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Topic: Year of the Four Emperors

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Legio XXI Rapax

	Year of the Four Roman Emperors - Crystalinks
		Year of the Four Roman Emperors - Crystalinks
		Aulus Vitellius Germanicus (September 24 AD 15December 22, 69) was Roman Emperor from April 17 69 to December 22 of the same year, one of the emperors in the "Year of the four emperors".
		Flavia died before Vespasian became emperor; therafter his mistress, Caenis, was his wife in all but name until she died in 74.Upon the accession of Claudius as emperor in 41, Vespasian was appointed legate of the Legio II Augusta, stationed in Germania, thanks to the influence of the Imperial freedman Narcissus.
	www.crystalinks.com /rome4emperors.html (3539 words)

	Imperators and Emperors
		His suicide created a power vacuum that was briefly filled by three short-lived Emperors, who didn't do too much beyond proving that one didn't have to be of the Julio-Claudian family to be the supreme ruler of Rome.
		Six years later, in a reprise of the death of Alexander, Gordian III would be murdered by one of his generals.
		But Valerian is best remembered as the only emperor to die in foreign captivity, and Gallienus as the emperor who couldn't keep large chunks of the Empire from seceding.
	www.garstang.us /emperors (1274 words)

	Otho
		Marcus Salvius Otho, Roman Emperor from January 15 to the April 15, AD 69, was born on April 28, 32.
		Galba was far advanced in years, and Otho, encouraged by the predictions of astrologers, aspired to succeed him.
		But the rashness of the emperor's brother Titianus[?] and of Proculus[?], prefect of the praetorian guards, added to Otho's feverish impatience, overruled all opposition, and an immediate advance was decided upon, Otho himself remaining behind with a considerable reserve force at Brixellum[?], on the southern bank of the Po.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ot/Otho.html (1125 words)

	A List of the Ancient Roman Emperors - CDS Junior Classical League (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The savage civil war of the Year of the Four Emperors concluded with the triumph of Vespasian (AD 69-79),a plainspoken and practical soldier from the Italian middle class whose style contrasted with the eccentricity of the noble Julio-Claudians.
		Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180), who followed his uncle Antoninus Pius to the imperial throne, was a humane and energetic leader, but war dominated his reign.
		When the praetorians saw that the emperor meant to restore the ancient discipline and when the prefect Laetus noticed that he strove to limit his own influence, he aroused the soldiers of the guard against the emperor.
	cdsjcl.f2g.net /emperors.html (2922 words)

	Camelot Village: Britain's Heritage and History
		In the year of 509 BC the people of Rome expelled the last of their kings and Rome became a republic which it’s citizens believed they had the right and duty to run.
		Each year the people of Rome elected two officials from the senate to act as consuls, their job was to run the city’s affairs and act as generals in time of war.
		Given that the life expectancy of the average Roman emperor was not that long is it any wonder that a lot of them tried to live life to the fullest and many lived scandalous lives or became vicious tyrants in an attempt to hold onto power.
	www.camelotintl.com /romans/emperors.html (3719 words)

	History of THE ROMAN EMPIRE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The four successors of Augustus are known as the Julio-Claudian emperors because they descend either from Augustus (whose mother was a niece of Julius Caesar) or from his second wife, Livia, who is a member of the Claudii, another great Roman clan.
		On December 21 the absent Vespasian is adopted by the senate, as the fourth emperor of the year.
		The later years of Domitian's reign are also marked by unpredictable and cruel acts which amount, by the end, to a reign of a terror.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac58 (2268 words)

	Roman Emperors DIR Nero
		But the family survived the short reign of the "crazy" emperor, and when he was assassinated, it chanced that Agrippina's uncle, Claudius, was the chosen of the praetorian guard, although there may have been a conspiracy to accomplish this.
		The year 65 was marked by a conspiracy of a large scale, the purpose of which, it goes without saying, was to eliminate Nero and replace him with a member of the senatorial order.
		In the year 68, revolt began in the provinces, with the uprising of Julius Vindex, a Gallic noble, governor of Gallia Lugdunensis.
	www.roman-emperors.org /nero.htm (3918 words)

	La storia di Roma e il Lazio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Claudius remained emperor only because of his lack of intelligence and was eventually killed by his wife with poisoned mushrooms.
		The year between 68 to 69 A.D. became known as the year of the four emperors and started the Flavian dynasty which lasted from Vespasian to Domitian (69 A.D. to 96 A.D.).
		The four emperors of that year were Galbo, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.
	ucsub.colorado.edu /~biondoli/restoration.html (412 words)

