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Topic: Yellow fever virus

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Arbovirus

Flavivirus

Flaviviridae

	Yellow fever, viral haemorrhagic fever, amaril virus: vaccine, vaccination, traveller, travellers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Yellow fever is a viral haemorrhagic fever transmitted by mosquitoes and is endemic in tropical areas of Africa and South America, where for many centuries it has occurred in outbreaks at irregular intervals.
		In 1927, amaril virus was isolated simultaneously in Ghana and Senegal, and at the Institut Pasteur in Dakar.
		The virus is found in blood throughout the incubation period and at the start of the disease in sufficient numbers to infest blood-eating mosquitoes of the Aedesaegypti species.
	www.yellow-fever-vaccine.info (1435 words)

	WHO \| Yellow fever
		Yellow fever is difficult to recognize, especially during the early stages.
		Sylvatic (or jungle) yellow fever: In tropical rainforests, yellow fever occurs in monkeys that are infected by wild mosquitoes.
		Improvement in yellow fever surveillance is needed as evidenced by the gross underreporting of cases (estimates as to the true number of cases vary widely and have put the underreporting factor between three- and 250-fold).
	www.who.int /mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/index.html (2009 words)

	Yellow Fever Virus Epidemiology, Brazil \| CDC EID
		The tree was rooted with a sequence of the prototype West African YFV strain Asibi (17) and the 17DD substrain vaccine virus (18).
		YFV transmission was particularly active during the rainy season in Maranhão in 1993 to 1994 (33).
		Nucleotide sequences and phylogeny of the nucleocapsid gene of Oropouche virus.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol10no9/04-0197.htm (4057 words)

	Yellow Fever \| AHealthyMe.com
		Yellow fever is a severe infectious disease, caused by a virus called a "flavivirus." This flavivirus can cause outbreaks of epidemic proportions throughout Africa and tropical America.
		Yellow fever's incubation period (the amount of time between the introduction of the virus into the host and the development of symptoms) is three to six days.
		Diagnosis of yellow fever depends on the examination of blood by various techniques in order to demonstrate either yellow fever viral antigens (the part of the virus that stimulates the patient's immune system to respond) or specific antibodies (specific cells produced by the patient's immune system which are directed against the yellow fever virus).
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic100587696 (1258 words)

	Yellow Fever virus
		Virus transmission in the sylvatic cycle is between monkeys and mosquitoes that breed in tree holes in the forest canopy (Haemagogus spp in the Americas and Aedes spp in Africa).
		Yellow fever was a major scourge in the 18th and 19th centuries in colonial settlements in the Americas and west Africa.
		Most patients with yellow fever have not benefited from the availability of modern intensive care, and it is unknown to what extent fluid management and correction of hypotension and electrolyte and acid-base disturbances would reverse the apparently inexorable course of severe yellow fever (Burke and Monath, 2001).
	pathport.vbi.vt.edu /pathinfo/pathogens/YFV.html (8562 words)

	Yellow fever - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Yellow fever is caused by an arbovirus of the family Flaviviridae, and is one of the smallest RNA viruses isolated.
		In the hamster model of yellow fever, early administration of the antiviral ribavirin is an effective early treatment of many pathological features of the disease.
		Enzootic transmission of yellow fever virus in Peru.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yellow_fever (2317 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Yellow Fever Vaccine (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Yellow Fever Vaccine is used to prevent infection by the yellow fever virus.
		Vaccination against yellow fever is recommended for all persons 9 months of age and older who are traveling to or living in areas of Africa, South America, or other countries where there is yellow fever infection and for people who are traveling to countries that require yellow fever immunization (certificate of vaccination).
		The certificate of vaccination for yellow fever is valid for 10 years beginning 10 days after the first vaccination, or on the date of the second vaccination if within 10 years of the first injection.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202689.html (1090 words)

	Yellow Fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The virus is also preserved in mosquito eggs through their incubation period, thus ensuring existence of the virus each year.
		An indication of yellow fever infection is that the high fever is associated with a relatively slow pulse.
		A yellow fever vaccine is available and should be taken by travelers to endemic areas.
	www.stanford.edu /group/virus/flavi/2000/yellow.htm (240 words)

