.
	astro.nmsu.edu /~lhuber/leaphist.html (8496 words)

	The Year Ahead: "Conceptual Confusion" In Distance Education :: Distance-Educator.com's Daily News :: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Between 1995, the year Distance-Educator.com commenced publication on the web, and 1997-98 academic year the number of distance learners in higher education grew from 754,000 to 1.6 million throughout the country.
		This confusion, in part, is the result of new terms, which have brought into discourse about distance education, and have received uncritical acceptance by us.
		I hope in the year ahead, we would pay more attention to the classical works in distance education, and refrain from coining new terms, unless they are grounded in the literature of the field, and are clearly defined.
	www.distance-educator.com /dnews?name=News&file=article&sid=7412 (1018 words)

	New Order - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The group's record sleeves bucked the '80s trend by rarely showing the band members (The Low-Life LP was the exception proving the rule) or even providing basic information such as the band name or the title of the release.
		Song names were often hidden within the shrink wrapped package, either on the disc itself (such as the "Confusion" single) or on an inconspicuous part of an inner sleeve ("The Perfect Kiss" single).
		An interesting twist on this is the "Confusion (A Capella Mix)" which has a sole vocal track.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /new_order.htm (1731 words)

	Chapter II: Year of Confusion
		The consequent accelerating imbalance between the arrival of supplies and the ability to move them on to the Russians was perhaps the most troublesome phenomenon of the year of confusion.
		One further factor in the catalogue of confusion remains to be noted.
		In the case of the Iranian Mission local circumstances delayed militarization well past the year of confusion and into the period of reorganization initiated by the Combined Chiefs' directive of September 1942.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/wwii/persian/chapter02.htm (5115 words)

	No graduation confusion this year
		The requirements are being clarified this year by the Medford School District to avoid confusion.
		It happens every year: High school seniors who've fallen behind on their schoolwork complain loud and long when they learn they won't be walking in the June ceremonies.
		While only a few students and parents complain each year that they were confused about the requirements, school officials think the new rules should help smooth out the road to graduation.
	www.mailtribune.com /archive/2002/february/022602n2.htm (565 words)

	History & info - Timeline of interesting calendar facts
		This calendar year was the objective of the Gregorian calendar reform, which finalized the calendar as we use it today.
		Another measure of the year often used is the astronomer's mean tropical year, defined as 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45 seconds.
		World time is typically adjusted every year by adding what is called a "leap second." Because the time calculated by the position of the sun differs from the time calculated by the atomic standard, it is occasionally necessary to adjust international time standards to match the position of the Earth.
	webexhibits.org /calendars/timeline.html (920 words)

	Inside Iowa State: Iowa State University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Each year without a leap day, our calendar falls.242199 days behind something that escapes ones notice in any given year.
		Without the leap year adjustments, Feb. 28 would become a good day to plant peas, potatoes and pansies.
		We have one this year, falling on a Sunday.
	www.iastate.edu /Inside/2004/0227/leapyear.shtml (242 words)

	A year of fear and confusion Gulf News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The most notable event was - and still is -Iraq, which started the year as threats from the US backed by the UK and resulted in a "shock and awe" campaign that did neither.
		The year was interspersed with one catastrophe after another; if not man-made - the shuttle disaster, for example - then natural - the earthquakes and floods in South America, typhoons in the Far East… the list seems endless.
		The US war on terror was constantly on the minds of most people as America lurched from one coloured alert to another, confusing people on the seriousness of the latest warning, thus ensuring little public reaction.
	www.aljazeerah.info /Opinion%20editorials/2003%20Opinion%20Editorials/December/31o/A%20year%20of%20fear%20and%20confusion%20Gulf%20News.htm (533 words)

	Kelley's Planet - The Longest Year (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This problematic year was actually the solution to another problem, that of coordinating the Roman calendar to the Solar year.
		His solution was to add 3 months to the then-current year, 707 A.R.C. The result was a year that had begun in late summer and would now end on the beginning of winter.
		What was worse was that Caesar had made this change in the middle of 707, when people had already planned the rest of their year and part of the next, so all plans now had to be recalculated.
	www.geocities.com /SoHo/Museum/5192/46BC.html (520 words)

	MedServ Medical News - HRT one year later: Confusion still reigns
		During the course of a single year, for every 10,000 women taking hormone replacement (estrogen plus progestin) there would be seven more heart attacks, eight more strokes, 18 more women with blood clots and eight more women in breast cancer.
		In this year's first quarter, Wyeth reported sales of Prempro and other Premarin family products have been and will continue to be adversely affected by the WHI results.
		We think less than 5 years because 5 years appears to be a threshold at which risk increases for breast cancer.
	www.medserv.no /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2299 (1591 words)

	Caesar's Calendar Changes
		A leap year should not have been needed because it followed the year of confusion, whose length had been extended the number of days required to put future calendars into a desired relationship with religious holidays.
		This was not perceived as a problem for hundreds of years, but by the middle of the sixteenth century of this era, these added minutes had accumulated to point that Christian festivals were not being observed during their original time frames.
		In order to keep that calendar in phase with the solar year, 5 "epagomenal" days were observed after the twelfth month in three out of each four years.
	www.12x30.net /julian.html (608 words)

	Slide Notes: Y2K and Date Problems
		It became known as the "Year of Confusion", and the "Julian calendar" was to remain in use for over 1600 years.
		Of course, the year 46 BC wasn't known as 46 BC to the Romans, because the era of Christianity had not yet begun.
		The year was now to start on January 1 not March 25 as had been the practice up to and including AD 1752.
	www.cs.usyd.edu.au /~scilect/tpop/handouts/Y2K_Bugs.htm (2416 words)

