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	AllRefer.com - oxpecker (Vertebrate Zoology) - Encyclopedia
		Oxpeckers use their broad, thick, laterally flattened beaks to pick at and feed on skin parasites such as ticks and embedded larvae.
		Oxpeckers are so highly adapted to life on their hosts that even courtship behavior and copulation occur upon the host animal's back.
		Oxpeckers are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Aves, order Passeriformes, family Sturnidae.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/oxpecker.html (364 words)

	Oxpecker family
		Oxpeckers use their bills to make quick scissoring movements through the hair but they also spend lots of time working deep in the ears (sometimes only the tail shows) or around the muzzle, eyes or nose.
		Oxpeckers spend most of their lives on their hosts, using them for protection for predators (such as moving to the back side of the animal when approached) and sitting on them to roost and preen.
		Oxpeckers are gregarious and breed semi-colonially and cooperatively.
	www.montereybay.com /creagrus/oxpeckers.html (975 words)

	The Red billed & Yellow billed Oxpecker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Yellow billed Oxpecker was considered extinct as a breeding species in South Africa by 1920.
		Both the Red billed and Yellow billed oxpeckers are endemic to the continent and are co-operative breeders.
		The Red billed Oxpecker is distributed in a discontinuous belt across the eastern half of the continent.
	www.encounter.co.za /cgi-bin/magazine/ds.cgi?id=133 (508 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
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		Monroe, Bill Monroe, Bill (William Smith Monroe), 1911-96, country singer, musician, and songwriter, often called the father of bluegrass, b.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Yellow-billed+Loon (537 words)

	Oxpecker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The oxpeckers are two species of bird which comprise the subfamily Buphaginae within the starling family Sturnidae (some ornithologists regard them as a separate family Buphagidae).
		They nest in holes, often in walls, lined with hair plucked from livestock and lay 2-3 eggs.
		Yellow-billed Oxpecker, Buphagus africanus of most of sub-saharan Africa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oxpecker (152 words)

	Yellow-billed Oxpecker - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Yellow-billed Oxpecker, Buphagus africanus, is a bird in the starling family Sturndidae, along with the starlings and mynas.
		This is a group of passerine birds native to sub-Saharan African savannah.
		Both the English and scientific names arise from their habit of perching on large wild and domesticated mammals such as cattle and eating ticks.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Yellow-billed_Oxpecker (169 words)

	Yellow-billed Oxpecker, Buphagus africanus
		It is similar to the Red-billed Oxpecker but fairly easy to distinguish.
		There's a number of differences but the most noticeable are the yellow base to the bill and lack of yellow ring around the eye in the Yellow-billed.
		The Yellow-billed is far less common than the Red-billed and tends to leave areas where cattle are treated to prevent ticks, as a result it's now mostly found in National Parks and Reserves.
	www.kenyabirds.org.uk /oxpecker.htm (133 words)

	Nedbank
		Oxpecker numbers first dived in the 1890s, when farmers started using arsenic-based dips for their cattle.
		The red-billed oxpecker is a hardier bird, but its numbers also drastically declined and there is serious cause for concern for both species.
		The oxpeckers’ catchment area is from Thabazimbi to the Kruger Park in a broad band along the Limpopo River.
	www.nedbank.co.za /website/CONTENT/GreenAffinities/GreenTrustFunding_article.asp?ItemID=128&ProjectID=170 (938 words)

	Dave Taylor's African Safari: Trophic Level III: Omnivores and Small Carnivores - Yellow-billed Oxpecker - Page 31
		Habitat: Yellow-billed oxpeckers are found in grasslands, wooded savannas, riverine forests and forest edges.
		Food: Oxpeckers are the only species to feed on the ticks and flies that pester larger animals.
		Oxpeckers are very alert and will fly off if they spot danger, thus warning the antelope or rhino.
	www.sensesofwildness.com /africa/2_4/04_31.HTM (617 words)

	Substrate Choices of Oxpeckers
		During June and July 1973 I recorded the substrate choices of oxpeckers in the vicinity of Chief's Island, Okavango Swamp, northern Botswana.
		The correlation between broad bill form and the choice of sparsely furred or naked substrates (e.g.
		The importance of bill shape in taking this type of food is unknown, but a narrow bill could possibly be advantageous.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v092n03/p0604-p0606.html (968 words)

	oxpeck
		There are two types of oxpecker: the yellow-billed oxpecker, found mainly in the Kruger National Park, and the red-billed oxpecker, which predominates in the northern provinces.
		According to Van Amelsfoort, studies carried out on a cattle farm in the Northern Province, which had been invaded by a swarm of oxpeckers, proved it was possible for farmers to drastically trim down their dipping.
		The latest swarm of oxpeckers has been resettled in the Shamwari Nature Reserve in the Eastern Cape, to the relief of the large numbers of game harassed by ticks and lice.
	www.dispatch.co.za /1999/02/19/features/OXPECK.HTM (297 words)