	Year of the Four Emperors - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Moreover, in the start of the civil year of 69 in January 1, the legions of Germania Inferior refused to swear allegiance and obedience to the new emperor.
		On the news of Otho's suicide, Vitellius was recognised as emperor by the Senate.
		It was the 21st of December of 69, the year that had begun with Galba on the throne.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors (1570 words)

	Flavians and Five “good” emperors; municipia
		In the same year, the Greeks of Caesarea (in Palestine) massacred the Jewish population.
		His theory was that a man like Vespasian would not try to become emperor; he was the son of an equestrian tax collector, from a small Italian town.
		Year of the four emperors – 69 AD The four emperors are Galba, Vitellius, Otho, and Vespasian.
	www.luc.edu /faculty/ldossey/goodemperors-muncipia.htm (3575 words)

	ooBdoo
		The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—treat the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those that reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors.
		Tacitus used the official sources of the Roman state: the acta senatus (the minutes of the session of the Senate) and the acta diurna populi Romani (a collection of the acts of the government and news of the court and capital).
		Tacitus' political career was largely spent under the emperor Domitian; his experience of the tyranny, corruption, and decadence prevalent in the era (81–96) may explain his bitter and ironic political analysis.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=Tacitus (4503 words)

	Wake
		In the year 65 AD a huge fire destroyed a large part of the city, and rumours went around Nero started the fire himself.
		Vitellius’ troops were on their way to Rome to demand the emperor’s resign in preference of the general himself; a surprise attack on them by Otho’s men didn’t work in the end, and Otho commited suicide.
		She hardly approves of the new emperors, while Laureus is more traditional and remains loyal to each new leader.
	home.student.uva.nl /ferdi.verweij/meadow_pictures/year_of_the_four_emperors/synopsis.htm (1323 words)

	Talk History Forum - Year of the Four Emperors
		In the year 69 Vespasian ended the year as Roman Emperor and founded the Flavian dynasty, a shortlived but favoured dynasty, which ended with the assassination of Domitian in the year 96.
		It appears that after a year of civil war (after Nero's suicide) Vespasian rose to rule the Roman Empire and was unchallenged.
		Vespasian was the only one of the four who had the strength of character to hold onto the position for any length of time.
	www.talk-history.com /forum/printthread.php?t=1302 (297 words)

	Rome Unleashed - Nero and the Year of the Four Emperors
		Rome Unleashed - Nero and the Year of the Four Emperors
		Able advisors guided him and this was shown by the first few years of his reign which were known as the golden age.
		A rival emperor had been proclaimed in the east: Titus Flavius Vespasianus (Vespasian), commander in the Jewish War.
	www.classicsunveiled.com /romeh/html/nerofouremp.html (333 words)

	Roman Emperors DIR Nero
		Before his death, Claudius, though he already had a son Britannicus, had adopted Lucius, who changed his name to Nero Claudius Caesar, (a great-great-grandson of Augustus) at Agrippina's instigation; instrumental too in the transfer of power was the influence of Seneca, Nero's tutor, and of Sextus Afranius Burrus, the praetorian prefect.
		In their place that year appeared a counselor, Gaius Ofonius Tigellinus, who had been exiled in 39 A.D. by Caius (Caligula) for adultery with Agrippina, but who returned to find favor with Nero and a post for himself as praetorian prefect, from which position he exerted a further degenerating influence on Nero.
		Poppaea died in 66 A.D., and the next year Nero left Rome altogether for a tour of Greece, during which his extravagances alienated him further still from general citizens and military commanders alike.
	www.roman-emperors.org /nero.html (802 words)

	Year of the Four Emperors
		In Africa too, Clodius Macer with the support of Galba, revolted with his one legion and began the process of recruiting another, while cutting off the grain supply to Rome and inciting the mob (Macer would soon be executed for his efforts by the distrusting Galba).
		Unfortunately though, he would have little time to prove himself a capable 'Emperor', as Vitellius, the newly appointed Emperor of the Rhine legions was on the march to Rome.
		Though he smartly allowed for a gradual transition from General to Emperor, leaving significant power within the Senate, and was ultimately lenient with Otho's supporters, his excesses reeked to similarities to Nero.
	www.unrv.com /early-empire/year-four-emperors.php (1239 words)

	The Batavian revolt 1: The year of the four emperors
		The Batavian revolt 1: The year of the four emperors
		A century had passed since the emperor Augustus (27 BCE-14 CE) had changed the Roman republic into a monarchy, and the inhabitants of the empire had grown accustomed to one-man rule.
		During the reign of Nero (54-68), the provinces were peaceful and prosperous, but when the emperor started to behave like a despot, the senators, who were as governors responsible for the provinces, suffered heavily.
	www.livius.org /ba-bd/batavians/revolt01.html (674 words)