	ACIP: Yellow Fever Vaccine
		Urban yellow fever is an epidemic viral disease of humans transmitted from infected to susceptible persons by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which breed in domestic and peridomestic containers (e.g., water jars, barrels, drums, tires, tin cans) and thus in close association with humans.
		Yellow fever vaccine is a live, attenuated virus preparation made from the 17D yellow fever virus strain (4).
		Infection with yellow fever vaccine virus poses a theoretical risk of encephalitis to patients with immunosuppression in association with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or other manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, leukemia, lymphoma, generalized malignancy, or to those whose immunologic responses are suppressed by corticosteroids, alkylating drugs, antimetabolites, or radiation.
	wonder.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/p0000111/p0000111.asp (2444 words)

	Yellow Fever package insert
		YF-VAX¨, Yellow Fever Vaccine, for subcutaneous use, is prepared by culturing the 17D strain of yellow fever virus in living avian leukosis virus-free (ALV-free) chicken embryos.
		Since the yellow fever virus is propagated in chicken embryos, it should not be administered to an individual with a history of hypersensitivity to egg, chicken protein, or to any other component of the vaccine.
		Since the yellow fever virus is propagated in chicken embryos, it should not be administered to an individual with a history of hypersensitivity to egg or chicken protein.
	www.vaccinetruth.org /yellow_fever_package_insert.htm (3242 words)

	Yellow fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Yellow fever, however, cannot be passed directly from one infected human being to another.
		The cycle of yellow fever transmission occurs as follows: an infected monkey is bitten by a tree-hole breeding mosquito.
		In the case of South American yellow fever, the infected human may return to the city, where an urban mosquito (Aedes aegypti) serves as a viral vector, spreading the infection rapidly by biting humans.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/yellow_fever.jsp (1267 words)

	Yellow Fever
		Sylvatic or Jungle yellow fever is a disease of monkeys and very occasionally if a human gets bitten by an infected mosquito a person can acquire this disease but it is very rare and usually this only happens to people working in tropical rain forest.
		The kind of mosquito that usually carries Yellow Fever virus is the Aedes Aegypti Mosquito and she sure likes biting humans.
		The yellow skin is caused by an excessive amount of bile in the blood because the liver is effected (hepatitis).
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/01434/yellowfever.html (358 words)

	Enzootic transmission of yellow fever virus in Peru - Research Emerging Infectious Diseases - Find Articles
		The prevailing paradigm of yellow fever virus (YFV) ecology in South America is that of wandering epizootics.
		Yellow fever (YF) is an important reemerging arboviral disease and a cause of severe illness and death in South America and Africa.
		In South America, transmission of yellow fever virus (YFV) is characterized by two types of cycles: an urban pattern of interhuman transmission vectored by Aedes aegypti and a sylvatic cycle involving monkeys and forest canopy mosquitoes of Haemogogus and Sabethes genera.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_8_9/ai_106647670 (872 words)

	Yellow fever: essential data
		However, in the case of urban yellow fever, which occurs in regions of high population density, it is known to be transmitted between humans.
		The home of the yellow fever virus is western Africa where it lives without apparent adverse effects in the monkeys of the high jungle canopy.
		The yellow fever virus is known as an arbovirus or arthropod-borne virus because of the means of transmission.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Pathogens/YFV.html (1040 words)

	Fragment of yellow fever virus may hold key to safer vaccine
		Since yellow fever is spread by mosquitoes, much of America has been safe from the disease thanks to control efforts aimed at the insects and a highly effective vaccine that has been available for 60 years.
		Using blood samples from two yellow fever patients who had recovered, and sophisticated molecular techniques, the researchers generated a library of the millions of specialized antibodies that made up their immune repertoires.
		Yellow fever virus--and its flavivirus cousins, including dengue and West Nile —look like balls covered by approximately 100 cross-hatched pairs of envelope proteins lying on the surface.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-06/hhmi-foy061605.php (813 words)

	Notifiable Condition: Yellow Fever
		The virus of yellow fever, of the genus Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae.
		Yellow fever exists in nature in two transmission cycles, a sylvatic or jungle cycle that involves mosquitoes and nonhuman primates, and an urban cycle involving Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and humans.
		The vaccine is also not recommended in circumstances where live virus vaccines are contraindicated, nor in the first trimester of pregnancy, unless the risk of disease is believed to be higher than the theoretical risk to the pregnancy.
	www.doh.wa.gov /notify/guidelines/yellow.htm (1833 words)