	July 16, 2001 All the Rest
		There are two species of the oxpecker: the red-billed oxpecker (Buphagus erythrohynchus) which lives in eastern Africa from the Red Sea to Natal, and the yellow-billed oxpecker (Buphagus africanus) which lives over much of western and central Africa.
		The oxpecker feeds on more than 20 species of ticks that live in the hide of the fl rhinoceros.
		The relationship between the oxpecker and the rhinoceros is a type of symbiosis called mutualism.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/1327/071601r.html (1506 words)

	Red-billed Oxpecker, Buphagus erythrorhynchus
		Similar to the Yellow-billed Oxpecker but has an all red beak and, more obvious from distance, a broad yellow ring around the eye.
		It's less choosy about the mammals it perches and forages on than the Yellow-billed Oxpecker and much more common; the red-billed Oxpecker can be found just about anywhere in Kenya, but reserves with large numbers of grazing animals are the best bet.
		For many years it was thought that Oxpeckers actually helped the animals they feed from by reducing the numbers of ticks but some biologists now think that may not be the case.
	www.kenyabirds.org.uk /ox-red.htm (138 words)

	Redbilled Oxpecker Printout- EnchantedLearning.com
		The Redbilled Oxpecker is a common bird that is usually found perched on large mammals in southern Africa.
		The head, neck, wings, and tail are brown-gray; the undersides are pale yellow.
		The oxpecker and its host mammal are symbionts (two different species who benefit from living together).
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/birds/printouts/Rboxpeckerprintout.shtml (204 words)

	Yellow-billed Oxpecker -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Yellow-billed Oxpecker, Buphagus africanus, is a (Warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings) bird in the (Gregarious birds native to the Old World) starling family Sturndidae, along with the (Gregarious birds native to the Old World) starlings and (Tropical Asian starlings) mynas.
		The Yellow-billed Oxpecker nest in holes lined with hair plucked from (Not used technically; any animals kept for use or profit) livestock.
		They lay 2-3 (Animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes; especially the thin-shelled reproductive body laid by e.g.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/y/ye/yellow-billed_oxpecker.htm (247 words)

	Sandgrouse - Red-billed Oxpecker in Yemen
		As the bird flitted from cow-to-cow it was clear that most of the cattle did not appreciate its presence and were unaccustomed to such attention.
		Large bright red bill and eye-ring also this colour, contrasting with the bright yellow iris.
		The species is widely distributed in open savannah in east and southern Africa from Angola north-west to Somalia and Djibouti, and south throughout the continent to north-east South Africa (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire 1993, Sibley and Monroe 1990).
	www.osme.org /sand212/rbox.html (364 words)

	Yellow-billed Oxpecker - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Yellow-billed Oxpecker, Buphagus africanus, is a passerine bird in the starling and myna family Sturndidae.
		This oxpecker will also clean wounds, but its useful parasite control is partially negated by its tendency to keep wounds open or create new ones.
		The Yellow-billed Oxpecker is 20 cm long and has plain brown upperparts and head, buff underparts and a pale rump.
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/Buphagus_africanus (304 words)

	Uganda: Oxpeckers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		I have had this MS on my wanted list for several years after seeing it listed in Collect Birds on Stamps as featuring Red-billed Oxpecker (Buphagus erythrorhynchus).
		The Yellow-billed Oxpecker (Buphagus africanus) had already appeared perched on a Rhinoceros in the 1987 Flora and Fauna set.
		During my search for images on the web, I came across this one which I believe shows both species of Oxpecker on the rear end of a Zebra.
	www.bird-stamps.org /query/uganda/oxpecker (106 words)

	Oxpecker: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Oxpecker
		Oxpecker: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Oxpecker
		The oxpeckers are part of the family Sturndidae, along with the starlings and mynas.
		Their plumage is light brown, and the species can be distinguished by bill-colour.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ox/Oxpecker.html (122 words)

	OXPECKERS
		Usually found in small groups, oxpeckers prance about on the backs of a wide range of mammals, adeptly combing the coat in search of ticks, flies, and bits of dry skin.
		The Yellow-billed Oxpecker (Buphagus africanus) is extremely rare and unlikely to be seen.
		However, the Red-billed Oxpecker (B. erythrorhynchus) is widely distributed and common, most often seen on the backs of impala and giraffe.
	www.krugerpark.com /resources/birds/oxpeckers.htm (186 words)

