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Topic: Yellowstone Caldera

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	Yellowstone Caldera Volcano 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Caldera complex volcanos are common on Earth, and the Valles caldera complex volcano clearly shows their typical history.
		Yellowstone caldera is two overlapping simultaneous caldera complex volcanos, with two distinct ring fractures and two separate resurgent domes.
		Yellowstone Lake is in the center, the Beartooth mountains are left of center, and the Bighorn mountains are the arc to the upper left.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /education/EPO/yellowstone2002/workshop/y_caldera1 (420 words)

	Yellowstone Volcano Observatory
		The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) was created as a partnership among the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Yellowstone National Park, and University of Utah to strengthen the long-term monitoring of volcanic and earthquake unrest in the Yellowstone National Park region.
		Yellowstone is the site of the largest and most diverse collection of natural thermal features in the world and the first National Park.
		Yellowstone is one of the 21 under-monitored volcanoes in the High threat group.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /yvo (738 words)

	Bob Smith: Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Yellowstone's climactic eruptions expelled ash flows with volumes of: 1) 2,500 km³ with 2.0 Ma Huckleberry Ridge tuff, 2) 280 km³ in the 1.2 Ma Mesa Falls tuff, and 3) 1,000 km³ with the 0.6 Ma Lava Creek tuff (Christiansen, 1984).
		The historical seismicity of Yellowstone is marked by the large 1959, Hebgen Lake, Montana, Ms = 7.5 event located on the northwest margin of the caldera, its extensive aftershock sequence, and by extensive earthquake swarms within the Yellowstone caldera.
		Notably the trend of this swarm projected northwest and was orthogonal to the caldera boundary, suggesting the possibility of a radial fracture extending from the caldera and a possible scenario for either a propagating fracture extending from the Hebgen Lake fault toward the caldera or as magma filled fracture extending radially outward from the caldera.
	www.mines.utah.edu /~rbsmith/RESEARCH/YellowstoneHotspot.html (3739 words)

	YELLOWSTONE SEISMICITY MAPS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Yellowstone Earthquakes Processed in the last 30 days.
		Yellowstone Earthquakes Processed in the last 90 days.
		Note: The Yellowstone network was not operational 1982-1983.
	www.seis.utah.edu /HTML/YPSeismicityMaps.html (24 words)

	CVO Website - Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming
		Yellowstone's hydrothermal system is among the largest and most active in the world, and its historical seismicity and uplift are comparable to those at the most active calderas...
		The second-cycle Henrys Fork caldera is the smallest of the three, approximately 20 kilometers; both it and the surface outcrop of the Mesa Falls Tuff are restricted to the Island Park area.
		The compound third-cycle Yellowstone caldera, related to the Lava Creek Tuff eruption, is 70 x 40 kilometers across in the center of the Yellowstone Plateau.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/Yellowstone/description_yellowstone.html (3108 words)

	Yellowstone--Caldera Volcano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Not many people know that Yellowstone is a caldera volcano and it is one of the largest and most active calderas in the world.
		The word caldera is defined as a volcanic crater that has a diameter many times that of the vent and is formed by collapse of the central part of a volcano or by explosions of extraordinary violence.
		This caldera is buried by several extensive rhyolite flows that erupted between 75,000 and 150,000 years ago.
	spot.pcc.edu /~mhutson/cas112_final_project/yellowstone.htm (185 words)

	Yellowstone Super Volcano Caldera
		The Yellowstone calderas are part of a southwest-trending, linear system of calderas that becomes progressively older from Yellowstone through the Snake River Plain of Idaho, to the 17-million-year-old McDermitt Caldera along the Oregon-Idaho border.
		Yellowstone Caldera -- The ascent of hotspot-generated basaltic magmas results in melting of the continental crust to produce rhyolitic magmas.
		The caldera is formed due to piston-like collapse of the magma chamber roof after the rhyolitic magma chambers are partially depleted.
	www.yellowstoneparknet.com /area_info/yellowstone_caldera.php (419 words)

	Migration of Fluids Beneath Yellowstone Caldera Inferred from Satellite Radar Interferometry
		Between August 1995 and September 1996 the caldera region near the northeast dome began to inflate, and accompanying surface uplift migrated to the southwest dome between September 1996 and June 1997.
		Yellowstone caldera, the youngest of the three, (Fig.
		It is equally important, however, to assess the patterns of deformation of the caldera, in an effort to understand the magmatic plumbing beneath Yellowstone caldera and large calderas in general.
	quake.wr.usgs.gov /research/deformation/modeling/papers/yellowstone98.html (3667 words)

	Bob Smith: Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Yellowstone is an example of a giant caldera that has exhibited unprecedented caldera-wide deformation and has earned a reputation of a caldera at unrest, indeed a living, breathing caldera.
		The 1923-1977 uplift phase of the Yellowstone caldera is postulated to have resulted by melts and/or hydrothermal fluid intrusion at depths of 3 to 6 km upper crust.
		Evidence of a widespread magmatic connection between the Yellowstone caldera and the Hebgen Lake fault was recently suggested by Savage and others (1993) who modeled the strain field of the Hebgen Lake trilateration network for the period 1973-1987.
	www.mines.utah.edu /~rbsmith/RESEARCH/Yell.Hotspot.Deformation.html (1645 words)