	AICPA Letters
		This confusion was compounded by the wording in Internal Revenue Manual 5323, which does not specify that the one-year rule applies only to installment agreements.
		IRM 5323.12(3) provides a blanket definition of the one-year rule as applying to those taxpayers whose tax liability cannot be fully paid within three years but does not say specifically whether it applies to installment agreements or OICs.
		However, IRM 5323.5(1) says, Taxpayers who cannot fully pay their accounts within three years may be given up to one year to modify [their life-style] expenses, and IRM 5323.5(2) provides guidelines for the use of the one-year rule in conjunction with installment agreements.
	www.aicpa.org /PUBS/JOFA/jan1999/letters.htm (1115 words)

	Last Year at Marienbad: An Intertextual Meditation
		It is diabolical because it destroys its subject in the recording process, rotting the skin and flesh off of its bones, thus gruesomely confirming the native fear of being photographed and also, perhaps, warning of the dangers of art holding up a mirror to nature.
		Though it is cloaked in formal solipsism, Last Year at Marienbad does more than secretly allude to The Invention of Morel, though allusions abound in what turns out to be a veritable tangle of texts, a Borgean labyrinth of a library.
		His tale tries to tell us that it is not wise to confuse the artificial and the real, that it is not wise to prefer artifice over nature.
	www.sensesofcinema.com /contents/00/10/marienbad.html (3465 words)

	CIOT \| The Chartered Institute of Taxation: Pensioners face a year of confusion and complexity
		Furthermore, the retention of the married couple’s allowance for pensioners perpetuates one of the most complex and confusing provisions in their tax affairs which leads to many errors.
		Previously the relief was given at 15%; now it is to be given at 10% on a higher figure.
		It is a recipe for total confusion for a pensioner.
	www.tax.org.uk /showarticle.pl?id=349&n= (663 words)

	Leap Year · Astrological definition of Leap Year · Astrology Encyclopedia
		The "last year of confusion," which preceded the introduction of this calendar, was prolonged to 445 days.
		It is: every year divisible by 4 without a remainder is a leap year; excepting Centurial years, which are leap years only when divisible by 4 after the omission of the two ciphers.
		This still leaves a gain of a day in 3,323 years, which suggests this further addition to the rule: Excepting that a year that is divisible by four after the omission of three ciphers is not a leap year.
	www.astrologyweekly.com /dictionary/leap-year.php (812 words)

	Month Year Issue
		Hence the confusion between the two levels and the weird notion of compromising between them: SQL DBMSs simply fail to adequately separate the two.
		SQL DBMSs' poor insulation of the logical from the physical level is a direct result of this inadequacy and a major contributor to the confusion between the two levels.
		He was affiliated with Codd and Date and for more than 15 years held various analytical and management positions in the private and public sectors, has taught and lectured at the business and academic levels, and advised vendor and user organizations on database technology, strategy and implementation.
	www.inconcept.com /JCM/May2002/pascal.html (1288 words)

	Further Confusion 2004: October Newsletter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For the second year, Further Confusion is planning a Party Floor for attendees wanting to hold public parties.
		This is on the second floor of the North wing, and all of the rooms open onto a large common balcony which is excellent for gatherings, and even small impromptu dances.
		Further Confusion is proud to sponsor a world opening for three pieces of animation from three different furry artists: Timothy Albee, Christina "Smudge" Hanson, and Samantha Patterson.
	www.furtherconfusion.org /fc2004/news_1003.php (1156 words)

	Leap Year Days. Thirteen moon calendar
		A year from now it will still be the 25th day of the 9th moon, on Alpha, the 5th day as it will be a thousand years from now.
		This result gave a year of 354 days, which followed the moons, but was far short of the 365-day year.
		To restore the calendar to its supposed original relation with the seasons, he extended the year of 45 BC to 445 days, adding the months of Unidecember and Duodecember which became known as the Year of Confusion.
	www.tortuga.com /college/tutorials/leapyearprint.html (1369 words)

	The Logical Choice of Calendar Date Format
		Whether they suspect it or not, programmers are in a position to remove this worldwide confusion.
		The Year Month Day format is in use by worldwide organizations such as ISO, the International Organization for Standardization.
		I, for one, look forward to the day we peacefully celebrate the year 2000 in many many languages, pronouncing the most significant digits first.
	www2.gol.com /users/bn/html/2000.htm (626 words)

	Years of Confusion: "Clash of the Calendars" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is the year that Julius Ceasar prepared for the introduction of his calendar reform, which offically began the following year.
		The year in which they lived is to be defined the way they defined it.
		All this confusion may be avoided if we stop deferring to the experience of historical people in defining and designating past time-periods.
	personal.ecu.edu /MCCARTYR/clash.html (627 words)

	CSULB Online 49er: v8n85: CSULB officials ease year-round confusion
		Year Round Operations is becoming a reality at Cal State Long Beach as it is being implemented in place of Summer Sessions this year.
		Gregg made it clear that CSULB is still on the semester track and YRO is simply the new term used for Summer Sessions.
		First, the summer program is still being administered by UCES and registration for summer classes is still being conducted at the UCES office located in the Foundation Building.
	www.csulb.edu /~d49er/archives/2001/spring/news/v8n85-year.shtml (430 words)

	[No title]
		It is established that the Popilian year, which the Romans used before the Julian, was 355 days, indeed consistently, but intercalated by a fixed, yet arbitrarily observed, Pontifical law.
		XVII Cal. Jun.) of this year to March 24th of the Julian year, 23 days could be intercalated, which Censorinus seems to assert, and Manutius also.
		The total of days in the year of confusion is 444 according to Scaliger's Macrobius, but all the manuscripts have 443.
	www.richmond.edu /~wstevens/keplerlucan/alleng2.html (1807 words)

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