	IngentaConnect Factors influencing host selection by yellow-billed oxpeckers at ...
		Oxpecker host selection appears to be governed by an array of factors affecting the efficiency of foraging for ticks, with optimally foraging oxpeckers choosing those hosts that maximize tick intake and/or minimize search time.
		We studied yellow-billed oxpeckers Buphagus africanus (Linnaeus) at Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe, in order to examine the relationship between host selection and seasonal tick abundance, host characteristics and water availability.
		The selection index (a measure of oxpeckers per host) and the density index (a measure of oxpecker density on host body surface) showed a threefold increase from dry season to wet season for all host species, presumably due to greater tick burdens on hosts during the wet season.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/afje/1996/00000034/00000002/art00008 (330 words)

	WORLDTWITCH - Cameroon Birding Trip Report, March-April 1997, by Jon Hornbuckle - Birds of Cameroon
		The major disappointment of the trip was that we failed to find it, despite many hours of walking in the yellow "feather-grass", reputedly favoured by this enigmatic species.
		Yellow Wagtail, Motacilla flava Widespread, though absent from Nyasoso /Mt Kupé, with a max of 300 near Mundemba - mostly of the thunbergi race.
		Yellow Bishop, Euplectes capensis 3-6 Bafut-Nguemba and 60 Mt Cameroon.
	www.worldtwitch.com /cameroon_1997.htm (10379 words)

	Yellow-billed Oxpecker - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Yellow-billed Oxpecker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Yellow-billed Oxpecker - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Yellow-billed Oxpecker.
		The list of the Yellow-billed Oxpecker Authors is
		The orginal Yellow-billed Oxpecker article can be editet
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Yellow-billed-Oxpecker.html (200 words)

	Bird Translocation Literature
		ABSTRACT: The authors describe the cross-fostering of Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia) eggs and nestlings into the nests of Chipping Sparrows (Spizella passerina) as a surrogate system for the Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii).
		Two- to 6-day old Yellow Warbler eggs and nestlings were transferred to Chipping Sparrow nests at the same stage of development.
		In 1980, 64 eggs and 13 nestlings from 22 Yellow Warbler nests were transferred into 26 Chipping Sparrow nests.
	mercury.bio.uaf.edu /~bgriffit.faculty/birds.html (16198 words)

	Starling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many Asian species, particularly the larger ones, are called mynas, and the members of the African genus Lamprotornis are known as glossy starlings because of their iridescent plumage.
		The two species of Buphagus are called oxpeckers.
		The mysterious "Bay Thrush" (Turdus ulietensis) may also belong into Aplonis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Starling (304 words)

	[No title]
		It was the size of a crow or larger, a dull dark back with lighter underparts and collar, a light colored bill that was kind of like a parrot's, large white wing patches, white speckling also on back, long tail.
		They were hovering and swooping in the wind, and had a long tail, strong blue markings, long curved bills, incredible birds.
		It was plump, larger than a sparrow and smaller than a mockingbird, with white underparts, back solid rusty, wings gray with white and fl.
	home.flash.net /~bwcullen/birds.txt (5090 words)

	Gambia 1995
		Individuals with fl bills and with yellow bills were seen.
		Many were seen in pairs in treetops giving their clucking call notes as they pointed their bills skyward and flapped their wings alternately.
		There may have been more females and immatures, but other yellow birds, Yellow-fronted Canaries in particular, were also abundant, and the flocks were constantly in motion as they flew down to the water's edge for only a few seconds at a time.
	www.camacdonald.com /birding/tripreports/Gambia95.html (12615 words)

	Yellow-billed Oxpecker - Buphagus africanus
		Click here to go to the forums home page and find out more.
		Similar to Red-billed Oxpecker but instead has a yellow base to the bill and no yellow eye-ring.
		Far less common than the Red-billed and tends to leave areas where cattle are treated to prevent ticks.
	www.birdforum.net /bird_view.php?bid=9697 (179 words)

	Art For All - Clive Meredith - Hippo with Yellow Billed Oxpecker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Art For All - Clive Meredith - Hippo with Yellow Billed Oxpecker
		Please click here for more information on secondary market pricing.
		Quoting reference: Clive Meredith - Hippo with Yellow Billed Oxpecker - CT-Hippo with Yellow Billed Oxpecker
	www.artforall.co.uk /CT-Hippo%20with%20Yellow%20Billed%20Oxpecker.htm (204 words)

	Bird observations Samburu National Park, Kenya, 17. december 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		red billed hornbill, Tockus erythrorhyncus - red bill, lower part fl, makes pair with another hornbill with a big yellow bill, which must be eastern yellow billed
		red billed hornbill, red spot on throat, fl feet - this could be mud, yellow wax around eye, also seen as reddish, the eye should be yellow
		chestnut weaver, head and big bill in light grey as 15b, compared with 16, p.
	www.jordals.dk /fugle/samburu.htm (900 words)

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