	The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Empire Reborn \| PBS
		Rome had a new emperor and a new dynasty, with the same dangers as before.
		The months that followed became known as the "year of the four emperors." Almost as soon as they had been fitted out for their robes, Galba, Otho and Vitellius were all dead, either murdered or killed in battle.
		Domitian was a bad one - an emperor in the mold of Nero or Caligula.
	www.pbs.org /empires/romans/empire/reborn.html (395 words)

	1.2.2.1.2 Year of Four Emperors
		Galba was assassinated in a coup led by Otho, who did not last long as Emperor, taking his own life after his forces were defeated by Vitellius, who in turn fell to Vespasian after losing the battle of Bedriacum.
		3 b.c.] had a distinguished record as a general and governor when he was proclaimed Emperor during the revolts preceding the death of Nero.
		His reforms made him unpopular with the army and on January 15th, 69 he was assassinated by a conspiracy led by Otho.
	www.classicalcoins.com /page92.html (227 words)

	World History 0- 100 Ad
		-Herod Archelaus was deposed by the Roman Emperor, Augustus because of Herod Archelaus' brutal treatment of the Jews of Judea and Samaria.
		- The year 69 A.D. is known as the year of the four emperors.
		In the course of that tumultuous year, Nero was succeeded by Galba who was followed by Otho.
	www.multied.com /dates/1ad.html (809 words)

	History 401: Emperors
		To strengthen ties among the four emperors, Constantius divorced his first wife HELENA (mother of Constan-tine I) and married THEODORA, step-daughter of Maximianus.
		In the West, no one wished to be Caesar, but there were four men more than willing to offer their brilliant talents as Augustus of the West: Constantine (control-ling Britain, Gaul, and Spain), Maxentius and Maximianus (con-trolling Italy and North Africa), and Severus II (controlling Illyricum and depending upon the support of Galerius).
		In the fol-lowing year, 311, Galerius died of a dreadful wasting disease-- sent by the Christian God, according to Eusebius and Lactantius, in punishment for his persecutions.
	www.tulane.edu /~august/H401/handouts/Emperors.htm (1903 words)

	Legion XXIV - New Millennium and Why No Year Zero
		Our current numbering of years was instituted around 526 AD, by the Roman and Christian Monk Dionysius Exiguus, aka "Dennis the Little"; based on his estimate of the year when Christ (aka Joshua bar Joseph) had been born.
		Dionysius, however, was off by a few years in his calculations; as the postulated date of Christ’s Birth is now considered to have occurred on April 17, 6 BC, about two years prior to the death of Herod, Governor of Judea, in 4 BC, as documented in the Holy Scriptures.
		The year 1600 was a leap year in both the "Julian" and "Gregorian (reformed)" calendars; but, 1700, 1800 and 1900 were leap years only in the un-reformed Julian calendar.
	www.legionxxiv.org /dateyeartime (3960 words)

	Roman Emperors
		Sometimes called the period of the "Five Good Emperors," or the "Adoptive Emperors." Rome had five able emperors in a row as emperors abandoned the practice of choosing members of their family to succeed them.
		Instead, new emperors were chosen for their ability and competence and adopted as sons by the previous emperor.
		Effective control was reestablished by Diocletian, who divided the Empire into four administrative districts ruled by himself, a co-emperor, and two "caesars." Ended with the permanent division of the Empire.
	spider.georgetowncollege.edu /htallant/courses/his111/emperors.htm (325 words)

	Roman Coin Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		During the Third-Century C.E., the Roman Empire was mired in a military, political, and economic crisis.
		Continual invasions and wars, a rapid succession of military emperors, and inflation plagued the empire.
		Between 260 and 274 C.E., a separate empire, the Gallic Empire, was established in the western Roman provinces of Spain, Gaul, and Britain.
	www.virginia.edu /artmuseum/VirtualExhibitions/Coins/index.html (150 words)

	Year of the Five Emperors - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Year of the Five Emperors refers to 193, in which there were five claimants for the title of Roman Emperor.
		The year 193 opened with the murder of Commodus on New Year's Eve, 31 December 192 and the proclamation of the City Prefect Pertinax as Emperor on New Year's Day, 1 January 193.
		When he realised that Severus had other intentions, Albinus had himself declared Emperor in 195 but was defeated by Septimius Severus at the Battle of Lugdunum on 19 February 197.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors (319 words)

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