	Yellow Fever Virus
		Female mosquitoes acquire the yellow fever virus by taking a blood meal from a viremic human or monkey.
		The virus can infect the epithelial cells of the mosquito's midgut and spread from there to the circulation.
		The virus enters the human host in the saliva of the mosquito and initially replicates in cells of the reticuloendothelial system (capillary endothelium, macrophages, etc.).
	medinfo.ufl.edu /year2/mmid/bms5300/bugs/yellowf.html (182 words)

	Genetic divergence and dispersal of yellow fever virus, Brazil Emerging Infectious Diseases - Find Articles
		An analysis of 79 yellow fever virus (YFV) isolates collected from 1935 to 2001 in Brazil showed a single genotype (South America I) circulating in the country, with the exception of a single strain from Rondonia, which represented South America genotype II.
		A recent upsurge in YFV activity in Brazil and the reinfestation of urban areas with the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti have stretched disease surveillance and control resources to their limits.
		Thirty-eight (48%) virus strains were from humans (24 from patients who died); 7 (9%) were from monkeys; and 34 (43%) were from mosquito pools, mainly Haemogogus janthinomys.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_9_10/ai_n6211030 (738 words)

	Clinical Trial: Yellow Fever Virus Vaccine and Immune Globulin Study
		The purpose of this study is to determine whether immune globulin can limit the amount of yellow fever vaccine virus present in the blood after vaccination without compromising the immunity associated with the yellow fever vaccine.
		Viremia is a measure of replication of YF 17D virus in host tissues, and absence of viremia indicates that virus replication in host tissues is abrogated.
		Abrogation of virus replication is expected to limit the potential for dissemination of virus and virus invasion of and damage to vital organs, including the liver and brain.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00254826 (1318 words)

	Yellow Fever Vaccination And Immunisation
		The yellow fever vaccine is an attenuated, live-virus preparation of the 17D strain of yellow fever virus grown in leucosis-free chick embryos.
		200,000 cases of Yellow Fever are estimated to occur yearly on this planet.
		Deaths from Yellow Fever disease have occurred in unvaccinated tourists.
	www.yellowfever.com.au /vaccinations.html (786 words)

	ScienceDaily: Fragment Of Yellow Fever Virus May Hold Key To Safer Vaccine
		Science Daily — In one of the first molecular studies of the human antibody response to yellow fever, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) researchers and their colleagues have found the crucial bit of virus that people's immune systems need to spot and quash this often-fatal re-emerging disease.
		Enteric fever) is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
		Scarlet fever -- Scarlet fever is an exotoxin-mediated disease caused by Group A streptococcal infection that occurs most often in association with a sore throat and rarely with impetigo or other streptococcal...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/06/050617065100.htm (2089 words)

	Yellow Fever Information on Healthline
		In order to understand how yellow fever is passed, several terms need to be defined.
		Many of the common illnesses in the United States (including the common cold, many viral causes of diarrhea, and influenza or "flu") are spread via direct passage of the causative virus between human beings.
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	www.healthline.com /galecontent/yellow-fever (823 words)

	HHMI News: Fragment of Yellow Fever Virus May Hold Key to Safer Vaccine
		“Yellow fever research was neglected because the vaccine was so effective.”
		The group has identified a specific region on one of the viral proteins that elicits an immune response.
		Yellow fever virus—and its flavivirus cousins, including dengue and West Nile—look like balls covered by approximately 100 cross-hatched pairs of envelope proteins lying on the surface.
	www.hhmi.org /news/termeulen.html (917 words)

	Yellow Fever Virus Picture (Hardin MD / CDC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This photomicrograph shows multiple virions of the yellow fever virus at a magnification of 234,000x.
		Yellow fever, a viral disease that ranges in severity from an influenza-like syndrome to severe hepatitis or hemorrhagic fever, is found primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America.
		In Africa, where most cases are reported, a variety of vectors are responsible for transmitting the virus.
	www.lib.uiowa.edu /hardin/md/cdc/8239.html (162 words)

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