	Yellowstone Volcano: Is "the Beast" Building to a Violent Tantrum?
		Summary When the volcano in Yellowstone National Park blew 6,400 centuries ago, it obliterated a mountain range, felled herds of prehistoric camels hundreds of miles away, and left a smoking hole in the ground the size of Los Angeles.
		When the volcano in Yellowstone National Park blew 6,400 centuries ago, it obliterated a mountain range, felled herds of prehistoric camels hundreds of miles away and left a smoking hole in the ground the size of the Los Angeles Basin.
		From a viewpoint on the north rim of the caldera, a few miles from the Yellowstone River's Upper and Lower Falls, the southern edge of the caldera is obscured.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2001/08/0828_wireyellowstone.html (619 words)

	Yellowstone Caldera
		Yellowstone were not the products of many million years of geologic change ending many millions of years ago.
		For example, Yellowstone Lake fills a basin in the southeast part of the 600,000 year-old caldera between the east rim of the caldera and rhyolite flows on the west.
		Near the northeast part of the caldera, seismic velocities are even lower to within about 2 miles of the surface; this may indicate a more continuous magma body that extends from the northeastern part of the caldera to about 10 miles beyond it.
	www.yellowstonenationalpark.com /calderas.htm (3218 words)

	Geography - Yellowstone Volcano, Caldera
		Yellowstone has been perched atop the hotspot for the past 2 million years, and a 45-by-30-mile-wide caldera now forms the heart of the national park.
		Yellowstone is renowned for the world's largest and most spectacular display of geysers, hot springs, and steam vents.
		Yellowstone is also renowned for its cataclysmic eruptions, ground-ripping earthquakes, gargantuan landslides, and floods, all which are horrible natural disasters for humans to endure.
	www.westyellowstonenet.com /area_info/geography.php (871 words)

	Armageddon Online - The Yellowstone Caldera & Super Volcano
		Yellowstone supervolcano, is a highly geologically active region in Yellowstone National Park.
		Geologists are closely monitoring the rise and fall of the Yellowstone Plateau, which averages 1.5 cm per year, as an indication of changes in magma chamber pressure.
		The magma beneath Yellowstone is not very mobile so release of dissolved gases from any given point is not going to do much to the chamber as a whole, and in any event the scale of the problem is far too large for current engineering capabilities to handle.
	www.armageddononline.org /yellowstone_caldera.php (622 words)

	The UnMuseum: Yellowstone Super-Volcano
		At Yellowstone, the caldera is so big that it includes a fair amount of the entire park.
		In the area surrounding Yellowstone, 3000 square miles were subjected to a flow of pyroclastic material composed of 240 cubic miles of hot ash and pumice.
		As fascinating as the history of Yellowstone volcano is, however, most professional geologists who study the site are not concerned that the park is on the brink of a catastrophic eruption.
	www.unmuseum.org /supervol.htm (1607 words)

	Hey Booboo, Yellowstone Caldera Is No Cartoon Volcano!
		Yellowstone National Park is located in the northwest corner of Wyoming and includes a little of Montana and Idaho for good measure.
		A caldera is formed when the ground surface collapses into a magma chamber after it is emptied of magma.
		Yellowstone caldera is still active and may erupt again.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /volcanowatch/2005/05_04_07.html (910 words)

	Yellowstone Caldera Rated 'High Risk' For Eruption
		Yellowstone ranks 21st most dangerous of the 169 volcano centers in the United States, according to the Geological Survey's first-ever comprehensive review of the nation's volcanoes.
		The university has joined the Geological Survey and Yellowstone National Park in creating the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, which uses ground-based instruments throughout the region and satellite data to monitor volcanic and earthquake unrest in the world's first national park.
		The USGS report recognizes Yellowstone as an unusual hazard because of the millions of people who visit the park and walk amid features created by North America's largest volcanic system, Smith said, a status he has been advocating for years.
	www.rense.com /general65/yell.htm (429 words)

	Yellowstone National Park.com - Visit Yellowstone National Park
		Yellowstone National Park is a favorite to millions of visitors each year.
		Yellowstone National Park is the flagship of the National Park Service.
		Yellowstone National Park officials reported, with deep regret on Saturday June 15, 2003, Yellowstone's most popular grizzly bear #264 "Obsidian" had to be euthanized after being struck by a motorist.
	www.yellowstonenationalpark.com (1624 words)

	Caldera: Yellowstone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		USGS scientists began precise leveling surveys across the Yellowstone caldera in 1983 between Lake Butte and Mount Washburn to determine the amount and rate of contemporary deformation across the caldera.
		The discovery of rapid uplift within the caldera between 1923 and 1975-77 clearly demonstrated the volcanic and tectonic unrest in the Yellowstone region.
		The caldera is 18 x 60 miles (30 by 100 km) and has a total relief of 5,100 feet (1700 m).
	home.comcast.net /~joan_brewer/Caldera.htm (205 words)

	[No title]
		While the renewed uplift does not mean Yellowstone is much closer to the kind of earth-shaking volcanic eruption that formed the 45-by-30-mile-wide caldera, or collapse crater, 600,000 years ago, it does suggest that pressure is again building in the same volcanic system that drives the park's geysers, Dzurisin said.
		University of Utah professor Robert Smith, a longtime Yellowstone researcher, said he could imagine pressurized water and vapor raising a small area, perhaps the size of a geyser basin, but doubts such a thin fluid could drive the broad swelling the USGS team has detected across the entire caldera.
		Smith said seismographs in the park found that the character of earthquakes in Yellowstone changed at about the same time as the renewed uplift began, suggesting that the pressures causing the tremors were coming from new directions.
	www.billingsgazette.com /wyoming/981004_wyo010.html (1806 words)

	YELLOWSTONE SUPERVOLCANO GETTING READY TO BLOW ITS CORK
		Yellowstone is a great smoldering pit -a caldera 30 miles across, 45 miles long, and several thousand feet deep - the ground having fallen into the huge underground cavern that was left by the earth-shaking eruptions.
		Yellowstone is known to have a massive magma chamber that has been bulging upward to near 3 ft from early survey work from 1923 to recent (1985)- although a net subsidence from 1985 to present.
		Yellowstone has not had any volcanic eruptions for tens of thousands of years, but in the summer of 2003, one public trail heated up to about the boiling point of water which is 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
	www.earthmountainview.com /yellowstone/yellowstone.htm (15898 words)

	GPS Measurements of Crustal Deformation at the Yellowstone Caldera
		GPS Measurements of Crustal Deformation at the Yellowstone Caldera,
		To establish a moderate-sized, GPS based geodetic network that can be used for long-term monitoring of crustal deformation patterns associated with the Yellowstone caldera.
		The amount of thermal energy released in the Yellowstone caldera is extraordinary and on the same order as such large volcanic provinces as the entire Cascade Range, the Columbia Plateau, and the ignimbrite fields of the Basin and Range (Smith and Braile, 1994).
	gis.wilkes.edu /yellowstone/yell_99/yell_final_99.htm (1261 words)

	The Snake River Plain and the Yellowstone Hot Spot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A long line of features that extends to the west from Yellowstone are interpreted to be the track left in the continent from the hotspot.
		The Yellowstone calderas are they youngest and mark the approximate location of the hotspot.
		During each event, a large volume of rhyolite magma was erupted from a shallow level in the crust and a large caldera formed.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/yellowstone.html (422 words)

	Yellowstone Caldera Volcano 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The geology of the Yellowstone Caldera volcano is difficult to decipher in the field, much less from satellite photographs.
		After eruption of the Lava Creek tuff, lava erupted inside the caldera (intra-caldera lavas) as thick flows and domes of obsidian or rhyolite.
		Inside the caldera, hot spring and geyser areas are concentrated where the late obsidian flows are not — the heat and hot water are presumably still there, but the obsidian seals them in.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /education/EPO/yellowstone2002/workshop/y_caldera2 (434 words)

	Yellowstone National Park (National Park Service)
		Long before any recorded human history in Yellowstone, a massive volcanic eruption spewed an immense volume of ash that covered all of the western U.S., much of the Midwest, northern Mexico and some areas of the eastern Pacific.
		That climactic event occurred about 640,000 years ago, and was one of many processes that shaped Yellowstone National Park--a region once rumored to be "the place where hell bubbles up." Geothermal wonders, such as Old Faithful, are evidence of one of the world's largest active volcanoes.
		In 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant signed a law declaring that Yellowstone would forever be "dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people."
	www.nps.gov /yell (226 words)

	Super Volcano Yellowstone
		The caldera was formed when the volcanic pile collapsed in response to a huge eruption of ash from the magma chamber.
		Aira Caldera is a supervolcanic caldera in the south of the island of Kyushu, Japan.
		Beneath Yellowstone and its spectacular landscape of hot springs and geysers is a hot spot, an upwelling plume of melted rock from the Earth's mantle.
	www.solcomhouse.com /yellowstone.htm (3712 words)

	The Geysers of Yellowstone: The Yellowstone Caldera
		Founded in 1997, Yellowstone Net is the Trusted Online Source for Yellowstone Information and Reservations.
		At the center of the earth is the core which is surrounded by the mantle and finally the earths crust.
		Yellowstone Net is Produced by Bruce Gourley, Russ Finley, and Tim Gourley.
	www.yellowstone.net /geysers/caldera.htm (308 words)

	NPS: Nature & Science» Geology Resources Division
		Yellowstone National Park is a treasure that inspires awe in travelers from around the world.
		Yellowstone Lake occupies only the southeast quarter of the Yellowstone caldera.
		At the overlook you are 4 miles outside the caldera's east boundary.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/parks/yell (2307 words)

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